NOTES.-1. The primary unit in English money is 1 farthing. The units of the scale, in passing from farthings to pence, are 4; in passing from pence to shillings, the units of the scale are 12; in passing from shillings to pounds, they are 20.

2. Farthings are generally expressed in fractions of a penny. Thus, 1 far. = 4d.; 2 far. = jd. ; 3 far. = 3d.

3. The standard of the gold coin is 22 parts of pure gold and 2 parts of copper.

The standard of silver coin is 37 parts of pure silver, and 3 parts

of copper.

A pound of gold is worth 14.2878 times as much as a pound of silver. In copper coin, 24 pence make 1 pound avoirdupois.

By reading the second table from left to right, we can see the value of any unit expressed in each of the lower denominations Thus, 1d. = 4 far.; 1s. = = 12d. = 48 far. £1=20s. =240d. = 960 far

Pound of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Canada..

[The above Tables are taken from a work on the Tariff, by E. D. Ogden, Esq., of the New York Custom-house].

15

18

21

00

90

1515

531

261

90

60

27

40

05

III LINEAR MEASURE.

I. LONG MEASURE.

468. This measure is used to measure distances, lengths, breadths, heights and depths.

NOTES.-1. A fathom is a length of six feet, and is generally used to measure the depth of water.

2. A hand is 4 inches, and is used to measure the height of horses; a common pace is 3 feet; a military pace, 24 feet; a geo graphical mile equals a minute of a great circle; a knot (used by sailors) is a geographical mile.

3. The units of the scale, in passing from inches to feet, are 12, In passing from feet to yards, 3; from yards to rods, 5; from rod to furlongs, 40; and from furlongs to miles, 8.

ENGLISH SYSTEM.

469. The Imperial yard of Great Britain is the one from which ours is taken. Hence, the units of measure are identical.

FRENCH SYSTEM.

470. The base of the new French system of measure is the measure of the meridian of the earth, a quadrant of which is 10,000,000 mètres, measured at the temperature of 32° Fahr. The multiples and divisions of it are decimals, viz.: 1 metre = 10 decimetres 100 centimetres 1000 millimetres = 3.280899 United States feet, or 39.37079 inches.

This relation enables us to convert all measures in either system into the corresponding measures of the other.

Austrian,

1 foot 12.448 U. S. inches 1.03737 foot.

Prussian, 1 foot 12.361 66

Rhineland,

=

66

=

= 1.0300

Spanish,

11.034 66

66 = 0.9195

league (royal)=25000 Span. ft. 4 miles)

nearly

471. Cloth measure is used for measuring all kinds of cloth, ribbons, and other things sold by the yard.

NOTE--The units of the scale, in this measure, are 21, 4, 3, 4, and 5.

IV. UNITS OF SURFACE

1. SQUARE MEASURE.

472. Square measure is used in measuring land or any thing in which length and breadth are both considered.

Table.

144 square inches (sq. in.) make 1 square foot,.

9 square feet

30 square yards

40 square rods, or 40 perches,

4 roods, or 160 perches,

640 acres.

1 acre,

1 square mile

Table Reversed.

NOTE.-The units of the scale in this measure are 144, 9, 301 40, and 4.

II. SURVEYORS' MEASURE.

473. The Surveyor's, or Gunter's chain, is generally used in surveying land. It is 4 poles, or 66 feet in length, and is divided into 100 links.

NOTES.-1. Land is generally estimated in square miles, acres roods, and square rods, or perches.

2. The units of the scale, in this measure, are 7, 4, 80, 1,

and 10.