ness use a two and one half inch auger. The charge should be put as nearly under the center of the stump as possible.

marked in the thirtieth Annual Report of the Philadelphia Association, now before us, "the height of denomintational barriers has been naturally reduced without any effort or purpose to obliterate them."

It will not pay to use it very extensively on green stumps, as it will take from three to eight pounds per stump, and will not give very good satisfaction at that.-M. T. Cole, in Ohio Farmer.

1851; first in Montreal, then in Boston and afterwards in other cities; till, now, there are 868 Young Men's Christian Associations in the United States and British Provinces; with a membership of about 100,000, and annual expenses amounting to $600,000. Since 1878, a Central World's Committee has had its headquarters in Geneva, Swit

PHILADELPHIA, FOURTH MO. 18, 1885.

CANADA YEARLY MEETING will afford one of the subjects upon which the consideration and action of London Yearly Meeting, at its approaching ses. sion, will be looked for with interest amongst Friends on both sides of the ocean. Although by national or political relations most nearly connected with Great Britain, the Yearly Meeting of Canada, in its origination and personal associations, has always been counted as one of the American Yearly Meetings. Most earnestly it is to be wished for, that, by Christian amity rather than by litigation or other controversy, the breach in that body might be made whole. While awaiting the final result of existing differences, the position of London Yearly Meeting towards that of Canada is one requiring in its action much wisdom; it appears to be not free from embarrassment. In contemplating it, the question again occurs, whether it may not be desirable that the hitherto understood association of official recognition with correspondence should be, by common consent, modified. Were the London General Epistle, at least, to be sent to all bodies whose relation to the most ancient parental Yearly Meeting is in any manner doubtful, it might, perhaps, promote unity and fraternity, "in the love of the Gospel."

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS are among the most characteristic institutions of our age. While their great aim is to benefit young men, by throwing around them the best religious, social and intellectual influences, hardly less good is done, in a reflex manner, to the churches whose members take active part in the work. As is re.

World's Conference of such Associations was held last summer in Berlin; two hundred and thirty-one delegates were present, from all parts of the world; forty-six of them being from America; there being now more than twenty-six hundred Associations in existence.

In illustration of the service rendered by these bodies, the following paragraphs occur in the Philadelphia Report:

"Thirty-five thousand men are arrested by the police of this city every year. A large proportion are young men. The County Prison and House of Correction cost $300,000 a year; one-twentieth of tive work. The six thousand saloons of the city that amount supports this Association in its prevenreceive $27,000,000 a year, $2,000 for each dollar spent in support of this Association. This building cost half a million dollars; a large sum to be sure, but only the amount paid for strong drink every week.

"Will it not soon appear to a large number of good citizens and tax payers that it is true economy to spend more money on preventive agencies, and that this Association is the most powerful single moral agency of the city; the outstretched hand of the Christian Church, saving young men for honorable citizenship, and gathering them into its fellowship."

To a similar effect are some of the words of D. L. Moody, at the last annual meeting of the Philadelphia Association:

"From Maine to Minnesota it is grand to see the crowds of young men entering these buildings. In the twenty years I have been preaching throughout this broad land, I have never seen such a revival of religious interest in our young men as is for work on their behalf as there is to-day. I am now going on. I have never seen such an outlook no alarmist, but I believe that unless something is done to reach the lower classes in this country, we will have an awful state of things. When I was in

Ireland before, I could hear the rumbling of a coming storm. When I told the people so, they laughed. They thought the British Government was strong enough to put down any insurrection, but the storm burst, and as I went from one end of Ireland to the other, on my last visit, I found that property was not worth more than twenty-five cents on the dollar. We must let the hoodlums, nihilists and socialists hear the Gospel of Christ. The Associations have made great progress in the last few years, but we must be more aggressive. We have been fishing around the shore long enough; now let us launch out into the deep." Only approval and admiration are due to the "basis" of these Associations, adopted at Paris, in 1855:

"The Young Men's Christian Association seeks to unite those young men, who, regarding the Lord Jesus Christ as their God and Saviour according to the Holy Scriptures, desire to be His disciples in their doctrine and in their life, and to associate their efforts for the extension of His kingdom amongst young men."

AFRICAN COLONIZATION.-The Sixth-eighth Annual Report of the American Colonization Society has been published. We can best indicate its tenor by giving a few extracts:

"The Society feels justified in asserting that the work which it has accomplished has benefited not only those who have gone to Liberia, but those left behind. As regards the emigrants, their success has been most marked, as it learns from official reports and the letters of emigrants themselves, and they are not merely in a much better position than they were before, but have the prospect of a future to which they could not possibly have attained in America. There have been doubtless a few who have not met with equally good success-the wonder being that out of the thousands of persons assisted, the number of those has not been considerable— but even the failures' are chiefly temporary, and the people not so badly off as before, while, so far as the Society is aware, no families are in a state of destitution.

"Emigration to Liberia every year under the auspices of the American Colonization Society has been uninterrupted for the past sixty-four years. Those now reported make the number sent since the civil war to be 3,738, and a total from the beginning of 15,736, exclusive of 5,722 recaptured Africans which we induced and enabled the Government of the United States to settle in Liberia, making a grand total of 21,458 persons to whom the Society has given homes in Africa.

"The calls of the people of color for passage to Liberia were never before so numerous or so urgent. From almost every State came spontaneous applications and deputations seeking the aid of the Society."

"The question of the future of the people of

color is a topic of constant discussion in the newspapers and reviews. Many thousands are convinced that it would be of the greatest possible advantage to them to go to Liberia and become independent land owners rather than to remain laborers in the United States. Prof. Richard T. Greener, one of the most scholarly and influential members of the race, writes: The negro will not only migrate, he will also emigrate. He will become more and more interested in the capabilities of the fatherland. From the United States the stream of civilization will inevitably lead to Africa.

"The rich table lands east of Liberia will be

occupied first, and we may look for many radiating currents therefrom. It would be poetic justice to see a negro American civilization redeeming Africa. The antipathy formerly felt by the negro-American to colonization has passed away. He now sees. quite clearly that to civilize Africa is to exalt the negro race.'

"Liberia is prospering, and continues to extend her civilizing and Christianizing influence over the natives. Hon. C. T. O. King, Mayor of Monrovia, writes, November 4: The last coffee crop was large and growers realized a handsome profit. The growing crop is expected to yield more largely. German, Holland and Belgium houses are extending chants are no less energetic and enterprising in their operations on our coast. The Liberia mer

their efforts for the extension of trade. The commercial policy of the Government is more liberal than formerly, and as a consequence the national revenue is greater than ever before. It is evident from present indications that in the near future the Republic will make such a showing that other nations than those already engaged here will be attracted to our shores in the interest of commerce and wealth. The several denominations are striving to advance the standard of the Cross.

"The Republic of Liberia exists, with its numerous settlements, its churches, schools, workshops and farms. Even Sierra Leone, now on the verge of its centennial anniversary, and supported as it has been by a powerful government, does not exercise anything like the influence which Liberia exerts upon the surrounding aborigines.

"The American Colonization Society also exists, and feels greatly encouraged and justified in continuing its appeals for the generous aid of the American public to carry on its grand and important labors. Thousands of Africa's children, civilized and Christianized, are anxious to return to their fatherland, where they may do a work indispensable to humanity, but one which does not come within the scope of the ordinary machinery of other philanthropic organizations.''

IN THE LETTER of President Rhoads, in this week's Correspondence, our readers will find an authoritative statement concerning the aims and methods of Bryn Mawr College. Those interested will do well to complete their understanding of the

government, good roads, and a unity of language to the most distant provinces. The city had overflowed its ancient walls and its suburbs extended irregularly over the neighboring Campagna. The approaching traveler would see a foreground of houses, gardens and aqueducts, gradually concentrating in the vast city where no conspicuous build ing elevated above the rest attracted the eye or the imagination. At this time most of those structures whose ruins are now its most interesting relics, were A population of at least one million and a half was crowded within a circuit of about twelve miles. Of these one-half were slaves, and all the handicraft trades and what we should call the professions were in their hands. The other half was made up of a small but intensely self-indulgent and dissolute aristocracy and a large free population, who for the most part lived in idleness and subsisted either on public or private charity. The Emperor Nero was now in the seventh year of his reign. His government thus far, thanks to his ministers, Burrhus and Seneca, had been tolerably good-only his private life was stained with fearful crimes. The Centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard. During this year Burrhus, one of the few good statesmen of this corrupt age, held the office. The R. V. omits this sentence. But Paul was suffered to dwell by himself. He seems to have spent the first few days as a guest with some of his Christian friends, possibly with Aquila and Priscilla, Rom. xvi. 3, as he had before at Corinth, Acts xviii. 2, 3. The hired house mentioned v. 30 was probably in the Prætorium, or quarter of the household troops attached to the imperial palace on the Palatine hill. With a soldier that kept him. Con stantly chained to an attendant soldier. This must have been one of the most trying features of his

imprisonment. He alludes to it again and again in the Epistles written from Rome. Eph. vi. 20; Phil. i. 7; Col. iv. 18; Philemon 9, &c. But if Paul was chained to the soldier, the soldier was also chained to Paul, and as his guard was periodically changed his opportunities for preaching Christ must have been many. See Phil. i. 3, and Phil. iv. 22. 17. Paul called the chief of the Jews together. The Jews were very numerous at Rome at this time. Besides his established custom of presenting the gospel first to the Jews (Acts xiii. 14; xiv. I ; xvii. 1, 2, 10, 17; xviii. 2, 19; xix. 8; Rom. i. 16), Paul was naturally desirous to clear himself of any suspicion of having brought an accusation against his own people. I have committed nothing contrary to the people or customs of our fathers. "For Jews, he had never forbidden Jewish rites and ceremonies, only insisting that Gentile converts should not be forced to submit to the Jewish law before they were received into the Christian church." Also that rites were not essential to salvation to either Jew or Gentile. Delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans. Far from Paul having accused his nation to the Romans, it was they who had been his accusers before Felix and Festus.

19. I was constrained to appeal unto Cæsar. It was as his last resort from judicial murder or assassination that he had appealed.

20. For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you. R. V. For this cause therefore did I entreat you to see and to speak to me. For because of the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain. The second and really principal ground of his wish to see them was that he might speak to them of the hope of Israel, i. e. about the expectation of the Messiah.

21. We neither received letters. etc. Probably no definite charge in connection with his present imprisonment had yet reached them; owing to the stormy winter and interruption of intercourse with Judea; or they may have taken refuge in an equivo. cal answer from a wish to avoid committing themselves against a man who had been so favorably received at Rome.

22. We desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest. The leading Jews of Rome who accepted Paul's invitation were naturally anxious to hear what so famous a teacher would have to say about the new doctrines.

23. Persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses and out of the prophets. This was his usual line of argument in speaking to Jews. Cf. Acts xiii. 17-41; Acts xvii. 2, 3; Acts xxvi. 6, 7, 26, 27, &c. In speaking to heathens he appealed instead to those points of universal belief and moral law which they did believe in. Acts xiv. 15-17; Acts xvii. 23-32, &c. Thus in each instance beginning from some common ground he sought to lead them on to the truth. From morning till evening. The lengthened argument shows how deep the interest was.

25. They departed after that Paul had spoken in the three synoptic gospels (Mat. xiii. 13; Mark one word. This same quotation from Isaiah occurs iv. 12 and Lu. viii. 1o) in connection with the parable of the sower, and appears to apply to all had said to ask for an explanation of it. Those who those who did not care enough about what Christ did care to ask, see Mark iv. 10, were addressed in different terms. very Mark iv. 11, &c. It is also

referred to in John xii. 40, and Rom. xi. 8. this final warning Paul turned to the Gentiles.

28. And that they will hear it. Read with the R. V. They also will hear it. Henceforth the gospel will be received not only by Jews, but also by the despised Gentiles.

29. This verse is omitted in the R. V.

30. And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house. From spring, A D. 61, to the spring of A. D. 63. The forms of Roman legal proceedings occupied much time and could easily be long delayed. See Acts xxiv. 26, 27.

31. Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus. Besides his activities in these directions Paul wrote four Epistles-Eph., Phil., Col and Philemon-during this time. He also tells us that he prayed continually for the churches. Eph. i. 16; iii. 14; Phil. i. 49.

PRACTICAL THOUGHTS.

I. v. 24. It must always be thus when the gospel is presented, some will believe, and some will not. The gospel of Christ has been called the great polarizing agent in the world. I Cor. xxiii. 24; II Cor. ii. 15, 16; I Pet. ii. 6, 7; Mal. iv. 2, 3. The same Sun which heals the righteous, burns up the wicked.

2. V. 28. If we cannot reach men in one place or in one way, let us go to others.

3. Vs. 30. 31. Under the greatest disadvantages the true worker will still continue his work.

4. Note how all the circumstances of this long imprisonment worked together for the glory of God and the advancement of His kingdom.

CORRESPONDENCE.

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE.

To the Editor of Friends' Review:-My Dear Friend. The remarks upon Bryn Mawr College in Friends' Review for Third mo. 28th, are likely to lead to misapprehension upon two points, (1) the object for which the College was founded, and (2) the position it has taken with reference to requirements for graduation and free elective studies.

1. Inasmuch as the Boarding Schools at Ackworth, Westtown and Providence, and Haverford, Earlham and Penn Colleges were established primarily and perhaps exclusively for the benefit of members of the Society of Friends, it has been generally inferred that the foundation of Bryn Mawr was precisely of the same kind. There is, however, a real difference between Bryn Mawr and the others.

The terms of its foundation are "for a College or Institution of learning, having for its object the advanced education of females [women and girls] as set forth below, to be under the care and management of eleven Trustees above named," &c. This means that Bryn Mawr is to be a college for women generally, and that the community at large has an interest in its privileges and benefits. The restrictions to this general statement are that "in the admission of students, other things being equal, preference is to be given to members of the Society of Friends, but in all cases those should be preferred who are of high moral and religious attainments and of good example and influence, and such as are most advanced in education." Those who are not members of the Society of Friends must conform to the customs and rules of the Institution and be willing to be educated in the same manner as the members of the Society who may be admitted are educated.

If at any time there shall be room for but one more student, and there shall be two applicants equally well prepared, one of whom shall be a Friend, without doubt she will be admitted.

The only scholarships thus far established by the Trustees are open to Friends only, in this respect giving them special advantages. It is designed that all religious occasions at the College shall be conducted in accordance with Friends' principles, and that opportunities to attend Friends' Meeting shall be offered to all. But inasmuch as the general public has a right to the benefits of the foundation, it is not proposed to put any undue constraint upon the conscientious religious convictions of the students.

In the selection of instructors Friends have been preferred, due regard being had at the same time to the

appointment of those only who were prepared to organize their several departments, and to give the collegiate instruction now demanded for both undergraduate and graduate students. The admission of graduate students has been encouraged for cogent reasons; among others that the College might thereby fulfill Dr. Taylor's wish that "care be taken to educate young women so as to fit them to become teachers of a high order." The search for women qualified to that graduates of colleges for women should have the act as professors has shown the great need there is opportunities for prolonged study which the fellowships and post-graduate courses at Bryn Mawr will afford. Men who expect to become professors almost universally avail themselves of like advantages and regard them as an imperative necessity; women ought to have an equal chance. All of the candidates for fellowships who have yet applied expect to become teachers, and seek these positions in order to qualify themselves more adequately for their future duties. It is earnestly hoped that among the graduate students of Bryn Mawr there will be found in the future members of the Society of Friends who will fill with efficiency places in the corps of instructors.

2. In the present well-known diversity of views as to what should be embraced in a course of collegiate study, and as to the degree of freedom to be allowed to students in the choice of electives, it cannot be expected that all shall concur in the wisdom of the plans adopted by a young institution which is bound by no traditions and seeks only to devise for itself the best system practicable under its special circumstances. But at least Bryn Mawr has taken a conservative course. It requires Greek, not for admission, but for the degree of Bachelor of Arts; and those students who omit Greek from the subjects offered by them at the entrance examinations have additional requirements in modern languages and science which go far to balance the time, toil and discipline which Greek exacts.

Two of the ancient languages; three modern languages, including two years' attention to our own English tongue; a fixed requirement in Mathematics; Mental and Moral Philosophy, with a year's course of lectures upon the Bible; another course of lectures upon Hy. giene extending through one year; the careful study of at least one branch of science; instruction in Drawing and in the History of Art, with a full two years' course in two departments of language, history or science ought, it would seem, to give “a symmetrically balanced general culture."

So far from making the larger part of the courses elective, there are but five hours out of the fifteen hours weekly of the last year allowed for strictly free electives. All the remainder of the student's work falls within carefully chosen lines laid down by the College authorities. It is believed that this arrangement secures an equable mental development, imparts a sufficiently wide range of knowledge, and rightly meets the varying aptitudes and tastes of students, while it ensures proper guidance and lays the foundation in some subjects for future independent study or investigation.

Finally, it is not proposed to have "collegiate work performed with university methods by students untrained, and therefore unfit, for this kind and degree of education," as President Johnston has expressed it. But the instruction is designed to meet the actual needs of students who pass the entrance examinations.

We would ask not to be released from responsi bility, but for a suspended judgment until the work of the College may speak for itself. Very truly thy friend,

JAMES E. RHOADS.