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by £40 than twice the sum A had lost; when it appeared that B had twice as much money as A. What money did each begin with?

Let a be the number of pounds each had at first. Then +40 will be the sum A had at the end of the first year; and x 40 the sum B had.

The second year A lost of what he then had, consequently

he saved; his sum will then be

2 x + 80

3

B gained twice as much as A lost wanting £40; his will be

X- -40+

2x + 80
3

40.

B had now twice as much as A,

4x + 160
3

Multiplying by 3,

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4x1603x-120+2x+80-120.

Transposing and uniting,

Transposing again,

-=x

-320.

320=x,

Ans. £320.

Note. In this example the result had the sign-in both members, but by transposing it has the sign +. It would have been the same thing if the signs had been changed without transposing. The result would have come out right if the first member had been made the second, and the second first, in the first equation.

14. A person playing at cards, cut the pack in such a manner, that of what he cut off were equal to of the remainder. How many did he cut off?

15. Divide $183 between two men, so that 4 of what the first receives, shall be equal to of what the second receives. What will be the share of each?

0

16. A man sold 20 bushels of grain, rye and wheat; the rye at 5s. and the wheat at 7s. per bushel; of the rye came to as much as of the wheat. How much was there of each?

17. What number is that from which if 5 be subtracted two thirds of the remainder will be 40 ?

18. A man has a lease for 99 years; and being asked how

much of it was already expired, answered, that two thirds of the time past was equal to four fifths of the time to come. Required the time past, and the time to come.

19. It is required to divide the number 50 into two such parts, that three fourths of one part added to five sixths of the other may make 40.

20. Two workmen received equal sums for their work; but if one of them had received 18 dollars more, and the other 3 dollars less, then of the wages of the latter would have been equal to of the wages of the former. How much did each receive?

21. A certain man, when he married, found that his age was to that of his wife as 7 to 5; if they had been married 8 years sooner, his would have been to hers as 3 to 2. What were their ages at the time of their marriage?

age

VI. 1. Divide the number 68 into two such parts, that the difference between the greater and 84, may be equal to three times the excess of 40 above the less.

Let x the less.

Then 68-x= the greater.

68-x must be subtracted from 84.

Observe that 68- -x

is not so great as 68 by x. Therefore if I subtract 68 from 84, I shall subtract too much by the quantity x, and I must add r to obtain the true result.

Then we have 84-68 +x for the difference between 84 and 68- XC.

The excess of 40 above the less is 40—x, and 3 times this

is 120- 3x.

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By the conditions,
Transposing and uniting,
Dividing by 4,

68-26= 42 = greater.

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Note. In this question 68 x was subtracted from 84. Instead of x, now put its value, 68 – 26. Now 68 -2642, that is, the number to be subtracted from 84 is 42, and the answer must be 42. When 68 is subtracted from 84, the result is 16, which is too small by 26, the value of x; to this it is necessary to add 26, and it makes 42, the true result, 84 68 + 2642. This shows that we did right in adding x after subtracting 68. This will always be found true. Therefore,

46-x

when any of the quantities to be subtracted have the sign — before them, they must be changed to + in subtracting, and those whick have + must be changed to

2. A gentleman hired a labourer for 20 days on condition that, for every day he worked, he should receive 7s., but for every day he was idle, he should forfeit 3s. At the end of the time agreed on he received 80 shillings. How many days did he work, and how many days was he idle?

Let x = the number of days he worked.

Then 20 — x = the number of days he was idle.

x days, at 7s. a day, would come to 7 x shillings.

20-x, at 3s. per day, would be 60-3 x shillings. This must be taken out of 7 x.

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By the above rule 60 3 x, subtracted from 7 x, leaves 7 a -60+3x; for 60 is too much to be subtracted by 3 x.

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3. Two men, A and B, commenced trade; A had twice as much money as B; A gained $50, and B lost $90, then the difference between A's and B's money was equal to three times what B then had. How much did each commence with?

4. Two men, A and B, played together; when they commenced they had $20 between them, after a certain number of games, A had won $6, then the excess of A's money above B's was equal to of B's money. How much had each when they commenced?

5. Divide the number 54 into two such parts that the less subtracted from the greater, shall be equal to the greater subtracted from three times the less. What are the parts?

6. It is required to divide the number 204 into two such parts, that of the less being subtracted from the greater, the remainder will be equal to of the greater subtracted from four times the less.

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x=154

x = 50

Let a denote the less number, and solve the question again. Note. Observe, that after multiplying by 5 in the above example, the signs of both terms of the numerator were changed, that of 408 to -, and that of 2 x to +; this was done because it was not required to subtract so much as 408 by 2 x. The change of signs could not be made before multiplying by 5, because the sign before the fraction showed that the whole fraction was to be subtracted. If the signs of the fraction had been changed at first, it would have been necessary to put the sign + before the fraction. This requires particular attention, because it is of great importance, and there is danger of forgetting it.

7. A man bought a horse and chaise for $341. Now if of the price of the horse be subtracted from twice the price of the chaise, the remainder will be the same as if of the price of the chaise be subtracted from three times the price of the horse. Required the price of each.

8. Two men, A and B, were playing at cards; when they began, A had only as much money as B. A won of B $23; then of B's money, subtracted from A's, would leave one half of what A had at first. How much had each when they began ?

9. A man has a horse and chaise. The horse is worth $44 less than the chaise. If of the value of the horse be subtracted from the value of the chaise, the remainder will be the same as if from the value of the horse you subtract of the ex

cess of the value of the horse above 84 dollars. What is the value of the horse?

VII. The examples in this article are intended to exercise the learner in putting questions into equation. They require no operations which have not already been explained. It was remarked, that no rule could be given for putting questions into equation, but there is a precept which may be very useful.

Take the unknown quantity, and perform the same operations on it, that it would be necessary to perform on the answer to see if it was right. When this is done the question is in equation.

1. A and B, being at play, severally cut packs of cards so as to take off more than they left. Now it happened that A cut off twice as many as B left, and B cut off seven times as many as A left. How were the cards cut?

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Take the numbers of the answer and endeavour to prove that they are right, and you will see that you take the same course as above.

2. A man, at a card party, betted 3s. to 2 on every deal. After twenty deals he had won 5 shillings. At how many deals did he win?

Let x=

Then 20

the number of deals he won.

x= the number of deals he lost.

Every time he won, he won 2 shillings; that will be 2 x shillings.

Every loss was 3 shillings; that will be 3 times 20x, or 60

3x.

The loss must be taken from the gain, and he will have 5 shillings left.

2x-60+ 3 x = 5.

3. What two numbers are to each other as 2 to 3 ; to each of which, if 4 be added, the sums will be as 5 to 7.

4

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