THE

HISTORY

OF

HERODOTUS.

A NEW ENGLISH VERSION, EDITED WITH COPIOUS NOTES AND APPENDICES,
ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF HERODOTUS, FROM THE

MOST RECENT SOURCES OF INFORMATION; AND EMBODYING

THE CHIEF RESULTS, HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL,

WHICH HAVE BEEN OBTAINED IN THE PROGRESS

OF CUNEIFORM AND HIEROGLYPHICAL

DISCOVERY.

BY

GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A.,

LATE FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD.

ASSISTED BY

COL. SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, K.C.B., AND SIR J. G. WILKINSON, F.R.S.

BIBLIOTHECA

REGIA
MONACENSIS.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,

AND CHARING CROSS.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS.

THE SECOND BOOK, ENTITLED EUTERPÉ.

-

ACCESSION of Cambyses - he invades Egypt (ch. 1). Description of Egypt

Antiquity (2). Seats of learning (3). Inventions, &c. (4). Description of the

country (5-13). Agriculture (14). Boundaries (15-18). The Nile - Causes

of the inundation (19-27). Sources (28). The Upper Nile (29-31). The

interior of Libya (32). Comparison of the Nile and Ister (33-4). Customs

of the Egyptians - their strangeness (35-36.) Religious customs (37-48).

Connexion of the religions of Egypt and Greece (49-57). Egyptian Festivals

(58-64). Sacred animals (65-67). The Crocodile (68-70). The Hippopotamus

(71). Otters, fish, &c. (72). The Phoenix (73). Sacred and winged ser-

pents (74-75). The Ibis (76). Daily life of the Egyptians (77-80). Dress

(81). Divination (82). Oracles (83). Practice of Medicine (84). Funerals

(85-90). Worship of Perseus (91). Customs of the marsh-men (92-5).

Egyptian boats (96). Routes in the flood-time (97). Anthylla and

Archandropolis (98). History of Egypt - Mên (99). His successors —

Nitocris Moeris (100-1). Sesostris - his expeditions- his works in Egypt

(102-110). His son, Pheron (111). Proteus - story of Helen (112-120).

Rhampsinitus (122). Doctrine of metempsychosis (123). Cheops - his

pyramid (124-6). Chephren (127-8). Mycerinus (129-133). His pyramid —

history of Rhodopis (134-5). Asychis (136). Anysis Sabaco (137-40).

Sethos-invasion of Sennacherib (141). Number of the kings (142-3). Greek

and Egyptian notions of the age of the gods (144-6). The Dodecarchy

(147-152). Psammetichus (154-7). Neco, his son (158-9). Psammis, son of

Neco (160). Apries, son of Psammis-his deposition (161-9). Tomb of
Osiris (170). Egyptian mysteries (171). Reign of Amasis (172-7). His
favour to the Greeks (178-182)
Page 1

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APPENDIX TO BOOK II.

แ

CHAPTER I.

5.

THE EGYPTIANS BEFORE THE REIGN OF THEIR KING PSAMMETICHUS BELIEVED

THEMSELVES TO BE THE MOST ANCIENT OF MANKIND."-Chap. 2. [G. W.]

1. The Egyptians from Asia. 2. Egyptian and Celtic. 3. Semitic character of

Egyptian. 4. Evidences of an older language than Zend and Sanscrit.

Ba or Pa, and Ma, primitive cries of infants, made into father and mother.

6. m for b. 7. Bek not to be pronounced by an untutored child. 8. Bek,

name of bread in Egypt. 9. The story told to Herodotus. 10. Claim of the

Scythians to be an early race

....

279

CHAPTER II.

THE EGYPTIANS WERE THE FIRST TO DISCOVER THE SOLAR YEAR."-Chap. 4.

[G. W.]

1. The 12 months in Egypt. 2. Years of 360, 365, and 3654 days. 3. The three

seasons. 4. Length of the year corrected. 5. Sothic year. 6. The year of

365 days. 7. The dates of kings' reigns. 8. The Square or Sothic year.

9. The Lunar year. 10. The Arab year. 11. The Jewish year. 12. Inter-

calation of the Egyptians and Greeks..

Page 283

66

CHAPTER III.

THE EGYPTIANS FIRST BROUGHT INTO USE THE NAMES OF THE TWELVE GODS

WHICH THE GREEKS adopted FROM THEM."-Chap. 4. [G. W.]

1. Different orders of Gods.

2. The great Gods of the first order. 3. The second

-

order. 4. Place of Re, or the Sun. 5. Classification of the Gods. 6. Sa-

bæism not a part of the Egyptian religion. 7. Pantheism. 8. Name of Re,

Phrah, and Pharaoh. 9. Position of Re in the second order. 10. Rank of

Osiris. 11. Children of Seb. 12. The third order. 13. The other most

noted deities. 14. Other Gods. 15. Foreign divinities. 16. Chief God of a

city and the triad. 17. Deities multiplied to a great extent the unity.

18. Offices of the Deity-characters of Jupiter. 19. Resemblances of Gods

to be traced from one original. 20. Subdivision of the Deity-local Gods.

21. Personifications-Nature Gods. 22. Sacred trees and mountains. 23.

Common origin of religious systems. 24. Greek philosophy. 25. Creation

and early state of the earth

288

CHAPTER IV.

WHEN MERIS WAS KING," &c.-Chap. 13. [G. W.]

1. Rise of the Nile 16 cubits. 2. Differed in different parts of Egypt. 3. Oldest

Nilometer. 4. The lowering of the Nile in Ethiopia by the giving way of the

rocks at Silsilis. 5. Ethiopia affected by it, but not Egypt below Silsilis.

6. Other Nilometers and measurements. 7. Length of the Egyptian

cubit..
301

CHAPTER V.

THEY HAVE TWO QUITE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WRITING, ONE OF WHICH IS

CALLED SACRED, THE OTHER COMMON."-Chap. 36. [G. W.]

1. Hieratic and Demotic, the two sorts of letters written from right to left.

2. Hieroglyphics. 3. Three kinds of writing. 4. Hieratic. 5. Demotic, or

enchorial. 6. The three characters. 7. First use of demotic. 8. Of sym-

bolic hieroglyphics: the ikonographic. 9. The tropical. 10. The enigmatic.

11. Symbolic also put with phonetic hieroglyphics. 12. Determinatives after

the word, or name of an object. 13. Initial letters for the whole words, to

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

CHAPTER V.-continued.

A

be called limited initial signs. 14. Distinct from other "mixed signs." 15.

Syllabic signs. 16. Medial vowel placed at the end of a word. 17. Earliest

use of hieroglyphics. 18. Mode of placing hieroglyphics. 19. First letter of

a word taken as a character. 20. Determinative signs. 21. They began with

representative signs. 22. The plural number. 23. Abstract ideas. 24. Pho-

netic system found necessary. 25. Some parts of the verb. 26. Negative

sign. 27. Invention of the real alphabetic writing Phoenician. 28. Greek

letters. 29. Digamma originally written. 30. Sinaïtic inscriptions not of

the Israelites. 31. Tau used for the cross. 32. Materials used for writing

33. The papyrus

upon.

Page 305

CHAPTER VI.

GYMNASTIC CONTESTS."-Chap. 91. [G.W.]

1. Gymnastic contests. 2. Game of ball. 3. Thimble-rig and other games.

4. Mora and draughts. 5. Pieces for draughts. 6. Dice. 7. Other

games

322

..

CHAPTER VII.

GEOMETRY FIRST CAME TO BE KNOWN IN EGYPT, WHENCE IT PASSED INTO

GREECE."-Chap. 109, p. 179. [G. W.]

1. Greeks indebted to Egypt for early lessons in science. 2. Invention of geo-

metry. 3. Surveying, geography. 4. Early advancement of the Egyptians

in science. 5. Thales and others went to study in Egypt. 6. Pythagoras

borrowed much from Egypt. 7. Heliocentric system. 8. Revived by Coper-

nicus. 9. Pythagoras and Solon in Egypt. 10. Great genius of the Greeks.

11. Herodotus unprejudiced. 12. The dial. 13. The twelve hours. 14. The

division of the day by the Jews, Greeks, and Romans. 15. The Egyptians

had 12 hours of day and of night. 16. The week of seven days in Egypt.

17. The Aztec week of nine days. 18. The seven-day division in Egypt.

19. The number seven. 20. Division by ten. 21. Greek and Egyptian month

and year of three parts ..

CHAPTER VIII

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF EGYPT. [G. W.)

329

1. Fabulous period of history - Rule of the Gods-Name of Menes; supposed

to be Mizraim - Believed to be a real person by the Egyptians, and to have

founded Memphis. 2. This and Memphis-Egyptians from Asia -- Memphis

older than Thebes. 3. Precedence of Upper Egypt. 4. Earliest notice of

Thebes - Absence of early buildings. 5. Contemporary kings-Arrange-

ment of the early dynasties. 6. Uncertainty of chronological dates - Date

of the Exodus. 7. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dynasties - Menes and his successors.

8. In the 2nd dynasty sacred animals worshipped; and women allowed to