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by the head of this powerful family. Henry Grey, the ninth Earl of Kent (d. 1639), the friend of Selden, and his widow, the something more than friend, lived here in ædibus carmeliticis. At the death of the Countess (1651) the mansion was bequeathed to Selden, who continued to live in it till his death in 1654. Here, in the reign of James I., Turner, the fencing-master, kept his school, and here, while drinking with a friend at a tavern door on a fine evening in May, he was shot through the heart by assassins hired for the purpose by Lord Crichton of Sanquhar. Turner had accidentally put out the eye of Lord Sanquhar while fencing at Rycote, in Oxfordshire, and was never forgiven. The actual assassins were hanged in Fleet Street at the Whitefriars Gate, and Lord Sanquhar himself in Old Palace Yard. In another part of the Whitefriars Sir Balthazar Gerbier established his Academy for Foreign Languages;1 and here, in Charles II.'s reign, Banister established a music school, and Ogilby, the poet, a warehouse for his maps. Banister's music-room was "a large room near the Temple back-gate."2 The George Tavern in Whitefriars-in which Shadwell laid some of the scenes of his Squire of Alsatia, and which Mrs. Behn mentioned in The Lucky Chance (1687)-became the printingoffice of William Bowyer, the elder. The house, which he converted into a printing-office, was situated in Dogwell Court. On January 30, 1713, the premises were entirely destroyed by fire, and so high did Bowyer's character stand, that his brother stationers, the Stationers' Company and the two Universities assisting, subscribed enough to set him up again in business. The unusual course was taken of issuing a "Brief," which produced £1514; this, with the amount contributed by his friends, made a total sum of £2539 received by Mr. Bowyer. His loss was estimated at £5146.3 In this house the second and more eminent William Bowyer, "the learned printer," was born, December 17, 1699, and lived in it for sixty-seven years, only quitting it for a roomier house in Red Lion Passage in 1767. The house was occupied later by Thomas Davison, and is now a part of the establishment of Messrs. Bradbury and Agnew, famed as printers, and the proprietors of Punch.

During recent years great changes have been made within the precinct of Whitefriars. On the eastern side considerable spaces have been cleared and large offices and warehouses erected. The Thames Embankment has been carried along its southern border, and here, instead of gas-works, coal wharfs, and river-side rookeries, the ground is now occupied by the City of London School and Sion College.

Gentleman. Towards Chertsey, noble lord?

D. of Gloucester. No, to Whitefriars; there attend my coming.
Shakespeare, Richard III.

Whitefriars Theatre. Three of our early theatres stood between
The first was called the Whitefriars

the Thames and Fleet Street.

1 Whitelocke, ed. 1732, p. 441.

2 Roger North's Memoirs of Musick.

3 Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. i. pp. 59-63.

Theatre, the second the Salisbury Court Theatre, and the third the Duke's Theatre in Dorset Gardens. The Whitefriars Theatre was the old hall or refectory belonging to the dissolved Monastery of Whitefriars, and stood without the garden wall of Salisbury or Dorset House, the old inn or hostel of the Bishops of Salisbury. The patent mentioning the Whitefriars as a theatre is dated in January 1610, and the alteration appears to have been made in 1609. Little that is certain is known of the old playhouse, although it has been stated that plays were acted at Whitefriars as early as 1580, which was before the theatre was opened. [See Dorset Gardens Theatre and Salisbury Court Theatre.]

Whitehall, WESTMINSTER, the Palace of the Kings of England from Henry VIII. to William III. Nothing remains of it but Inigo Jones's Banqueting House, James II.'s statue, and the name, in the broad thoroughfare called Whitehall, and Whitehall Gardens, Place, and Yard. It was originally called York House; was delivered and demised to the King by charter, February 7 (21st of Henry VIII.), on the disgrace of Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop of York,1 and was then first called Whitehall. "There is another place of this name," says Minsheu, "where the Court of Requests is kept in the palace at Westminster."

Whitehall occupied a large space of ground, having one front towards the Thames, and another of a humbler character towards St. James's Park; Scotland Yard was the boundary one way, and Canon Row, Westminster, the boundary on the other. There was a public thoroughfare through the Palace from Charing Cross to Westminster, crossed by two gates, one known as Whitehall Gate, the other as the King Street Gate. This arrangement was long an eyesore, and Henry VIII., offended with the number of funerals which passed before his Palace on their way from Charing Cross to the churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster, erected a new cemetery on the other side of Whitehall, in the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.

Henry VIII.'s Whitehall was a building in the Tudor or Hampton Court style of architecture, with a succession of galleries and courts, a large hall, a chapel, tennis-court, cockpit, orchard, and banqueting house. Hentzner, who saw Whitehall in the reign of Elizabeth (1598), says:

This Palace is truly royal; inclosed on one side by the Thames, on the other by a Park, which connects it with St. James's, another royal palace. Near the Palace are seen an immense number of swans, who wander up and down the river for some miles in great security. . . . In the Park is great plenty of deer. . . . In a garden adjoining to this Palace is a jet d'eau, which while strangers are looking at it, a quantity of water forced by a wheel, which the gardener turns at a distance, through a number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those that are standing round.

James I. intended to have rebuilt the whole Palace, and Inigo Jones designed a new Whitehall for that king, worthy of the nation and his

1 Archbishop Warham acknowledges the receipt of Wolsey's "loving letters dated at your Grace's place beside Westminster."-Ellis's Letters, vol. ii. p. 43.

own great name. But nothing was built beyond the Banqueting House. Charles I. contemplated a similar reconstruction, but poverty at first prevented him, and the Civil War soon after was a more effectual prohibition. Charles II. preserved what money he could spare from his pleasures to build a palace at Winchester. James II. was too busy about religion to attend to architecture, and in William III.'s reign the whole of Whitehall, Inigo Jones's Banqueting House excepted, was destroyed by fire. William talked of rebuilding it after Inigo's designs, and a model by Mr. Weedon was laid before him.1 Nothing, however, was done. Anne, his successor, took up her abode in St. James's Palace, and Sir John Vanbrugh built a house at Whitehall-the house ridiculed by Swift with such inimitable drollery. The first fire was in 1619 (when the Banqueting House was burnt); the second in 1686; and the third in 1708 was owing to the negligence of a maid-servant, who, about eight at night, to save the labour of cutting a candle from a pound, burnt it off and carelessly threw the rest aside before the flame

was out.

April 10, 1691.-This [last] night a sudden and terrible fire burnt down all the buildings over the stone gallery at Whitehall to the water side, beginning at the apartment of the late Duchess of Portsmouth (which had been pulled down and rebuilt no less than three times to please her), and consuming other lodgings of such lewd creatures who debauched K. Charles 2 and others, and were his destruction.Evelyn; see also Bramston, p. 365.

But the great (or fourth) fire which finally destroyed Whitehall broke out on Tuesday, January 4, 1697-1698, about four in the afternoon, through the neglect of a Dutchwoman who had left some linen to dry before the fire in Colonel Stanley's lodgings. The fire lasted seventeen hours.

The tide at times rose so high at Whitehall that it flooded the kitchen. Pepys illustrates this by a curious story of the Countess of Castlemaine, when the King was to sup with her soon after the birth of her son, the Duke of Grafton. The cook came and told the imperious countess that the water had flooded the kitchen, and the chine of beef for the supper could not be roasted. "Zounds!" was her reply, "she must set the house on fire, but it should be roasted." So it was carried, adds Pepys, to Mrs. Sarah's husband's, and there roasted.2 A still more curious picture of the water rising at Whitehall is contained in a speech of Charles II.'s to the House of Commons, entitled, "His Majestie's Gracious Speech to the Honourable House of Commons in the Banqueting House at Whitehall, March 1, 1661[2]." . . . "The mention of my wife's arrival," says the King, "puts me in minde to desire you to put that compliment upon her, that her entrance into the town may be with more decency than the ways will now suffer it to be; and for that purpose, I pray you would quickly pass such laws as are before you, in order to the amending those ways, and that she may not find Whitehall surrounded with water." Lord Dorset alludes to these

1 Strype, B. vi. p. 6.

2 Pepys, October 13, 1663.

periodical inundations in his well-known song, "To all you ladies now at land":

cannon.

The King, with wonder and surprize,

Will swear the seas grow bold;
Because the tides will higher rise
Than e'er they did of old;

But let him know it is our tears

Bring floods of grief to Whitehall Stairs.

With a fa la, la, la, la.

Three of the best of the several engravings of Whitehall are copied with great care in Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata. A good view of the water front (showing the Privy Stairs) is engraved at the top of Morden and Lea's large Map, published in the reign of William III.; and in Kip's Nouveau Theatre is an interesting view of the Banqueting House, inscribed "H. Terasson delin. et sculp. 1713," showing the curious entrance gate on the north side, and on the south a wall bristling with Another valuable view is preserved in the famous caricature of "The Motion," executed in 1742, and which Horace Walpole commends so highly in his letters. But the engraving which preserves Whitehall to us in all its parts is the ground-plan of the Palace, from a survey made in the reign of Charles II. by John Fisher, and engraved by Vertue (1747), who might have dated it with safety before 1670, not, as he has done, 1680, seeing that Sir John Denham and the Duke of Albemarle, whose apartments are marked, were both dead before 1670; and in 1680 Dr. Wren was Sir Christopher Wren, and the Countess of Castlemaine Duchess of Cleveland.1 In filling up the plan preserved by Vertue, Pepys comes to our aid with some of his minute allusions. He refers oftener than once to the following places: Henry VIII.'s Gallery, the Boarded Gallery, the Matted Gallery, the Shield Gallery, the Stone Gallery, and the Vane Room. Lilly, the astrologer, mentions the Guard Room. The Adam and Eve Gallery was so called from a picture by Mabuse, now at Hampton Court. In the Matted Gallery was a ceiling by Holbein ; 2 and on a wall in the Privy Chamber a painting of Henry VII. and Henry VIII., with their Queens, by the same artist, of which a copy in small is preserved at Hampton Court.3 On another wall was a Dance of Death, also by Holbein, of which Douce has given a description; and in the bed-chamber of Charles II. a representation by Wright of the King's birth, his right to his dominions, and his miraculous preservation, with this motto, Terras Astræa revisit. Manningham in his Diary gives thirty-six of "Certayne devises and empresses taken by the scucheons in the Gallery at Whitehall;" and Hentzner enumerates among the objects to be observed in Whitehall a "variety of emblems on paper, cut in the shape of shields, used by the nobility at tilts and tournaments, hung up there for a memorial." Considering that the age was that of Elizabeth, and that

1 The original drawing (or a reduced copy) by Vertue is preserved in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries.

2 Pepys, August 28, 1668.

3 Sanderson's Graphice, p. 24.
4 Cat. of Ashm. MSS., coll. 475.

such men as Sidney and Raleigh and Devereux were among the knights who hung up these shields, it is worth while to give a specimen of what Manningham made note of on March 19, 1602.

The scucheon, twoe windmilles crosse sailed, and all the verge of the scucheon poudered with crosses crosselets, the word [motto] Vndique Cruciatus. Under written these verses

When most I rest beholde howe I stand crost,
When most I move I toyle for others' gayne,
The one declares my labour to be lost,

The other showes my quiet is but payne.
Unhappy then whose destiny are crosses

When standing still and moveing breedes but losses.

Another specimen is much less romantic-" An empty bagpipe. The word Si impleveris."

Whitehall, March 30, 1604.-Grant with survivorship to And: Bright and Samuel Doubleday, of the offices of distilling herbs and sweet waters at the Palace of Whitehall and of keeping the library there.-Cal. State Pap., 1603-1610, p. 89.

Whitehall, Oct. 27, 1604.-Grant to Sir Th: Knyvet of £20 per annum, for life, on consideration of his giving up his lodgings at Whitehall for the use of Prince Charles. Ibid., vol. i. p. 161.

The old Banqueting House was burnt down on Tuesday, January 12, 1618-1619, and the present Banqueting House, designed by Inigo Jones, commenced June 1, 1619, and finished March 31, 1622. From the roll of the account of the Paymaster of the Works, of the "Charges in building a Banqueting House at Whitehall, and erecting a new Pier in the Isle of Portland, for conveyance of stone from thence to Whitehall," formerly preserved at the Audit Office among the Declared Accounts, it appears that the sum received by the paymaster "for the new building of the Banqueting House, and the erecting a Pier at Portland," was £15,648: 3s. The expense of the pier was £712: 19:2, and of the Banqueting House, £14,940:4:1; the expenditure exceeding the receipts by £5:0:3. The account, it deserves to be mentioned, was not declared (ie. finally settled) till June 29, 1633, eleven years after the completion of the building, and eight after the death of King James I. a delay confirmatory of the unwillingness of the father and son to bring the works at Whitehall to a final settlement. Inigo's great masterpiece is described in this account as "a new building, with a vault under the same, in length 110 feet, and in width 55 feet within ; the wall of the foundation being in thickness 14 feet, and in depth 10 feet within ground, brought up with brick; the first storey to the height of 16 feet, wrought of Oxfordshire stone, cut into rustique on the outside, and brick on the inside; the walls 8 feet thick, with a vault turned over on great square pillars of brick, and paved in the bottom with Purbeck stone; the walls and vaulting laid with finishing mortar; the upper storey being the Banqueting House, 55 feet in height, to the laying on of the roof; the walls 5 feet thick, and wrought of Northamptonshire stone, cut in rustique, with two orders of columns and pilasters, Ionic and Composite, with their architrave, frieze, and cornice, and other ornaments; also rails and ballasters round about the top of the

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