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by what means he had managed to retain so important an office as that of Lord Treasurer for so long a time, his reply was, "By being a willow and not an oak." A portion of this noble old mansion, though deformed by modern alterations and divided into warehouses, remained as late as 1844.

Then east from the Carriers' Row is a long and high wall of stone, inclosing the north side of a large garden adjoining to as large an house built in the reign of King Henry VIII. and of Edward VI. by Sir William Powlet, Lord Treasurer of England. Through this garden, which of old time consisted of divers parts, now united, was sometimes a fair footway, leading by the west end of the Augustine Friars' church straight north, and opened somewhat west from Allhallows church against London Wall towards Moorgate; which footway had gates at either end, locked up every night; but now the same way being taken into those gardens, the gates are closed up with stone, whereby the people are forced to go about by St. Peter's church, and the east end of the said Friar's church, and all the great place and garden of Sir William Powlet to London Wall and so to Moorgate. This great house . . . stretcheth to the north corner of Brode [Broad] Street, and then turneth up Brode Street, and all that side to and beyond the east end of the said Friars' church.-Stow, p. 66. Winchester House, CHELSEA, the palace of the Bishops of Winchester from 1663 to 1820, was situated across what is now the river end of Oakley Street. It was a large red brick building erected by James, Duke of Hamilton, in the reign of Charles I., and formed a continuation of the Manor House. It was bought by Government for the see of Winchester, when the old palace at Southwark was given up, under powers of an Act of Parliament in 1663. Bishop North died here in 1820, and the house was then sold to the Lord of the Manor. It was pulled down soon afterwards.

Winchester House, SOUTHWARK. In 1107 William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester and also Lord Chancellor, built this spacious palace on the Bankside, to the west of St. Mary Overies, on a plot of ground belonging to the priory of Bermondsey, and it became the town residence of the Bishops of Winchester for five hundred and thirty years. During a vacancy in the see it was assigned as a residence to Simon de Montfort and his wife, the daughter of King John. In 1424 James Stuart, King of Scotland, liberated from his prison, was married to Johanna Beaufort, and the wedding feast was held at the house of her uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, who was then Bishop of Winchester. In 1427 the Cardinal, returning from beyond sea, was met by the mayor, aldermen and citizens, and conducted with much pomp to Southwark. In May 1451 William Waynflete, "in a certain lofty roome commonly called le Peynted Chamber in his manor house of Southwark," made a solemn declaration regarding his tenure of the see of Winchester.1 Gardiner, in his turn, lived here in great style. He had a number of young gentlemen of family as his pages, whose education he superintended. His establishment was the last of the sort in England, as after the Reformation the bishops' palaces were mostly occupied by their families (Lord Campbell).

1 Life of Bishop Waynflete, p. 66.

In 1551 Gardiner was imprisoned in his own house, and in the next year he entertained at a great feast the Ambassador of Spain and the Council in the same place. In 1554 he was dead: "There are grand obsequies a sermon and a mass, after which the peple go to his place to dener."

Stow (1598) describes Winchester House as "a very fair house, well repaired," with "a large wharf and a landing place called the Bishop of Winchester's Stairs," shown by Rocque in his map of 1726 as St. Mary Overy's Stairs, and only closed of late years. The principal frontage of the palace was towards the river. It was bounded south and west by gardens decorated with statues and fountains, and by a park of about 70 acres, which extended to the manor of Paris Garden.

The last bishop of the see who lived at Winchester House was Lancelot Andrewes, who died here in 1626, and was buried at St. Saviour's Church in the so-called bishop's chapel.

Winchester House has been occupied by several persons either as a residence or as a prison. Sir Edward Dyer, the poet, and friend of Sir Philip Sidney.

I have been this morning to Winchester House to seek you.-Robert, Earl of Essex to Mr. Dyer, July 21, 1587.

Add hereunto that very lately by a wind-furnace greene glass for windows is made as well by pit-coale at Winchester House in Southwarke as it is done in other places with much wast and consuming of infinite store of billetts and other wood-feull. -Sturtevant's Metallica, 1612, p. 4 (ed. 1858).

In 1642 the Parliament converted Winchester House into a prison, and among the prisoners confined in it was Sir Kenelm Digby, who here wrote his Critical Remarks on Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici. His letter to Browne is dated "Winchester House, March 20, 1642."

Sir Kenelm Digby was several times taken and let go again; at last imprisoned in Winchester House. I can compare him to nothing but a great fish that we catch and let go again, but still he will come to the bait; at last therefore we put him into some great pond for store.-Selden's Table Talk.

For a time it was the home of Lieut.-Col. Lilburne. In 1649 he was allowed to leave his prison in the Tower to visit his sick and distressed family at Winchester House, " mine own house in Southwark." In 1647 the manor and Winchester House were sold to Thomas Walker of Camberwell for £4380: 8:3, but at the Restoration it reverted to the See. The bishops, however, no longer used it as a residence, and an Act was passed in 1663 permitting them to let it in tenements. The park was dismantled in this year, and a noble old tree furnished timber for seven houses in Gracechurch Street.

In 1814 a great fire destroyed nearly all the remains of this once noble place, and there were disclosed the solid and noble proportions of the great hall, and the remains of a fine circular window. The site is now covered with wharves, warehouses and other business premises.

Winchester Street, CITY, BROAD STREET to LONDON WALL, was so called after Paulet or Winchester House. [See Winchester House.]

John Archer, the author of Every Man his own Physician, 1673, lived at the "Golden Ball, Winchester Street, near Broad Street." In this work he makes the number of the senses six. Edmund Halley, the astronomer, was the son of a soap-boiler in this street, but was born at his father's country house at Haggerstone. The earliest of his published observations were made, July 25, 1675, on an eclipse of the moon, from the house in Winchester Street. Richard Gough, the antiquary, in the obituary notice which he himself selected for insertion in the Gentleman's Magazine, is stated to have been born in 1735 “in a large house in Winchester Street, London, on the site of the Monastery of Austin Friars." The houses, including some large recent blocks of many-storied "Buildings," are now mostly occupied as offices and chambers by merchants, solicitors, commercial and mining companies, and the like. In Great Winchester Street is Pinners' Hall; in Little Winchester Street was the Greek Church, with an entrance in London Wall, pulled down and removed to Bayswater.

Windham Club, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, established in 1828. The object of the Club, as stated in Rule I., "is to secure a convenient and agreeable place of meeting for a society of gentlemen, all connected with each other by a common bond of literary or personal acquaintance." The number of members is limited to 650. Election is by ballot; one black ball in ten excludes. Admission fee 30 guineas, and I guinea to the library fund; annual payment 10 pounds.

Windmill Street, FINSBURY SQUARE, the north-west corner to CASTLE STREET, was so called after three windmills, erected in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, on a deposit made in Finsbury field of 66 more than one thousand cartloads " of bones removed from the charnel of old St. Paul's when the charnel-house was destroyed in 1549 by order of the Duke of Somerset. On these bones "the soilage of the city," as Stow calls it, was subsequently laid, and the three windmills "in short space after raised."1 It was also for some years used as a burial-place for criminals who had perished at the hands of the hangman. Middleton alludes to these windmills in his Father Hubbard's Tales, and Shirley in his play of The Wedding, though neither Gifford nor Dyce appears to have understood the reference. Agas represents them in his map. The royal foundry for casting cannon in the reign of George I. was situated on Windmill Hill, in Upper Moorfields.

Windmill Street (Great), PICCADILLY, leading from the west end of Coventry Street to Pulteney Street, derives its name from a windmill represented in Faithorne's map of London, 1658, which windmill gave its name to certain fields mentioned in a printed proclamation of April 7, 1671: "The fields, commonly called the Windmill Fields, 1 Stow, pp. 123, 159; Strype, B. iv. p. 102. 2 Middleton's Works, by Dyce, vol. v. p. 592.

3 Shirley's Works, by Gifford, vol. i. p. 421.

Dog Fields, and the fields adjoining to So Hoe." Windmill Street was, however, then laid out. In 1671 Colonel Panton craved license to

Build and finish certain houses in the continuation of a street called Windmill Street, from the upper end of the Haymarket to the highway leading from Soho to Ayre Street and Paddington; on the east corner towards the Haymarket, about 100 feet in front, also on the same side about 200 feet in front, opposite Windmill Yard; and to build on both sides a short street, leading from out of Windmill Street, opposite Windmill Yard, towards St. Giles's, on the west side of Windmill Street, in the two bowling-greens, between the Haymarket and Leicester Fields.—Trans. of Privy Council, Elmes's Wren, p. 305.

Eminent Inhabitants.—Colonel Charles Godfrey, in 1683; he married Arabella Churchill, mistress of James II. and mother of the Duke of Berwick. Sir John Shadwell, in 1729, a celebrated physician of his time, and son of Shadwell, the poet laureate. Dr. William Hunter, in the large house on the east side still standing and incorporated with the Lyric Theatre; the doctor in this house closed his life, March 30, 1783, with a memorable speech: "If I had strength enough," said he, "to hold a pen, I would write how easy and pleasant a thing it is to die."

Having failed in his application to Government for a site in the Mews, William Hunter purchased this piece of ground, and on it built a spacious house, into which he removed in 1770. Attached to the house were dissecting rooms and a museum of anatomical and pathological preparations at the time unrivalled. Here he established a school of anatomy, his famous brother, John Hunter, being his assistant first and afterwards his partner. Hunter bequeathed the museum to Dr. Baillie, with the reversion after his death to Glasgow University. Mr. Wilson, who later became proprietor of the "School of Anatomy, Great Windmill Street," offered in 1812 to sell the whole establishment to Charles Bell for £10,000. Bell purchased it for a much less sum, and he speaks of it as "an institution which, founded by the Hunters, has made all the anatomists of the present day, at home and abroad." The museum (largely augmented by him) was sold by Sir Charles Bell, about 1825, to the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, who built a spacious hall for its reception. Bell removed to Edinburgh in 1826. On the east side of Great Windmill Street is St. Peter's Church, designed by Raphael Brandon, and next to it the dancing saloon, called the Argyll Rooms, existed for some years.

Windmill Street, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD to CHARLOTTE STREET, was so named from a windmill which stood in the fields at the west end of the street. Nollekens, the sculptor, when an old man, walking one day with J. T. Smith, "stopped at the corner of Rathbone Place, and observed that when he was a little boy, his mother often took him to the top of that street to walk by the side of a long pond, near a windmill which then stood on the site of the chapel in Charlotte Street; and that a halfpenny was paid by every person at a hatch belonging to the miller for the privilege of walking in his grounds."1

1 Smith, Life of Nollekens, vol. i. p. 37.

In Smith's day "Windmill Street was strongly recommended by physicians for the salubrity of the air." 1 Maitland, writing in 1756, describes the Middlesex Hospital as being in this street. It was established here in "two convenient houses adjoining each other" in 1745, and removed to its present site "in Marybon fields" in the year in which Maitland wrote.

Windmill Tavern, OLD JEWRY, a noted tavern at the corner of Old Jewry and Lothbury. Stow says it had originally been a synagogue ; and, in 1291, when Edward I. banished the Jews from England, it was made over to a new order of friars called De Pænitentia Jesu, or Fratres de Sacca. From them it passed in 1305 to Robert Fitzwalter; and from him to Robert Lange, mercer, Lord Mayor in 1439, and to Hugh Clopton, mercer, who kept his mayoralty there in 1492.

It is now a tavern and hath to sign a Windmill : and thus much for this house, sometime the Jews' synagogue, since a house of friars, then a nobleman's house, after that a merchant's house, wherein mayoralties have been kept, and now a wine tavern. -Stow, p. 105.

In 1522, when arrangements were being made for the reception of the Emperor Charles V., "the Wyndemylne in the Old Jury" was set down as being able to supply fourteen feather-beds, and stabling for twenty horses. Wellbred, in the first act of Every Man in his Humour, dates a letter "from the Windmill," and asks Young Knowell whether he has "forsworn all his friends in the Old Jewry," and whether he has "conceived that antipathy between us and Hogsden as was between Jews and hog's flesh." In 1628, when the wretched Dr. Lamb, the Duke of Buckingham's "devil," was pursued by the mob from the Fortune Theatre through Moorgate into Old Jewry, he took refuge in this tavern, but after a time was thrust out by the vintner, and so maltreated that he died at the Compter the next day.

Windsor Court, MONKWELL STREET. James Percy, the trunkmaker of Dublin, was living here when pressing his claim to the peerage of Northumberland. His pursuit, which he followed up for twenty years, ended by his being ordered, in 1689, by the House of Lords to wear on his breast before the Four Courts in Westminster Hall, a paper inscribed, "The false and impudent Pretender to the Earldom of Northumberland." The order was carried out. His son, Anthony, is said to have been subsequently Lord Mayor of Dublin.2

Wine Office Court, FLEET STREET.

About the middle of the year 1760, he [Goldsmith] left Green Arbour Court for respectable lodgings in Wine Office Court, Fleet Street, where for about two years he remained with an acquaintance or relation of the friendly bookseller, Newbery. Here he was often visited by Dr. Percy.-Prior's Life of Goldsmith, vol. i. p. 368. Here Johnson and Percy supped with him on May 31, 1761. Percy called for Johnson on his way, and found him dressed in a new suit of clothes and well-powdered wig. Noticing his unusual smartness JohnSee Craik's Romance of the Peerage, vol. iv. p. 312.

1 Recollections, p. 25.