Malthus: 'An Essay on the Principle of Population'

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Cambridge University Press, 28 Αυγ 1992 - 392 σελίδες
This 1992 volume makes available to a student audience one of the most controversial and misunderstood works published during the last two hundred years. Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population began life in 1798 as a polite attack on some post-French-revolutionary speculations on the theme of social and human perfectibility. It remains one of the most powerful statements of the limits to human hopes set by the tension between population growth and natural resources. This edition is based on the authoritative variorum of the mature versions of the Essay published over the period 1803 to 1826. The introduction, notes and bibliographic apparatus are aimed specifically at a modern audience interested in how Malthusianism impinges on the history of political thought.

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Περιεχόμενα

Of the Checks to Population in the less civilized parts of the World and in the Past Times
13
Of the general Checks to Population and the Mode of their Operation
21
Of the Checks to Population in the different States of Modern Europe
30
General deductions from the preceding view of Society1
31
Of the different System or Expedients which have been proposed or have prevailed in Society as they affect the Evils arising from the Principle of Po...
45
Of Systems of Equality Godwin
56
Observations on the Reply of Mr Godwin
68
Of Systems of Equality continuedSubsituted 1817
74
Of our future Prospects respecting the Removal or Mitigation of the Evils arising from the Principle of population
207
Of the Effects which would result to Society from the general practice of this virtue
217
Of the only effectual mode of improving the condition of the Poor
225
Objections to this mode considered
231
Of the consequences of pursuing the opposite mode
236
Effect of the knowledge of the principal cause of poverty on Civil Liberty
243
Continuation of the same Subject
255
Plan of the gradual abolition of the Poor Laws proposed
259

Of Emigration
81
Of the English Poor Laws
89
Subject of Poor Laws continued
100
Of PoorLaws continued Added 1817
110
Of the Agricultural System
124
Of the Commercial System
133
Of Systems of Agriculture and Commerce combined
141
Of CornLaws Bounties upon Exportation
151
Of CornLaws Restrictions upon Importation
165
Of increasing Wealth as it affects the Condition of the Poor
181
Of the principal Sources of the prevailing Errors on the Subject of Population
192
Of the modes of correcting the prevailing opinions on the subject of Population
271
Of the direction of our charity
280
Of the errors in different plans which have been proposed to improve the condition of the Poor
289
Continuation of the same Subject
301
Of the necessity of general principles on this subject
312
Of our rational expectations respecting the future improvement of Society
325
Appendix 1806
333
Appendix 1817
366
Note 1825
387
Index
388
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Thomas Robert Malthus was born to a wealthy family near Surrey, England. His father, the eccentric Daniel Malthus, was friends with both David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Malthus was educated privately at home and, at age 13, began two years of study in residence with Richard Graves, a Protestant minister near Bath. He excelled in history, classics, and fighting. In a letter to Daniel Malthus on the progress of his son, Graves stated that young Thomas "loves fighting for fighting's sake, and delights in bruising...." In 1783, Malthus enrolled in a religious academy for Protestant dissenters; when it failed the same year, he became the private student of a radical Unitarian minister. At age 18, he enrolled at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics and the classics. He graduated from Cambridge in 1788 and became an ordained minister in the Church of England in 1791. Malthus and his father frequently discussed the issues of the day. When the elder Malthus became fascinated with the utopian philosophy of the popular William Godwin, which preached a vision of peace, prosperity, and equality for all, the younger Malthus expressed his doubts in a manuscript intended only for his father. His father suggested, however, that it be published and so "An Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society" appeared in 1798. The book was an instant success. Well written, it argued that population tended to grow at a geometric (exponential) rate, whereas the resources needed to support the population would only grow at an arithmetic (linear) rate. Eventually, society would not have the resources to support its population, and the result would be misery, poverty, and a subsistence standard of living for the masses. "An Essay on the Principle of Population" thrust Malthus into the public eye and dealt such a lethal blow to utopian visions that economics was soon called "the dismal science." In 1805, Malthus became the first person in England to receive the title of political economist when he was appointed professor of history and political economy at the East India College. In 1811, he met David Ricardo, and the two soon became lifelong friends and professional rivals. In 1820, Malthus published "Principles of Political Economy," a sometimes obscure but far-reaching treatment of economics that advocated a form of national income accounting, made advances in the theory of rent, and extended the analysis of supply and demand. Today, Malthus is more remembered for his views on population than for his views on economics. Even so, his other achievements have not gone unnoticed. John Maynard Keynes paid the ultimate tribute when he wrote:"If only Malthus, instead of Ricardo, had been the parent stem from which nineteenth-century economics proceeded, what a much wiser and richer place the world would be today!"

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