particular maps they are sometimes drawn through every degree. Meridians on maps are drawn from the top to the bottom.

37. The FIRST MERIDIAN is that from which geographers begin to count the longitude of places. In Great Britain, the meridian, passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich is reckoned the first meridian.

38. The BRAZEN MERIDIAN is the brass circle in which the globe turns, and which may be made to represent the meridian of any place.

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The brazen meridian is divided into four quarters, containing 90° each. The degrees on the upper semicircle are numbered from the equator towards the pole, and are used in finding the latitude of places; and on the under semicircle, from the poles towards the equator, and are used for elevating the globe.

39. The TROPICs are two less circles, parallel to the equator, at the distance of 23° 28′ from it. The northern is called the Tropic of Cancer; and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn.

40. The POLAR CIRCLES are two less circles, parallel to the equator, and at the same distance from the poles as the tropics are from the equator. The northern is called the Arctic, and the southern, the Antarctic Circle.

41. PARALLELS OF LATITUDE are less circles, drawn parallel to the equator.

Parallels of latitude on maps are drawn from the one side to the other.

42. The HOUR CIRCLES are two small circles of brass placed at the north and south pole, having the hours of the day marked upon them, and an index to each.

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43. The HORIZON is a great circle, which separates

the visible half of the heavens from the invisible, the earth being considered as a point in the centre of the sphere of the fixed stars. Horizon, when applied to the earth, is either sensible or rationalized at Buf TIG 44. The SENSIBLE, or VISIBLE HORIZON, is that circle which bounds our view, where the sky appears to touch the earth or sea. et yd hgroma

45. The RATIONAL, or TRUE HORIZON is an imaginary plane, passing through the centre of the earth parallel to the sensible horizon. It determines the rising and setting of the sun, stars, and planets.

46. The WOODEN HORIZON, circumscribing the artificial globe, represents the rational horizon on the real globe.

The wooden horizon is divided into several concentric circles. One of these is marked with the points of the mariner's compass, of which the east, west, north, and south, are called Cardinal Points. Another circle exhibits the 12 signs of the zodiac, beyond which is a calendar, shewing the months and days of the month, corresponding with the signs and their respective degrees. The other principal circles are those marked Azimuth and Amplitude.

47. The ZENITH is a point in the heavens exactly over our head, and is at an equal distance from all points of the horizon.

48. The NADIR is a point in the heavens opposite to the zenith.

49.

The QUADRAnt of AltituDE is a thin flexible piece of brass, divided upward from 0 to 90 degrees and downward from 0 to 18 degrees; and, when used, is generally screwed to the brass meridian.

The

upper divisions are used to measure, the distances of places on the earth, and the altitudes and distances of celestial bodies; and the lower divisions are applied to find the beginning, end, and duration, of twilight.

50. The ANGLE of POSITION between two places, on the terrestrial globe, is an angle at the zenith of one of the places, formed by the meridian of that place and a vertical circle passing through the other place.

51. LATITUDE is the distance of a place from the equator, north or south.

The latitude of a place cannot exceed 90°, that being the distance of the poles from the equator; and places upon the equator have no latitude. Latitude upon globes is reckoned

upon the brass meridian, but upon maps at the sides; and it

the figures increase upwards, the latitude is north; but if downwards, it is south.

52. The DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE is the nearest. distance between the parallels of latitude of two places. 53. LONGITUDE is the distance of the meridian of a place, east or west, from the first meridian, counted in degrees of the equator.

Longitude, upon globes and maps of the world, is reckoned on the equator; but, on particular maps, at the top and bot.. tom. If the figures increase towards the right hand, the longitude is east; but if towards the left, it is west. The greatest longitude any place can have is 180°, and places upon the first meridian have no longitude.

54. The DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE is the distance between the meridians of two places, reckoned upon <- p༦༠༠ བྷཱུ the equator.e

55. A ZONE is a portion of the surface of the earth contained between two less circles, parallel to the equator, and is similar to the term climate, as pointing out the situations of places on the earth, but less exactly.

56. The surface of the earth is divided into five zones, viz. one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid

57. The TORRID ZONE is bounded on the north by the tropic of cancer, and on the south by the tropic of capricorn, and is 46° 56′ broad.

58. The NORTH TEMPERATE ZONE is bounded on the north by the arctic circle, and on the south by the tropic of cancer, and is 43° 4' broad.

59. The SOUTH TEMPERATE ZONE is bounded on the south by the antarctic circle, and on the north by the tropic of capricorn, and is the same breadth as the north temperate zone.

60. The NORTH FRIGID ZONE is that space included within the arctic circle.

61. The SOUTH FRIGID ZONE is that space included within the antarctic circle,

"62. CLIMATE is a part of the surface of the earth bounded by two less circles, parallel to the equator, and is of such a breadth, that the longest day in the parallel nearest the pole, exceeds the longest day in that next the equator by half an hour, in the torrid and tempeente zones, or by a month in the frigid zones. There

twenty-four climates between the equator and each

polar circle, and six between each polar circle and its pole; the former of which are generally called hour "climates, and the latter, month climates.

All places situated in the same parallel of latitude, are in the same climate, but it must not from thence be inferred that they have the same temperature; for large tracts of uncultivated lands, sandy deserts, elevated situations, woods, morasses, and lakes, have a considerable effect on the atmosphere.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. What is geography? 2. How is the land divided? 3. What is a continent? 4. An island? 5. A peninsula? 6. An isthmus? 7. A promontory? 8. A mountain? 9. A coast? 10. How is the water divided? 11. What is an ocean? 12. A sea? 13. A 15. A strait? 16. An estuary? 17. A lake? 18. A river? 19. A circle?

gulf? 14. A bay?

Into how many degrees is a circle divided? How many geographical miles, and how many English miles make a degree?

20. What is the radius of a circle? 21 What is the diameter ?

22. What is a sphere or globe? 23. What

a hemisphere? 24. 26. An angle? 27.

What is a great circle? 25. A less circle?"

What is a right angle? When is one line said to be perpendicular 28. What is the terrestrial globe? 29, The axis of

to another?

the earth?

What are day and night occasioned by ?

30. What are the poles? 31. What is the equator? What is the equator called when referred to the heavens?

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Why is this circle called the equator, or equinoctial?

32. What is the ecliptic? How is it divided? Name the twelve signs. Which are the northern? The southern?> The spring? The summer? The autumnal? The winter? Which are called ascending signs? Descending signs?

Why is the ecliptic so called? How many degrees does each sign' contain? Through what portion of the ecliptic does the sun move every day? Which are the four remarkable points in the ecliptic? Mention the day of the vernal equinox, and what season then begins? The autumnal equinox, and what season then begins? At what hour, does the sun rise and set on these days? Which is the Mention the day of the summer solstice? The winter solstice?" longest day to all places in the northen hen:isphere, and which is the shortest ? Which is the longest day to all places in the southern hemisphere, and which 753 1911 4976 pi 100T-71119 #1 916