that of Witney has been already twice destroyed, and was again renewed on stone piers in the year 1802. The principal fish taken in the Wye is the salmon, which is found in it at all times, but only in perfection between the months of December and August. They were formerly more abundant than at present; so much so indeed, that, in the indentures of apprenticeship at Hereford, it was once a clause that the apprentice should not be compelled to live on them more frequently than two days in a week. Their passage up the river is now, however, so much obstructed by iron works, that unless the water is swelled far above its usual height, they cannot advance.

The river Lugg has its origin in Radnorshire, but enters Herefordshire on the north-west side, near Stapleton Castle: thence, flowing in a southeast direction, it receives the Pinsley near Leominster; and afterwards, inclining to the south, is increased by the waters of the Arrow and the Frome. Soon after its junction with the latter river it falls into the Wye, near the pleasant village of Mordisford. The district of country through which this river flows is fine and fertile, but far less abundant in beautiful scenery than the Wye; though Drayton has characterised the Lugg as more lovlie.' Like the Wye, however, it is subject to sudden overflows, and is frequently swelled by partial rains, which give it great rapidity and force to its junction with that river. These circumstances have operated to prevent its being rendered navigable, though two acts of parliament have been passed for that purpose. The Munnow rises on the Herefordshire side of the Hatterell mountains, and flowing south-eastward is joined near Longtown by the Escle and Olchron rivulets, which have their springs also near the sources of the Munnow: thence flowing southward, through a pleasant and sequestered vale, it is joined near Alterynnis by the Hothny; after which it turns to the north-east towards Pontrilas, and near that place is increased by the united streams of the Dove and the Werme, which also rise in this county; the former at Dorston (Dore's town), and the latter at Alansmoore. Again, turning to the south-east, it forms the boundary between Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, till it quits the county at Llanrothal, and flowing towards Monmouth is received by the river Wye immediately below that town. The Team or Teme enters this county from the confines of Radnorshire and Shropshire, a short distance north-west from Brampton Bryan, and flowing eastward runs into Shropshire, near Ludlow: thence bending to the south it again enters Herefordshire, but soon leaves it for Worcestershire; where, having made a considerable circuit, it once more flows on the borders of this county, of which it becomes the boundary for a mile or two above and below Whiteborn; after which it discharges itself into the Severn, between Malvern Chace and Woodbury Hill in Worcestershire. In the muscle-shells of this river pearls have occasionally been found. The Leedon, or Leddon, rises above Bosbury on the east side of the county, and running to the south gives name to the town of Ledbury; thence

flowing into Gloucestershire it unites with the Severn. The Arrow enters Herefordshire from Radnorshire, and flowing to the east falls into the Lugg below Leominster. The Frome rises near Wolfrelow above Bromyard, and taking a south course is joined by the Lowden near Stretton Grandison; when turning to the southwest it unites with the Lugg above Mordisford. The inland navigation of Herefordshire is very imperfect; though scarcely any county possessing neither iron-works nor any principal manufacture can have greater occasion for its aids. Some medicinal springs have been noticed as rising on the side of the Malvern Hills, and known among the peasantry by the customary name of Holy-wells. Several petrifying springs are also met with in the neighbourhood of Moccas, Fownhope, Llanrothal, Wormesley, &c., and other hilly parts of the county where the soil is calcareous. Near Richard's Castle a small spring has obtained the name of Bonewell, from the circumstance of its frequently emitting, when disturbed, small bones resembling vertebræ and other bones of the frog.

Herefordshire returns eight members to parliament, viz. two for the county, two for the city of Hereford, two for Leominster, and two for Weobly.

Robert Devereux, the celebrated earl of Essex, was born at Netherwood in this county in 1567. -He was beheaded in 1601.-Captain James Cornwall, an excellent naval commander, was born at Bredwardine Castle, and was killed off Toulon, a chain shot depriving him of both his legs, on February 27th, 1743.-He has a noble monument in Westminster Abbey, thirty-six feet high.-David Garrick, the British Roscius, was born at Hereford in 1716, and died in 1779.Nor must we omit to notice, among the eminent persons of this county, the famous Eleanor Gwynn, the celebrated courtezan in the reign of Charles II.-She died in 1687.-It has been also said that John Kyrle, Pope's Man of Ross, was born at Ross, and died in the year 1724, aged ninety. With an income of £500 per annum he was a blessing to the whole county.-Hereford is a bishop's see, and gives the title of viscourt to the Devereux family.-Besides the making of cyder, which is very extensive, this county manufactures coarse woollen cloth, hats, and gloves.

HEREFORD, the capital of the above county, is situated on a gentle eminence from the river Wye, on the northern bank of which it stands near the centre of the county. This town was a strong station for the Saxon and English forces. By some it is supposed to have been built on the site of Ariconium, an ancient town mentioned by Antoninus, which was destroyed by an earthquake. A church was built here early in the ninth century by king Melfred, the Mercian, in memory of Ethelbert, king of the East Angles, murdered by king Offa's queen at Marden, in this neighbourhood. Soon after it became a cathedral and a bishop's see the cathedral was rebuilt by bishop Athelstan between 1012 and 1056. At the Norman conquest it was in ruins; the Welsh having, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, destroyed the cathedral, sacked the city, and carried off the bishop. The present

HERESY, in law, consists in a denial of some of the essential doctrines of Christianity, publicly and obstinately avowed; being defined, 'sententia rerum divinarum humano sensu excogitata, palam docta et pertinaciter defensa.' And here it must be acknowledged, that particular modes of belief or unbelief, not tending to overturn Christianity, or to sap the foundations of morality, are by no means the object of coereion by the civil magistrate. What doctrines shall therefore be adjudged heresy was left by our old constitution to the determination of the ecclesiastical judge; who had herein a most arbitrary latitude allowed him. For the general definition of a heretic given by Lyndewode extends to the smallest deviations from the doctrines of the holy church: hæreticus est qui dubitat de fide catholicâ, et qui negligit servare ea, quæ Romana ecclesia statuit, seu servare decreverat.' Or, as the statute 2 Hen. IV. c. 15 expresses it in English, teachers of erroneous opinions, contrary to the faith and blessed determinations of the holy church.' Very contrary this to the usage of the first general councils, which defined all heretical doctrines with the utmost precision and exactness. And what ought to have alleviated the punishment, the uncertainty of the crime, seems to have enhanced it in those days of blind zeal and pious cruelty. The sanctimonious hypocrisy of the canonists, indeed, went at first no farther than enjoining penance, excommunication, and ecclesiastical deprivation, for heresy: but afterwards they proceeded boldly to imprisonment by the ordinary, and confisca tion of goods in pios usus. But in the mean time they had prevailed upon the weakness of bigoted princes to make the civil power subservient to their purposes, by making heresy not only a temporal, but even a capital offence: the Romish ecclesiastics determining, without appeal, whatever they pleased to be heresy, and shifting off to the secular arm the odium and drudgery of executions; with which they pretended to be too tender and delicate to intermeddle. Nay, they

affected to intercede, on behalf of the convicted heretic, ut citra mortis periculum sententiæ circa eum moderetur; well knowing that at the same certain death. See ACT OF FAITH. Hence the time they were delivering the unhappy victim to capital punishments inflicted on the ancient Donatists and Manichæans by the emperors Theodosius and Justinian; hence also the constitution of the emperor Frederic, mentioned by Lyndewode, adjudging all persons without distinction to be burnt with fire, who were convicted of heresy by the ecclesiastical judge. The same emperor, in another constitution, ordained, that if any temporal lord, when admonished by the church, should neglect to clear his territories of heretics within a year, it should be lawful for and utterly to exterminate the heretical possesgood catholics to seize and occupy the lands, sors. And upon this foundation was built that arbitrary power so long claimed, and so fatally exerted by the pope, of disposing even of the kingdoms of refractory princes to more dutiful sons of the church. The immediate event of this constitution serves to illustrate at once the gratitude of the holy see, and the just punishment of the royal bigot; for, upon the authority of this very constitution, the pope afterwards expelled this very emperor Frederic from his kingdom of Sicily, and gave it to Charles of Anjou. Christianity being thus deformed by the dæmon of persecution upon the continent, our own island could not escape its scourge. Accordingly we find a writ de hæretico comburendo, i. e. of burning the heretic. But the king might pardon the convict by issuing no process against him; the writ de hæretico comburendo being not a writ of course, but issuing only by the special direction of the king in council. In the reign of Henry IV., when the eyes of the Christian world began to open, and the seeds of the Protestant religion (under the opprobrious name of Lollardy) took root in this kingdom; the clergy, taking advantage from the king's dubious title to demand an increase of their own power, obtained an act of parliament, which sharpened the edge of persecution to its utmost keenness. By stat. 2 Hen. V., c. 7., Lollardy was also made a temporal offence, and indictable in the king's courts, which did not thereby gain an exclusive, but only a concurrent, jurisdiction with the bishop's consistory. Afterwards, when the reformation began to advance, the power of the ecclesiastics was somewhat moderated; for, though what heresy is was not then precisely defined, yet we are told in some points what it is not; the statute 25 Henry VIII., c. 14, declaring that offences against the see of Rome are not heresy; and the ordinary being thereby restrained from proceeding in any case upon mere suspicion; i. e. unless the party be accused by two credible witnesses, or an indictment of heresy be first previously found in the king's courts of common law. And yet the spirit of persecution was not abated, but only diverted into a lay channe'. For in six years afterwards, by stat. 31 Hen VIII. c. 14, the bloody law of the six articles was made; which were 'determined and resolved by the most godly study, pain, and travail of his majesty; for which his

most humble and obedient subjects, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons, in parliament assembled, did render and give unto his highness their most high and hearty thanks!' The same statute established a mixed jurisdiction of clergy and laity for the 'trial and conviction of heretics; Henry being equally intent on destroying the supremacy of the bishops of Rome, and establishing all their other corruptions of the Christian religion. Without recapitulating the various repeals and revivals of these sanguinary laws, in the two succeeding reigns, we proceed to the reign of queen Elizabeth; when the reformation was finally established. By stat. 2 Eliz. c. 1, all former statutes relating to heresy are repealed, which leaves the jurisdiction of heresy as it stood at common law; viz. as to the infliction of common censures, in the ecclesiastical courts; and in case of burning the heretic, in the provincial synod only. Sir Matthew Hale is indeed of a different opinion, and holds that such power resided in the diocesan also; though he agrees, that in either case the writ de hæretico comburendo was not demandable of common right, but grantable, or otherwise, merely at the king's discretion. But the principal point now gained was, that by this statute a boundary is for the first time set to what shall be accounted heresy; nothing for the future being to be so determined, but only such tenets as have been heretofore so declared, 1. By the words of the canonical scriptures; 2. By the first four general councils, or such others as have only used the words of the holy scriptures; or 3. Which shall hereafter be so declared by the parliament, with the assent of the clergy in convocation. Thus was heresy reduced to a greater certainty than before; though it might not have been the worse to have defined it in terms still more precise and particular: as a man continued still liable to be burnt for what perhaps he did not understand to be heresy, till the ecclesiastical judge so interpreted the words of the canonical scriptures. For the writ de hæretico comburendo remained still in force, till it was totally abolished, and heresy again subjected only to ecclesiastical correction, pro salute animæ, by stat. 29 Car. II. c. 9: when, in one and the same reign, our lands were delivered from the slavery of military tenures; our bodies from arbitrary imprisonment by the habeas corpus act; and our minds from the tyranny of superstitious bigotry, by demolishing this last badge of persecution in the English law.

4

HERETOCH, among the Anglo-Saxons, signified the same with dux or duke, denoting the commander of an army. It appears, from Edward the Confessor's laws, that the military force of this kingdom was in the hands of the heretochs, who were constituted through every province and county in the kingdom, being selected out of the principal nobility, and such as were most remarkable as sapientes, fideles, et animosi. Their duty was to lead and regulate the English armies, with a very unlimited power; on which account they were elected by the people in their folk-mote or full assembly, in the same manner as sheriffs.

HERFORD, or HERVORDEN, an old fortified town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Ravensberg, at the confluence of the Werra and the Aa. It is divided into the Old and New Town, and a suburb called Radewig; and contains a considerable manufactory of cotton thread, and of linen. Here were formerly an abbey and a convent, secularised in 1804; also a commandery of the order of St. John. Inhabitants 6000. Eleven miles E. N. E. of Ravensberg.

HERGEST'S ISLANDS, a group of islands in the South Pacific, discovered by lieutenant Hergest in the Dædalus, in the year 1792. They consist of Riou's, Trevenen's, Sir Henry Martin's, and Robert's Isles, and extend from lat. 7° 53′ to 9° 14′ S., and from long. 219° 47′ to 220° 21' E.

HERGEST'S ROCKS, two rocky islets in the Pacific Ocean, also discovered by lieutenant Hergest in the year 1792. Long. 219° 42′ E., lat. 7° 38′ S.

HERJEDALEN, a district in the north of Sweden, included in Gefleborgston, and bounded on the north by Jemptland, and on the west by Norway. It forms a large wooded valley extending between 62° and 63° of N. lat., watered by the Ljunga and Ljusna, and flanked by lofty mountains There is but little corn land, though it seems capable of a more extended cultivation. On the other hand, it abounds in cattle, game, and fish; and the inhabitants carry on a good trade in cheese. Territorial extent 3200 square miles. Population about 4000.

HE'RIOT, n. s. Sax. penegild. A fine paid to the lord at the death of a land-holder, commonly the best thing in the landholder's possession."

Though thon censume but to renew,
Yet love, as lord, doth claim a heriot due.
Cleaveland.

This he detains from the ivy, for he should be the true possessory lord thereof; but the olive dispenseth with his conscience to pass it over with a compliment and a heriot every year.

Howel.

I took him up, as your heriot, with intention to have made the best of him, and then have brought the Dryden.

whole produce of him in a purse to you.

HERIOT, in law, is a customary tribute of goods and chattels, payable to the lord of the see on the decease of the owner of the land. See TENURE. It is of two sorts, viz. Heriot custom, where heriots have been paid time out of mind by custom, after the death of a tenant for life. In some places there is a customary composition in money, as ten or twenty shillings in lieu of a heriot, by which the lord and tenant are both bound, if it be an indisputably ancient custom : but a new composition of this sort will not bind the representatives of either party. Heriot service, when a tenant holds by such service to pay heriot at the time of his death; which service is expressed in the deed of feoffment. For this latter the lord shall distrain; and for the other he shall seize and not distrain. If the lord purchase part of the tenantry, neriot service is ex- tinguished; but it is not so of heriot custom.

HERIOT (George), jeweller to king James VI. and Charles I., the founder of the elegant hospital

at Edinburgh which bears his name, was born in the parish of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. His ancestors were proprietors of the small village of Trabrowne, and their names appear on the roll of the Scotch parliament. Mr. Creech says, he furnished jewels to prince Charles, afterwards king Charles I., when he went to the court of Spain in 1623. 'These jewels were never paid for by James; but, when Charles I. came to the throne, the debt to Heriot was allowed to his trustees, in part of their purchase of the barony of Broughton, then crown lands in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. These lands are now a part of the foundation of the hospital. Mr. Heriot died in 1627. Tradition reports, that he acquired his fortune by purchasing for a trifle a large quantity of yellow sand, with which a shipmaster, who traded to Africa, had loaded his vessel by way of ballast, from the coast of Guinea, without knowing its value; but in which Heriot soon discerned a considerable proportion of gold dust, which he afterwards extracted,

HERIOT'S HOSPITAL. See EDINBURGH. HERISA, or HERISHAW, an ancient town of Switzerland, in the canton of Appenzel, on the Bulbach. It was the first town of the canton that embraced Christianity. The manufactures of linen, cotton, and muslin, chiefly employ 6000 inhabitants. It is twenty-seven miles south-west of St. Gall, and ten north-west of Appenzel.

HERISSON, in fortification, a beam armed with a great number of iron spikes with their points outwards, and supported by a pivot, on which it turns. These serve as a barrier to block up any passage, and are frequently placed before the gates, and more especially the wicket doors of a town or fortress, to secure those passages which must be often opened and shut.

HERITIER (Nicholas 1'), a French poet of the seventeenth century, who was historiographer of France, and treasurer to the guards. He wrote two tragedies, entitled Hercule Furieux, and Clovis. He died in 1680.

HERITIER (Mary Jane l' de Villandon), a French poetess, daugher of the above, was born in 1664. She was a member of the academies of the Jeux Floraux, and the Ricovrati at Padua. She wrote, 1. Translation of Ovid's Epistles; 2. La Tour Tenebreuse, an English Tale; 3. Les Caprices du Destin, a novel; and 4, L'A. vare puni, a tale in poetry.

CAL. five toothed; COR. none; filament columnar; anthers, from five to ten, below the top; FEMALE CAL. five toothed; cor. none; germens five, sessile, with five pairs of barren anthers between them; drupas five, dry, of one cell; SEEDS solitary. Species one only; a native of Ceylon, and cultivated in Kew gardens under the name of the looking-glass plant.

HERKIMER, a county of New York, United States, erected from Montgomery county in 1791, but, by successive subdivisions, now restricted to a smaller area. Its present form is an irregular oblong, embracing the Mohawk River, which crosses the southern part. Its geographical centre lies about eighty-five miles on a right line north-west from Albany. It is bounded north by St. Lawrence county, east by Montgomery county and a small angle of Otsego county, south by Otsego county, and west by Oneida and Lewis counties; its greatest length north and south is eighty-five miles; its greatest width sixteen miles. The area is 1106 square miles, or 717,840 acres. Situated between 42° 49′ and 44° 7′ N. lat., and 00 44 and 1° 15′ W. long. from New York. This county has a large proportion of hilly land, and as great a diversity o soil as any in the state. The southern part fur nishes some of the small sources of the Susquehanna.

HERKLA, a town on the east coast of Tunis, Africa, the Adrumetum of earlier times, the Justiniana of the middle ages, and the Heraclea of the Lower empire. It was built on a promontory, and appears to have been about a mile i circuit; but the ruins did not appear to D Shaw so extensive as he expected.

HERMÆA, in antiquity, ancient Greek festivals in honor of Mercury. One of these was celebrated by the Pheneata in Arcadia; a second by the Cyllenians in Elis; and a third by the Tanagreans, where Mercury was represented with a ram upon his shoulder, because he was said to have walked through the city in that posture in time of a plague, and to have cured the sick; in memory of which it was customary, at this festival, for one of the most beautiful youths in the city to walk round the walls with a ram upon his shoulder. A fourth festival was observed in Crete, when it was usual for the servants to sit down at the table while their masters waited; a custom which was also observed at the Roman Saturnalia.

den; 2. Cynosura Materia Medica; 3. Flora Lugduno-Batava flores: 4. Paradisus Batavus ; and, 5, Museum Zeylanicum.