GABRES. [GUEBRES.] GADEBUSCH, FREDERIC CONRAD, a learned German, born in 1719, in the island of Rugen. After having studied at different universities of Germany, he went, in 1750, to Livonia, where he remained till his death in 1788. He was a very laborious writer, and left several works in German, which throw considerable light on the history of the Baltic provinces of Russia. His principal works are: 'Memoir on the Historians of Livonia, Riga, 1772; Livonian_Bibliotheca,' Riga, 1779; Essays on the History and Laws of Livonia, Riga, 1777-1785; Annals of Livonia, from 1030 to 1761, 8 vols. in 8vo., Riga, 1780-1783. GADES. [CADIZ.] GADFLY. [ESTRIDE.] GAEL, GAELIC. Although the language spoken by the Scottish Highlanders is familiarly known among the Lowlanders by the name of the Erse, or, according to the more usual pronunciation, the Ersh, that is, plainly, the Eirish or Irish, the people themselves are never called by that name. Among the Highlanders the name Erse is unknown, either as that of the nation or of the language. They call themselves only the Gadhel, also sometimes written and always pronounced Gael, and their language the Gaedheilg, pronounced Gaeilg, or, nearly Gaelic. The name Gaelic is also in familiar use among the Lowlanders as that of the language. Further, the only name by which the Irish are known to the Scottish Highlanders is Guel; the latter call themselves Gael Albinnich, or the Gael of Albin, and the Irish Gael Erinnich, or the Gael of Erin. The Irish also call themselves the Gadhel, or Gael, and their language the Gaelic. Finally, the Welsh call the Irish Gwyddel, which is evidently the same word with Gadhel, or Gael. This is nearly all that can be stated as matter of fact in regard to the name Gael. The rest is all speculation and conjecture of that, however, few words have given rise to so much. We shall not here attempt to do more than to indicate and arrange the various points as to which many volumes of philological and historical controversy have been written. the same word. Of Gael, taken by itself and assumed to be different from Celt, it cannot be said that anything has been made; all the derivations suggested are puerile. On the assumption that it is the same with Celt, it has been found perhaps somewhat less intractable; but this cannot be received as a proof that that assumption is correct. The most probable account of Celt is that which connects it with the Gaelic Cavill, a wood-perhaps the same with the Greek Kalon (Káλov) wood-whence Caoiltich, a people inhabiting a woody country. This is also the origin commonly assigned to the name Caledonii; which is supposed to be Caoildaoine, literallywood-people,' or people of the woods. The inquiry into the meaning of the word Gael has been greatly embarrassed by its similarity to another word still used in the Gaelic both of Scotland and Ireland, and which curiously enough seems to have the very opposite meaning to Gael. Thus, while the Scottish Highlanders call themselves Gael, they call all the rest of the Scotch, who do not speak Gaelic, by the name of Gaoill, or in the singular Gaoll, which they understand to mean strangers or foreigners. Thus Gaoltdoch is the country of the Scots who speak English; Gaeldoch, the country of the Highlanders who speak Gaelic. In the same manner Gall is the Irish term for a stranger, or one speaking a different language; but it is very remarkable that this fact should have been advanced by Mr. Moore in his late History of Ireland' (i. 3) as a proof that the Irish do not consider themselves as being of Gaulish origin, while he must have known that they at the same time call themselves Gael-a fact however to which he has not, as far as we can find, adverted in any part of his work. Then, after all, comes to be considered the possible connection between either Gael or Gaoll and the Wealh of the Anglo-Saxons, whence our modern Welsh and Wales, and which seems to be the same with the Wälsh, applied generally to foreigners by the modern Germans. Were the Cymry called Wealh by the Saxons (whence the French have made Galles, as we have made Welsh) because they were considered to be Gael or Gauls, or because they were held to be strangers, foreigners, aliens ?-or is it possible that the two words which appear in the modern Gaelic and Irish in the slightly distinguishable forms of Gael and Gaoll or Gall, notwithstanding their apparently opposite significations, may after all be only different forms of the same word? 1 1. It has been generally assumed and admitted that the modern Gael are a portion of the Galli, or Gauls, of anti- 4. The last class of disputed points we shall mention quity, the people who gave its former name to the country are those arising out of the history of the various nations now called France, and who were principally, though by no and languages which are either Gaelic, or have by some means exclusively, known to the Greeks and Romans as been assumed to be Gaelic. What was the real amount of the inhabitants of that region. Although however this the connection or distinction between the antient Gauls and opinion has been commonly adopted, the grounds upon Germans? In what relation to either stood the Iberians? which it has been taken up do not appear to be very in what the Celtiberians? in what the Aquitanians? Were conclusive. They are principally the similarity of the two the Cimbri Gauls or Germans? Were the Belga Gauls or names-some historical and traditional testimony to the Germans? Whether or in what degree is the Gaelic tongue fact that South Britain was originally peopled from Gaul-related to what have been called the Indo-Germanic lansome traces, rather faint and disputable, of identity of insti- guages? Is there any connection, and to what amount, tutions and customs-and what would be the strongest ar- between the Gaelic and the Semitic languages? These gument, if it were well made out, the evidences of identity are the principal questions that have been agitated of language conceived to be established by the comparison with regard to the Gael or supposed Gael of the antient of the names of places in France, and a few other remains world. Their modern history has afforded fully as many of the old language spoken there, with the modern Gaelic of more. Was Britain originally peopled by a Gallic or GerScotland and Ireland. But the supposition is not unattended manic race? Were the Picts Gauls or Germans? Were the with difficulties, and if adopted it does not clear up the ques- Caledonians Gauls or Germans? Were the more recemlytion of how the Gauls got either to Scotland or to Ireland, settled colonists whom Cæsar found in the South of Britain 2. Supposing the Gael to be the Galli of the Roman of Gallic or Germanic stock, and did they speak a Gaelic writers, and the Galatai (ráλarai) of the Greeks, a ques- or Teutonic language? What is the degree of affinity between tion arises as to whether these names are the same with the Welsh tongue and that spoken by the native Irish and the the Celta or Celti, or Keltai (Keλrai), sometimes spoken Highlanders of Scotland? Is it a dialect of the same tongue, of by the antients as a general name for the Gauls, some- or (as has lately been strenuously maintained) a language of times as the name of only a certain portion of the Gauls. altogether a distinct family? Is the Basque a Celtic dialect? [CELTE] Aud if the Gauls and the Celts were distinct Whence came the Irish, supposing them to be Gael- from names, it remains to be settled which was the general name India? or Persia ? or Phoenicia ? or Spain? or France? of the nation, and which the name only of the division or or England? or Scotland? Were the Scots or Milesians of tribe. Several antient writers have represented the Celts to Ireland a Gallic or Germanic people? What is the origin of be the most antient name of the nation, and the Gauls to the present Highlanders of Scotland? Are they the progeny be a name substituted at a comparatively late period; but of a comparatively recent Irish colonization, as has of late it has been contended in modern times on very plausible been generally agreed, and as their own traditions have grounds that this notion is a mistake, and that the Celts always asserted ? or are they the descendants of the antient were only a section of the Gauls, which was always the ge- Caledonians, assumed on that supposition to be Gauls, and neric name. to have been the original population of the whole island, who were, probably a short time before the commencement of the Christian æra, driven from South to North Britain before a new immigration from the continent? All or most of these may be considered as questions still doubtful and disputed, 3. Then there has been a world of controversy about the origin and meaning of both Gael and Celt (antiently, it is to be remembered, pronounced Kelt); the confusion here again being increased by the difference of opinion as to whether these are different words or only different forms of It would occupy much more space than we can afford to GAE/TA, a strongly fortified town and a bishop's see in orator. that ever appeared in print. It is full of that kind of infor- Gaforius (erroneously called Gaffurius by Hawkins, year 1520. GAGE, any apparatus for measuring the state of a phe- GAHNITE, a mineral so called from the name of its It occurs at Fahlun, in Sweden, and Franklin, in Ame-' -100 1 -- -99.88 Gaeta with its suburbs has a population of about 10,000 GAFFURIUS. [GAFORIUS.] GAFO'RIUS, FRANCHI'NUS, or FRANCHINO GA- GAILLAC. (TARN.] GAILLARD, GABRIEL HENRI, a celebrated mo- the celebrated German historian Hegewisch, who himself be called fancy-pieces, such as the celebrated Cottage wrote a history of Charlemagne in German. The best Door,' now in the collection of the Marquis of Westminster. work of Gaillard is his History of the Rivalry between There is however a wonderful difference between his early France and England,' of which the first three volumes ap- and his later performances. In the former every feature is peared in 1771, the four following in 1774, and the four copied from nature in its greatest detail, and yet without concluding volumes in 1777. This work embraces not only stiffness; so that they look like nature itself reflected in a the political and military relations between the two coun- convex mirror. In his latter works striking effect, great tries, but also the internal history of both, so arranged as to breadth, and judicious distribution of light and shade, propresent a constant parallelism. His 'History of the Rivalry duce a grand and even a solemn impression. Both have between France and Spain,' 8 vols. in 12mo., a work highly their admirers, as tastes differ; but though he may not appreciated in France, is written on the same plan. deserve to be ranked as some would have him, with VanGaillard was the author of the Historical Dictionary' in dyck, Rubens, and Claude, in portrait and in landscape, all the Encyclopédie Méthodique,' 6 vols. in 4to., and many will assent to the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds other minor works, the most valuable of which are a 'Life if ever this nation should produce genius sufficient to acof Malesherbes,' his personal friend, 1805, 1 vol. Svo.; and quire to us the honourable distinction of an English school, 'Observations on the History of France,' by Velly, Villaret, the name of Gainsborough will be transmitted to posterity and Garnier, 4 vols. 12mo, 1806. Gaillard died in 1806, in as one of the very first of that rising name.' consequence of his severe application. His moral character stood very high. GAINSBOROUGH, an antient market-town and parish situated on the eastern bank of the Trent, in the county of Lincoln, 149 miles N. by W. from London. Gainsborough is noted as being the place where the Danes anchored at the period when the surrounding country was devastated by their sanguinary tyrant Sweyne, and where he was stabbed by an unknown hand when on the point of re-embarking, It is also the birth-place of Simon Patrick, the learned and pions bishop of Ely, who died in 1707. The town is well paved and lighted, and consists principally of one street running parallel to the river, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge of three elliptical arches. The townhall, wherein the sessions were formerly held, is a substantial brick building, beneath which is the gaol. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Lincoln, and in the patronage of the bishop of that see, with an annual net income of 5297. Gainsborough is advantageously situated both for foreign and inland trade. By means of the Trent, which falls into the Humber about 20 miles below the town, vessels of 200 tons are enabled to come up to the wharfs, and by the Readley, Chesterfield, and other canals a communication is kept up with the interior of the country. The market-day is Tuesday, and the fairs for cattle, &c. are held on EasterTuesday and the 20th of October. In 1831 the entire parish, including the hamlets of Morton, East Stockwith, and Walkerith, contained 7535 inhabitants. There is a charity school at which the children of the poor are taught reading, writing, and the elements of arithmetic. that Gainsborough died of a cancer in the neck, in August, 1788, in the sixty-first year of his age. GAIUS, or CAIUS, one of the Roman classical jurists whose works entitle him to a place among the great writers on law, such as Papinian, Paulus, and Ulpian. Nothing is known of the personal history of Gaius beyond the probable fact that he wrote under Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. His works were largely used in the compilation of the 'Digest,' or 'Pandect,' which contains extracts from the writings of Gaius under the following titles:- Res Cottidianæ sive Aureorum,' (Dig. xl. 9, 10, &c.); 'De Casibus,' (xii. 6, 63, &c.); Ad Edictum Ædilium Curulium,' (xxi. 1, 18, &c.); 'Liber ad Edictum Prætoris Urbani,' xl. 12, 6, &c.); Edictum Provinciale,' (xiv. 4, 9, &c.), which consisted of thirty books at least; Fidei Commissorum,' (xxxii. 1, 14, &c.); Formula Hypothecaria,' (xx. 1, 4, &c.); Institutiones,' (i. 6, 1, &c.); ‘De Verborum Obligationibus,' (xlvi. 1, 70). There are also extracts from several other works of Gaius in the 'Pandect.' Ad The 'Institutions' of Gaius were probably the earliest attempt to present a sketch of the Roman law in the form of an elementary text-book. This work continued in general use till the compilation of the 'Institutions' which bear the name of Justinian, and which were not only mainly based on the Institutions' of Gaius, but, like this earlier work, were divided into four books, with the same general distribution of the subject matter as that adopted by Gaius. The 'Institutions' of Gaius appear to have been neglected after the promulgation of Justinian's compilation, and were finally lost. All that remained was the detached pieces collected in the 'Digest,' and what could be gathered from the Breviarium Alaricianum,' as the code of the Visigoths is sometimes called. But in 1816, Niebuhr discovered a MS. in the library of the chapter of Verona, which he ascertained to be a treatise on Roman law, and which Savigny, founding his opinion on the specimen published by Niebuhr, conjectured to be the Institutions' of Gaius. GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS, born in 1727, at Sudbury, in Suffolk, was one of the most eminent English landscape painters of the last century. His father being a person in narrow circumstances, the education which his son received was very scanty; and it is probable enough that in his boyish days he passed much less time at school than in the woods of Suffolk, where he acquired that relish for the beauties of quiet nature and that intimate acquaint- This conjecture of Savigny was soon fully confirmed, ance with them for which his early pictures are so peculiarly though the MS. has no author's name on it. Goeschen, distinguished. Having almost from his childhood amused Bekker, and Hollweg undertook to examine and copy this himself with sketching any object that struck his fancy, MS., an edition of which appeared at Berlin in 1820, edited an old tree, a group of cattle, a shepherd and his dog, &c., by Goeschen. To form some idea of the labour necessary he ventured on colouring, and had painted several land- to decipher this MS., and of the patient perseverance of the scapes before he was twelve years of age, when he was sent to scholars who undertook this formidable task, the reader London. There he was for some time with Mr. Gravelot, must refer to the report of Goeschen to the Academy of the engraver, and Hayman, the painter, with whom he did Berlin, November 6, 1817. The MS. consists of one hunnot remain long, but setting up as a portrait-painter, sup- dred and twenty-seven sheets of parchment, the original ported himself, till, at the age of nineteen, he married a writing on which was the four books of the Institutions' of young lady who had a fortune of 2007. per annum. On his Gaius. This original writing had on some pages been marriage he went to Ipswich, where he resided till 1758, washed out, so far as was practicable, and on others when he removed to Bath. Having practised portrait- scratched out; and the whole, with the exception of two painting with increasing success, he removed in 1774 to sheets, had been re-written with the epistles of St. Jerome. London; and having painted portraits of some of the royal The lines of the original and of the substituted writing run family, which were much admired, he soon acquired ex- in the same direction, and often cover one another; a cirtensive practice and proportionate emolument. But though cumstance which considerably increased the difficulty of decihis portraits were much valued at the time as striking like-phering the text of Gaius. In addition to this, sixty-three nesses, this was too frequently their only merit: they were often painted in a rough careless manner, in a style of hatching and scumbling entirely his own, producing indeed an effect at a distance, but undetermined and indistinct when viewed near. At times he would take more pains, and show what he could do. But Gainsborough, in fact, considered this loose manner as peculiarly excellent, and was desirous that his pictures in the Exhibition might be so hung as to be within reach of close inspection. With painters his fame rests on his landscapes, and what might pages had been written on three times: the first writing was the text of Gaius, which had been erased; and the second, which was a theological work, had shared the same fate, to make room for the epistles of St. Jerome. A second examination of this MS. was made by Bluhme (Præfatio Nova Editionis), and a new edition of the 'Institutions' was published by Goeschen, at Berlin, in 1824, which presents us with an exact copy of the MS. with all its deficiencies, and contains a most copious list of the abbreviations used by the copyist of Gaius. GAL The discovery of a work, the loss of which had so long been regretted, produced a most lively sensation among continental jurists, and called forth a great number of essays. In England it has yet attracted little attention beyond a superficial notice in the Edinburgh Review' (vol. xlviii., p. 385), and an occasional allusion to it elsewhere, though it is undoubtedly one of the most valuable additions that have been made in modern times to our knowledge of Roman Law. The fourth book of the Institutions' is particularly useful for the information which it contains on actions and the forms of procedure. The style of Gaius, like that of all the classical Roman jurists, is perspicuous and yet concise. One of the most useful editions of Gaius is that by Klenze and Böcking (Berlin, 1029), which contains the Institutions' of Gaius and Justinian, so arranged as to present a parallelism, and to furnish a proof, if any were yet wanting, that the MS. of Verona is the genuine work of Gaius. In addition to the references already made, the reader GALANGA, or GALANGAL, is usually supposed to have been introduced by the Arabs, but it was previously mentioned by Etius. The Arabs call it Kholingan, which appears to be derived from the Hindu Koolinjan, or Sanscrit Koolunjuna, indicating the country whence they derived the root, as well as the people from whom they obtained their information respecting its uses. The plant which yielded this root was long unknown, and it was supposed to be that of a pepper, of an iris, of Acorus Calamus, or to be the Acorus of the antients. Kampferia Galanga was so called from its aromatic roots being supposed to be the true Galangal. The tubers of Cyperus longus were sometimes substituted, and called English Galungal. Two kinds, the large and the small galangal, are described; these are usually considered to be derived from the same plant at different stages of its growth, but Dr. Ainslie, in his 'Materia Indica,' insists upon the greater value of the lesser, as this is warmer and more fragrant, and therefore highly prized in India. It is a native of China, and the plant producing it is unknown. Dr. Ainslie does not prove that it is the Galanga minor of Europe. The greater Galangal has long been known to be the produce of a Scitamineous plant, the Galanga major of Rumphius (Herb. Amb. 5. t. 63), which is the Alpinia Galanga of Wildenow, and a native of China and the Malayan Archipelago. It is fully described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica, vol. i. p. 28, ed. Wall. habits the Asiatic provinces of the Russian and Turkish There are few islands in the world whose volcanic origin The climate is not so hot as would be expected from the geographical position of the islands, which is partly to be ascribed to the elevation of their surface (the settlement on La Floriana being 1000 feet above the level of the sea), and partly to the cold current which sets along the southsouth-western side of the group to the north-north-west. The dry season occurs in our summer, when most of the water pools dry up; but at the setting-in of the rains, in November, they are again filled. Between May and December the thermometer ranges between 52° and 74°, and from January to May between 74° and 84°. Captain Hall found that it rose to 93°, but this may have been the effect of local circumstances. These islands were long considered as sterile rocks, and were first visited towards the end of the last century by the whalers of the Pacific Ocean, especially for the elephanttortoises, which were caught in great number, and served the crews for fresh provisions. In 1832 a settlement was formed by one Bilamil, an inhabitant of Guayaquil, who obtained a grant of the island of La Floriana from the government of Ecuador. The inhabitants cultivate bananas, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, and Indian corn in such quantities, that they can provide with these articles the whalers, who frequently resort to the island. (Captain Basil Hall's Extracts from a Journal, &c.; London Geographical Journal, vol. vi.; Reynolds's Voyage of the U. S. frigate Potomac, &c.) GALATHE'A (Zoology), GALATHEA-TRIBE, GALAThe roots, peren-THEIDÆ, a group of Crustaceans corresponding with the genus Galathea of Fabricius, and establishing, in the opinion of M. Milne Edwards, a passage between the Anomurous and Macrurous Crustaceans, being more particularly approximated to the Porcellana. [PORCELLANIDE.] Dr. Leach divided the genus established by Fabricius into four: viz. the true Galathea, Munidea, Grimothea, and Eglea. M. Milne Edwards thinks that three of these genera should be preserved, but agrees with M. Desmarest in coming to the conclusion that the genus Munidea has not sufficient characteristics to admit of its adoption in a natural classification. With regard to Eglea, M. Milne Edwards considers it as approximating more to the Porcellance than to the Galathe, and as occupying a place in the section of the Ano nial and tuberous, like those of the ginger, were ascertained by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Comb to be identical with the Galanga major of the shops. This is cylindrical, often forked, thick as the thumb, reddish brown externally, marked with whitish circular rings, internally lighter coloured, of an agreeable aromatic smell, and a hot spicy taste, like a mixture of pepper and ginger, with some bitterness. The stem is perennial, or at least more durable than those of herbaceous plants; when in flower, about six or seven feet in length; its lower half invested by leafless sheaths. The leaves are two-ranked, lanceolar, from twelve to twenty-four inches long, and from four to six broad. Panicle terminal, crowned with numerous branches, each supporting from two to five pale greenish-white and somewhat fragrant flowers in April and May in Calcutta, where the seeds ripen, though rarely, in November. Several species of this genus have roots with somewhat similar properties. Thus Alpinia alba and Chinensis are much used by the Malays and Chinese; the former has hence been called Galanga alba of Koenig; and the latter has an aromatic root with an acrid burning flavour. The fragrant root of A. nutans is sometimes brought to England, according to Dr. Roxburgh, for Galanga major. Its leaves, when bruised, have a strong smell of cardamums, and the Cardamomum plant is frequently placed in this genus, but has been described under ÉLETTARIA. mura. The Galatheide, then, according to the revision of M. Milne Edwards, are thus distinguished. Carapace depressed and wide, but still longer than its width, terminating anteriorly by a rostrum more or less projecting, which covers the place of the ocular peduncles, and presents on its upper surface many furrows or wrinkles, among which, one deeper than the rest defines the posterior part of the stomachic region. Antennæ inserted on the same transversal line; internal antennæ but little elongated, placed under the ocular peduncles, and terminated by two small, multiarticulate, very short filaments; external antennæ with no trace of palpiform appendages at their base, but with a GALANTHUS, a genus of Amaryllidaceous plants con- cylindrical peduncle and a long and slender terminal filasisting of the Snowdrop and another species. The former ment. External Jaw-feet (pates-mâchoires) always pediplant is a native of subalpine woods in various parts of Eu- form, but varying a little in their conformation. Sternal rope; the second, which is the G. plicatus of botanists, in-plate (plastron sternal) widening a good deal posteriorly, F 2 and the last thoracic ring ordinarily distinct. Anterior | Three long spines at the anterior extremity of the first joint feet large and terminated by a well formed claw; those of of the external antenna; a great spine under the auditory the three following pairs of limbs rather stout, and termi- tubercle, two smaller ones on the first joint of the external nated by a conical tarsus; fifth pair very slender, and folded antennæ, and one on their second joint. External jaw-feet above the others in the branchial cavity; these last do not short, hardly overpassing the rostrum when they are exassist the locomotion, and are terminated by a rudimentary tended, their third joint much shorter than the second, and hand. Abdomen nearly as wide as the thorax, and longer, armed beneath with two strong spines. Anterior feet long, vaulted above and armed on each side with a row of four or depressed, and very spiny; the hand very large, edged with five large teeth formed by the lateral angle of the superior spines and ornamented above with small piliferous furrows arch of the different rings composing it, and terminated, as resembling imbricated scales, claws short, large and with a in the greater part of the Macrurous Crustaceans, with a spoon-shaped termination. Feet of the second and third large fan-shaped lamelliform fin. The number of abdominal pair of the same length. Abdomen furrowed transversely, false feet varies; in the male there are five pairs, the two but without a spine; the seventh segment a little widened first of which are slender and elongated, and the three last and rather narrower behind than before. Colour reddish, are terminated by an oval lamina ciliated on the edge; in with some blue lines on the carapace. Length about five the female, the first abdominal ring is without appendages, inches Locality, the Mediterranean and the Ocean. but the four following segments have each a pair of false feet composed of three joints placed end to end and fringed with hairs for the attachment of the eggs. β Third joint of the external jaw-fect much longer than the second. Example, Galathea squamifera. Locality, the coasts of England and France. * Species whose external jaw-feet have no dentilation on Generic Character.-The whole surface of the Carapace covered with transverse furrows fringed with small brushlike hairs. Hepatic regions, in general, well distinguished from the branchial, and occupying with the stomachic region nearly half of the space of the Carapace. Rostrum projecting and spiny; eyes large and directed downwards; no trace of an orbit. A spine above the insertion of the external antennæ, and two others on the anterior part of the stomachic region. Basilary joint of the internal antennæ cylindrical and armed at its anterior extremity with many strong spines; the two following joints slender and nearly as long as the first. Peduncle of the external antennæ composed of three small cylindrical joints, the last of which is much smaller than the others. External Jaw-feet moderate, the two last joints neither foliaceous nor even enlarged. Anterior feet long and depressed. (Milne Ed-by M. Guérin under the name of Grimothée sociale ( Voyage wards.) Differing but little from Galathea, and hardly sufficiently distinct for separation. General form of both essentially the same, but the basilary joint of their internal antennæ is claviform and hardly dentated at its extremity, and the external jaw-feet are very long and have their three last joints enlarged and foliaceous. (Milne Edwards.) Example, Grimothea gregaria. M. Milne Edwards observes that the Crustacean figured of La Coquille:' Crust., pl. 3. fig. 1) differs from G. gre garia in the form of the caudal fin, the middle lamina of which is less than the lateral ones. M. Edwards proposes therefore to name it Grimothea Duperreii in honour of the navigator whose voyage made the species known. N.B. The student should bear in mind that the term Galathea was employed by Bruguières (who died in 1799) to distinguish a genus of Conchifers which M. Rang thinks might as well perhaps be united to Cyrena. M. Desmarest is of opinion that M. Risso's genus Calypso, afterwards, according to M. Desmarest, named by M. Risso Janira (a designation allotted by Dr. Leach to a genus of Isopoda), approximates closely to Galathea. GALATIA, a country of Asia Minor, which originally formed part of Phrygia and Cappadocia. It is difficult to determine its exact boundaries, as they differed at various times. It was bounded on the south by Phrygia and Cappadocia, on Maloyal the east by Pontus, on the north by Paphlagonia, and on the west by Bithynia. It obtained the name of Galatia from the settlement of a large body of Gauls in this part of Asia. The first horde that appeared in Asia (B.c. 279) formed part of the army with which Brennus invaded Greece. In consequence of some dissensions in the army of Brennus, a considerable number of his troops, under the command of Leonorius and Lutarius, left their countrymen and marched into Thrace; thence they proceeded to Byzantium, and crossed over into Asia at the invitation of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, who was anxious to secure their assistance against his brother Ziboetas. (Livy, xxxviii. 16.) With their aid Nicomedes was successful; but his allies now became his masters, and he, as well as the other monarchs of Asia Minor to the west of Mount Taurus, was exposed for many years to the ravages of these barbarians, and obliged to purchase safety by the payment of tribute. Encouraged by the success of their countrymen, fresh hordes passed over into Asia, and their numbers became so great that Justin informs us (xxv. 2) "that all Asia swarmed with them; and that no Eastern monarchs carried on war without a merce emben guadonnary army of Gauls." In conformity with this statement, antfead to martovo we read of their assisting Ariobarzanes and Mithridates, bodne sbulum holda kings of Pontus (about B.C. 266), against Ptolemy king of dealoob ad ad Egypt (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. iii. p. 424), and of has slained to 10 their supporting Antiochus Hierax in his ambitious wars nomyl od against his brother Seleucus Callinicus (Seleucus reigned resund in B. C. 246-226). They are also said in the second book of Maccabees (viii. 20) to have advanced as far as Babylon, and |