V. vi. Whether it is positive, negative, or privative. vii. Whether it is connotative or non-connotative. III. If it has more than one meaning, then describe its logical characters, first in accordance with the most obvious or usual meaning, and then in accordance with the other meaning or meanings in order of importance. Examples. 1. Man': categorematic; single-worded; general; concrete; positive; absolute; connotative. 2. 'Mankind':-categorematic; single-worded; collective and singular; concrete; positive; absolute; connotative. 3. The Sun':—categorematic`; many-worded; singular; concrete; connotative; positive; absolute. 4. 'Beautiful':-categorematic (according to some syncategorematic; because the complete term consists of the word 'beautiful' and a word understood after it, such as 'thing,' or 'person,' &c., for example that picture is beautiful': here the complete sentence is that that picture is a beautiful thing'); single-worded; general; concrete; positive; absolute (correlative, if 'beautiful' is regarded as implying 'ugly'); connotative. 5. 'Equal':-its logical characters are the same as those of 'beautiful,' except that it is correlative, i.e., it implies something that is equal to it. 'Larger,' 'greater,' 'upper,' &c., are also correlative. 6. 'Lame,' 'dumb,' 'blind,' have the same logical characters as 'beautiful,' except that they are privative, 7. 'Army':-categorematic; single-worded; collective, when it means some one army, i.e., in the sense of 'an army,' but general when it means different armies, and connotes the attributes possessed in common by them; concrete; positive; absolute; connotative. 8. 'Rational animal,' 'white man,' 'flowering plant,' 'metal conducting heat and electricity,' 'animal living in water':-categorematic; many-worded; general; concrete; positive; absolute; connotative. 9. The figure of this body,' 'the luminosity of this flame,' 'the smell of this rose':-categorematic; many-worded; singular; abstract; positive; absolute; non-connotative. 10. 'Quantity':-categorematic; single-worded; general; abstract; positive; connotative. 11. 'Humanity':—categorematic; single-worded; abstract; positive; absolute; general and connotative, if 'humanity' admits of any variety or division; singular and non-connotative, if 'humanity' is something individual, that is, incapable of any variety or division. Sometimes it is very difficult to describe the logical characters of a term,—the difficulty arising chiefly from difference of opinion as to the real nature of the thing signified by the term,-as to the real meaning or meanings of the term, &c. Take, for example, the term 'phenomenon.' It is general; connotative; concrete; positive; but is it absolute or correlative? According to some philosophers, it implies the existence of ‘nöumenon,' and is, therefore, correlative, while according to others who do not believe in the existence of nöumena, it is absolute. Similarly, the term ‘attribute' or 'quality' is either relative to 'substance' or absolute according as the existence of the latter is believed in or not. 'Cause' is evidently related to 'effect,' and 'effect' to 'cause.' 'Antecedent' to 'consequent,' and the latter to the former. Are 'time' and 'space' abstract or concrete, singular or general, absolute or correlative? The answer to this question will be given differently by different philosophers. Examples for Solution. Describe the logical characters of the following:— I. (1) Man, (2), good man, (3) human, (4) humanity, (5) humanitarian, (6) humanitarianism, (7) A man whom I saw yesterday. II. (1) Five, (2) fifth, (3) five attributes, (4) five bodies, (5) these five metals. III. (1) Good, (2) the good, (3) goodness, (4) goods, (5) the highest good, (6) a good quality, (7) great goodness. IV. (1) Book, (2) library, (3) a library, (4) Encyclopædia, (5) Encyclopædia Britannica. V. (1) Organ, (2) organic, (3) inorganic, (4) organism, (5) an organism, (6) organic being. VI. (1) Nation, (2) a nation, (3) national, (4) nationality, (5) nation alities. VII. (1) Strong, (2) strength, (3) the strong, (4) strong man, (5) strength of character, (6) this strong man. VIII. (1) Element, (2) elementary. (3) elementary attribute, (4) elementary substance, (5) the 'Elements of Euclid,' (6) a chemical element. IX. (1) Plant, (2) figure, (3) inconvenient, (4) blindness, (5) business, (6) universe, (7) heat. X. (1) Multitude, (2) the first emperor, (3) irreligious, (4) virtue, (5) mind, (6) matter, (7) body, (8) form. XI. (1) Atmospheric air, (2) organization, (3) life, (4) force, (5) time, (6) space, (7) cause, (8) motion, (9) substance, (10) being, (11) something, (12) nothing. XII. (1) Sense, (2) rest, (3) speed, (4) law, (5) the circle of sciences, (6) gravity, (7) spirit, (8) higher, (9) right, (10) sensation, (11) knowledge, (12) feeling, (13) perception, (14) smell, (15) vision, (16) taste, (17) colour, (18) relative. XIII. (1) His Majesty, (2) His Honour, (3) Her Serene Highness, (4) elementary atoms, (5) the passage of water to the state of ice, (6) soluble in water, (7) the surfaces of bodies, (8) the number of the metals, (9) the gaseous envelope encircling the earth, (10) the theory of ideas, (11) the undulatory theory of light, (12) to reason against any of these kinds of evidence, (13) the yellowness of gold, (14) the lightest substance known, (15) the perception of the external world, (16) consciousness. XIV. (1) "The place which the wisdom or policy of antiquity had destined for the residence of the Abyssinian princes." (2) To attend accurately to the operation of our minds. (3) The ignition of phosphorus. (4) A just interpretation of nature. (5) A series of electric discharges. XV. (1) Co-existence, (2) succession, (3) identity, (4) resemblance, (5) causation, (6) equality, (7) relation, (8) subsistence. UNIVERSITY RNU CHAPTER II. THE DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION, DIVISION AND DEFINITION, OF TERMS. § 1. IN the preceding chapter, we have seen that most terms denote or signify directly things, and connote or imply attributes belonging to them, that is, have, at the same time, two meanings, of which one is called their denotation, and the other their connotation./The denotation of a term consists of the individual things to each of which the term is, in the same sense, applicable./The connotation of a term consists of the attribute or collection of attributes implied by the term, and possessed by each of the individual things denoted by it. For example, the denotation of the term 'man' consists of all the individual things, called 'men,' whether now living or dead,—of all things, in fact, to which the term 'man' is applicable; while its connotation consists of the attributes, say 'animality' and 'rationality,' implied by it, and possessed in common by all men. The denotation of the term 'book' consists of all the various kinds of books written in all languages throughout the world, while its connotation consists of the attribute or attributes which all books possess in common, and which are implied by the term 'book.' The term 'triangle' in denotation signifies all the different kinds of triangles,—the individual things called triangles, while in connotation it signifies the attribute possessed in common by all triangles, namely, the attribute of being bounded by three lines. When a term signifies an individual, i. e., has for its denotation only a single object or thing, its connotation is the group of attributes possessed by the individual thing, and signified by the term. For example, the term 'the sun' has for its denotation one individual thing only, while its connotation consists of the attributes possessed by that individual thing, and implied by the term; the term 'the present Prime Minister of England' denotes an individual person, and connotes 'the attribute of being the Prime Minister of England'; the term 'the father of Socrates's denotes a person, and implies 'the attribute of being Socrates's father'; thus all singular terms have both a denotation and a connotation, proper names alone, according to Mill, being excepted. We have already alluded to the difference of view among logicians on this point, and need not here revert to it. § 2. The denotation and the connotation of a term have a close relation to each other. When the denotation of a term is increased or decreased, its connotation is decreased or increased; again, when the connotation of a term is increased or decreased, its denotation is decreased or increased. If you add a new group of things to the group denoted by a term, you subtract one or more attributes from its connotation. Include a new class within a class signified by a term, and its connotation will lose a part of its meaning, that is, the attributes possessed in common by all the individuals of the enlarged class will be fewer in number than before. The term 'man' has for its denotation the group of animals called men, and for its connotation the two attributes, 'animality' and 'rationality.' If its denotation is enlarged by including in it 'irrational animals' or all other animals than man, its connotation will no longer be the same as before, but consist of that attribute only which is possessed by all the members of the newly formed enlarged class, namely, the attribute 'animality,' and thus lose the other attribute 'rationality.' The term 'triangle' will likewise lose an attribute-'three sidedness', -from its connotation, when new groups or classes, such as 'quadrilaterals' and 'multilaterals,' arc added to its denotation. The term 'animal' will lose such attributes as sensibility, loco |