grand duke, received considerable accessions of territory, with the sovereignty of the free cities within his dominions. In 1809 he obtained further accessions, in consequence of his exertions against Austria; and when, after the battle of Leipsic, he agreed to join the allies, it was on condition of preserving his territory entire. The congress of Vienna, in 1815, confirmed this treaty; and in the cessions made to Hesse Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine, in return for what was relinquished on the right, to suit other members of the alliance, the balance was in favor of the grand duke, both as to population and compactness of territory.

Hesse Darmstadt is fully as mountainous as Hesse Cassel, its northern division containing part of the ranges of the Vogelsberg and Wersterwald; while the southern has on the right of the Rhine the rugged and romantic Odenwald, and on the left a number of hills and mountains, branching off from Mont Tonnerre. Its metallic products of iron, copper, and lead, supply the chief articles of commerce; but the soil is often poor, and in many districts the lower orders live chiefly on potatoes: in the valleys corn and vegetables are successfully cultivated; also flax; and in certain situations tobacco; vines only appearing along the banks of the Maine and Rhine. The pasturage in general is good; and salt is obtained in large quantities at Creutznac. The rivers, besides the Rhine and Maine, are the Lahn, the Nidda, the Ohen, the Schwalm, and the Itter, all to the north of the Maine. The climate is healthy, and the position of the country favorable to trade; but this advantage has been little improved. The principal manufactures, which are also in a drooping state, are linen, woollen, leather, and hardware. Its chief towns are, Mentz, population 25,000; Darmstadt (the capital) 12,000; Worms, 5700; Giessen 2500. The town of Darmstadt has of late increased rapidly, principally from a twenty years' exemption from taxes, granted here to whoever builds a house in conformity with the government plan.

The constitution of Hesse Darmstadt is a limited monarchy, divided into states or representatives; but the latter are not often assembled. The crown is hereditary in the male line, and the sovereign is considered of age at eighteen. Hesse Darmstadt has one vote and the ninth place at the smaller assembly of the Germanic diet; at the larger it has three votes. Besides the ministry, the high court of appeal, and other offices at Darmstadt, each province has a regency, a court of justice, a chamber of finance, and a commission for the domain lands. The minor divisions of the grand duchy are bailiwics. The revenue is calculated at £400,000, of which £80,000 go to pay the interest of the national debt. The military are between 6000 and 7000 men, besides militia. In point of education Hesse Darmstadt has of late made considerable advances. There is a university at Giessen; at Mentz a school of law; and classical schools at Giessen, Darmstadt, Mentz, and Worms.

HESSE-HOMBURG, a small principality to the south of Hesse-Darmstadt at the foot of the TauLus Mountains, and belonging, with the title of

landgrave, to a younger branch of the family o Hesse-Darmstadt. It formerly had only about 7000 inhabitants; but the influence at the congress of Vienna of four sons of the reigning prince who acted a distinguished part in the late wars of Austria, obtained it several additional districts, and it now reckons 20,000 inhabitants. In 1806, when the confederation of the Rhine was formed, the landgrave was deprived of his states. Its new territories are on the left side of the Rhine. The landgrave is an independent member of the Germanic confederation; but his revenue hardly exceeds £18,000 a-year. The family residence is at the town of Homburg, containing about 3500 inhabitants, and situated in a beautiful country, at the foot of lofty mountains. It is called, on that account, Homburg on the Height. The eldest of the sons, the hereditary prince, married the princess Elizabeth of England in 1818: another of the brothers is married to a princess of Prussia. The professed religion here is Calvinism.

HESSIAN FLY, a very mischievous insect, which a few years ago appeared in North America; and whose depredations then threatened entirely to destroy the crops of wheat in that country. It is, in its perfect state, a small winged insect; but the mischief it does is while in the form of a caterpillar; and the difficulty of destroying it is increased by its being as yet unknown where it deposits its eggs, to be hatched before the first appearance of the caterpillars. These mischievous insects begin their depredations in autumn, as soon as the wheat begins to shoot up through the ground. They devour the tender leaf and stem with great voracity, and continue to do so till stopped by the frost; but no sooner is this obstacle removed by the warmth of the spring, than the fly appears again, laying its eggs now upon the stems of the wheat just beginning to spire. The caterpillars, hatched from these eggs, perforate the stems of the remaining plants at the joints, and lodge themselves in the hollow within the corn, which shows no sign of disease till the ears begin to turn heavy. The stems then break; and, being no longer able to perform their office in supporting and supplying the ears with nourishment, the corn perishes about the time that it goes into a milky state. These insects attack also rye, barley, and timothy grass, though they seem to prefer wheat. This terrible insect appeared first in Long Island during the American war, and was supposed to have been brought from Germany by the Hessians; whence its name. Thence it proceeded inland at the rate of about fifteen or twenty miles annually; and in 1789 had reached 200 miles from the place where it was first observed. At that time it continued to proceed with unabating increase; being apparently stopped neither by rivers nor mountains. In the fly state it is likewise exceedingly troublesome; by getting into houses in swarms, falling into victuals and drink; filling the windows, and flying perpetually into the candles. It still continued to infest Long Island as much as ever; and in many places the culture of wheat was entirely abandoned. Mr. Morgan, in a communication to the Philadelphia Society for promoting

agriculture, informs us, that he had made himself acquainted with the fly, by breeding a number of them from the chrysalis into the perfect state. The fly is at first of a white body with long black legs and whiskers, so small and motionless as not to be easily perceived by the naked eye, though very discernible with a microscope; but they soon become black and very nimble, both on the wing and feet, being about the size of a small ant. During the height of the brood in June, where fifty or 100 of the nits have been deposited on one stalk of wheat, he has sometimes discovered, even with the naked eye, some of them twist and move on being disturbed this is while they are white; but they do not then travel from one stalk to another, nor to different parts of the same stalk. The usual time of their spring hatching from the chrysalis is in May. Those who are doubtful whether the fly is in their neighbourhood, or cannot find their eggs or nits in the wheat, may satisfy themselves by opening their windows at night, and burning a candle in the room. The flies will enter in proportion to their numbers abroad. The first night after the commencement of wheat harvest, this season, they filled my dining room in such numbers as to be exceedingly troublesome in the eating and drinking Vessels. Without exaggeration I may say, that a glass tumbler, from which beer had been just drunk at dinner, had 500 flies in it in a few minutes. The windows are filled with them when they desire to make their escape. They are very distinguishable from every other fly by their horns or whiskers. In its perfect state it is probably a tenthredo, like the black negro fly of the turnip. As great quantities of wheat were at this time imported from America into Britain, it became an object worthy of the attention of government, to consider how far it was proper to allow of such importation, lest this destructive insect might be brought along with the grain. See our article ENTOMOLOGY.

HEST, n. s. Sax. þært. Command; precept; injunction. Obsolete, or written behest.

When faith fayleth in priestes sawes,
And tordes hestes are holden for lawes,
And robberie is holde purchase,
And lecherie is holde solace;
Then shall the lord of Albion

Be brought to great confusion. Chaucer's Prophecie.
Thou wast a spirit too delicate

To act her earthy and abhorred commands,
Refusing her grand hests.

Shakspeare.

HESYCHIUS, the most celebrated of all the ancient Greek grammarians, whose works are extant. He was a Christian; and, according to some, the same with Hesychius, patriarch of Jerusalem, who died in 609. He wrote a Greek lexicon; which, in the opinion of Casaubon, is the most learned and useful work of that kind produced by the ancients. Schrevelius published a good edition of it in 1668, in 4to. with notes; but the best are those of John Alberti, printed at Leyden in 1746, and Ruhnkenius, in 1776; both in 2 vols. folio.

HETEROCLITE, n. s. Į
HETEROCLITICAL, adj.
VOL. XI.

Fr. heteroclite; Lat. heteroclitum.

Nouns declined irregularly; any person or thing deviating from the common rule.

In the mention of sins heteroclitical, and such as want either name or precedent, there is oft-times a sin, even in their histories. Browne.

The heteroclite nouns of the Latin should not be

touched in the first learning of the rudiments of the

tongue.

Watts.

Gr. Erepos, different, and doga, creed or opinion HETERODOX, adj. & n.s. Fr. heterodoxe ; A person deviating from the established opinions; a peculiar sentiment: generally applied to religious tenets.

dox it will seem, and of great absurdity, if we say atNot only a simple heterodox, but a very hard paratraction is unjustly appropriated unto the loadstone. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

Partiality may be observed in some to vulgar, in others to heterodox tenets. Locke. HETERODROMUS VECTIS, a lever in which the fulcrum, or point of snspension, is between the weight and the power. It is the same with what is called a lever of the first kind. HETEROGE'NEAL, adj. Fr. heterogene; HETEROGENEITY, n. s. Gr. ετερος and yεHETEROGENEOUs, adj. vog. Differing in nature or kindred: opposition in qualities.

Let the body adjacent and ambient be not commaterial, but merely heterogeneal towards the body that is to be preserved: such as quicksilver and white amber to herbs and flies.

Guaiacum, burnt with an open fire in a chimney, is sequestered into ashes and soot; whereas the same wood, distilled into a retort, does yield far other heterogeneities, and is resolved into oil, spirit, vinegar, water, and charcoal. Boyle.

The light whose rays are all alike refrangible, I call simple, homogeneal, and similar; and that whose rays are some more refrangible than others, I call compound, heterogeneal, and dissimilar. Newton.

I have observed such heterogeneous bodies, which I found included in the mass of this sandstone.

Woodward.

HETEROGENEITY, in physics, is also used for the heterogeneous parts themselves in which sense, the heterogeneities of a body are the same things with its impurities.

HETEROGENEOUS NOUNS, one of the three variations in irregular nouns; or such as are of one gender in the singular number, and of another in the plural. Heterogeneous, under which are comprehended mixed nouns, are six fold. 1. Those which are of the masculine gender in the singular number, and neuter in the plural; as, hic tartarus, hæc tartara. 2. Those which are masculine in the singular number, but masculine and neuter in the plural; as hic locus, hi loci, and hæc loca. 3. Such as are feminine in the singular number, but neuter in the plural; as, hæc carbasus, and hæc carbasa. 4. Such as are neuter in the singular number, but masculine in the plural; as, hoc cœlum, hi cæli. 5. Such as are neuter in the singular, but neuter and masculine in the plural; as, hoc rastrum, hi rastri, and hæc rastra. And, 6, Such as are neuter in the singular, but feminine in the plural; as, hoc epulum, hæ epulæ.

HETEROS'CIANS, n. s. Gr. irépoc and oría. Those whose shadows fall only one way, as the shadows of us who live north of the tropic fall at noon always to the north. Q

HETH, л, Heb. i. e. fear, the second son of Canaan, grandson of Ham, and progenitor of the Hittites, Gen. x. 15. He dwelt southward of the promised land, at Hebron or its neighbourhood. Ephron, an inhabitant of Hebron, was a descendant of Heth, and the city in Abraham's time was peopled, by his posterity. See HITTITES.

HETRURIA, or ETRURIA, in ancient geography, a celebrated country of Italy, west of the Tiber. It originally contained twelve different nations, which had each their respective monarch. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Vo laterrani, Russellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were famous for their confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood.

HETTSTADT, or HECKSTADT, a mining town of Prussian Saxony, on the Wipper, in the county of Mansfeld. The mines of the neighbourhood, though less extensively worked than formerly, are considerable; and here is an elegant furnace for melting silver. Population 2750. Five miles north of Mansfeld, and nine north of Eisleben.

HEVEI, in ancient geography, the Hivites, one of the seven nations who occupied Canaan; a numerous people, and the same with the Kadmonai, who dwelt at the foot of Hermon and partly of Libanus, or between Libanus and Hermon, Judges iii. 3. To this Bochart refers the fables concerning Cadmus and Harmonia, changed to serpents; the name hevi denoting a wild animal, such as is a serpent. Cadmus, who is said to have carried the use of letters to Greece, seems to have been a Kadmonean; of whom the Greeks say that he came to their country from Phoenicia.

HEVELIUS, or HEVELKE (John), an astronomer of the last century, was born at Dantzic in the year 1611. He studied in Germany, England, and France, and every where obtained the esteem of the learned. He was the first who discovered a libration in the moon, and he made several important observations on the other planets. He also discovered several fixed stars, which he named the firmament of Sobieski, in honor of John III. king of Poland. His wife was also well skilled in astronomy. In 1763 and 1769 he published a description of the instruments with which he made his observations, under the title of Machina Cœlestis. But in September of that year, while he was in the country, his house at Dantzic was burnt down, by which he lost not only his observatory and all his valuable instruments, but also a great number of copies of his Machina Calestis. He died in 1687, aged seventy-six. In 1690 were published his Firmamentum Sobiscianum, and Prodromus Astronomiæ et novæ Tabulæ solares, unà cum Catalogo Stellarum fixarum, in which he gives the necessary preliminaries for taking an exact catalogue of the stars. He was made a burgo-master of Dantzic; which office he is said to have executed with the utmost integrity.

HEVES, a palatinate of Upper Hungary, lately united with that of Outer Solnak: The two districts contain a population of about 180,000. The products are corn, wine, tobacco, and alum. The inhabitants, almost all of Hungarian descent, are mixed with a few Sclavonians, Germans, and gipsey wanderers. The province is named from the small town of Heves, but the diets are held at Erlau; and the archbishop of that place is upper palatine.

HEURNIUS, or VAN HEURN (John), M. D., a learned Dutch physician, born at Utrecht in 1543. He studied at Louvaine, Paris, Padua, and Pavia. On his return he was elected a magistrate of Amsterdam; after which he became professor of anatomy, and rector of the university at Leyden, where he died in 1601. He wrote commentaries on Hippocrates, and various treatises on different diseases.

HEW, v. a. HEW'ER, n. s. and Swed. huga.

Part. hewn, or hewed. Sax peapan; Teut. hauen; Goth. To cut by blows with an edged instrument; to form or shape with an axe; to form with labor or exertion: hewer, one whose employment is to cut wood or stone: when used with the particles down, it signifies to fell; up, to excavate from below; off, to separate.

Thou hast hewed thee out a sepulchre here, as he that hewed him out a sepulchre on high. Isaiah xxii, And made such way that hewed it quite in twain. Upon the joint the lucky steel did light, Spenser.

Yet shall the axe of justice hew him down, And level with the root his lofty crown. Sandys. Brave followers, yonder stands the thorny wood, Which, by the heavens' assistance and your strength, Must by the roots be hewn up yet ere night.

Shakspeare.

Scarce can I speak, my choler is so great : Oh! I could hew up rocks and fight with flint. Id. I had purpose Once more to hew thy target from thy brawn, Or lose my arm for't.

He that depends

Upon your favours, swims with fins of lead, And hews down oaks with rushes.

Id.

One Vane was so grievously hewn, that many thousands have died of less than half his hurts, whereof he was cured. Hayward.

Nor is it so proper to hew out religious reformations by the sword, as to polish them by fair and equal disputations. King Charles. He from the mountain hewing timber tall, Milton. Began to build a vessel of huge bulk. At the building of Solomon's temple there were fourscore thousand hewers in the mountains. Browne. The gate was adamant; eternal frame; Which, hewed by Mars himself, from Indian quarries

came,

brew text his standard; and, allowing that corruptions might have happened, and the old Hebrew copies might and did read differently, he marked such words or sentences as were not in his Hebrew text, nor the later Greek versions, and added such words or sentences as were omitted in the Seventy, prefixing an asterisk to the additions, and an obelisk to the others. For this purpose he made eight columns; in the first he gave the Hebrew text in Hebrew characters; in the second, the same text in Greek characters; the rest were filled with the several versions above mentioned; all the columns answering verse for verse, and phrase for phrase; and in the Psalms there was a ninth column for the seventh version. This work Origen called 'Eğanλa, Hexapla, q. d. sextuple, or a work of six columns, as only regarding the first six Greek versions. See TETRAPLA. Indeed, St. Epiphanius, taking in likewise the two columns of the text, calls the work Octapla, as consisting of eight columns. This celebrated work, which Montfaucon imagines consisted of fifty large volumes, perished long ago, probably with the library at Cæsarea, where it was preserved in 653; though several ancient writers have preserved pieces of it, particularly St. Chrysostom on the Psalms, Philoponus in his Hexameron, &c. Some modern writers have earnestly endeavoured to collect fragments of the Hexapla, particularly Flaminius Nobilius, Drusius, and F. Montfaucon, in two folio volumes, printed at Paris in 1713.

HEX'APOD, n. s. ́ Gr. ï and wódes. An ani

mal with six feet.

I take those to have been the hexapods, from which the greater sort of beetles come; for that sort of hexa

pods are eaten in America

HEXAS TIC, u s. Gr. ï and είχος. of six lines.

Ray. A poem

HEXHAM, a town of Northumberland, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Tyne, and had formerly, besides the fine old church, a celebrated abbey of which the ruins are scarcely now left. Its ancient and spacious church, which was founded in 674, is highly ornamented, in the inside, in the Gothic taste. In the choir was a beautiful oratory, now converted into a pew. On the screen, at the entrance of the choir, are severai grotesque monastic paintings. On the west of the church are the remains of the priory, which was a very spacious building. There is a large room, with an oaken roof, which was the refectory, and is now used for public entertainments. Near this place, in 1463, was fought a bloody battle, between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. Hexham is noted for its manufactory of tanned leather, shoes, and gloves; and is twenty-two miles west of Newcastle, and 279 N. N. W. of London.

HEY, interj. Dan. and Swd. hui. HEY'DAY, interj. & n.s. Hey, and heyday, are HEY'DEGIVES, n. s. Sexpressions of joy, or exultation; frolic: and sometimes wonder, or wildness: heydigives, a wild frolic; dance; but

now obsolete.

But friendly fairies met with many graces, And light-foot nymphs can chase the lingering night With heydegives, and trimly trodden traces. Spenser.

HEY (John), D D. a modern divine, was born in 1734, and educated at Catherine Hall, Cambridge; whence he removed in 1758 to a fellowship in Sidney College, where he took his degree of D. D. in 1780, and became the first professor of divinity on the Norrisian foundation. This chair he resigned in 1705. He was for many years rector of Passenham, in Northamptonshire, and of Calverton, in Buckinghamshire, but resigned both in 1814 to settle in London, where he died the following year. His works are-1. Redemption, a Seatonian prize poem; 2. Lectures on Divinity, 4 vols. 8vo.; 3. Seven Sermons on several Occasions, 8vo.; 4. Discourses on the Malevolent Sentiments, 8vo.; 5. Observations on the Writings of St.

Paul.

HEYDON (John), who sometimes assumed the name of Eugenius Theodidactus, was a great pretender to skill in the Rosicrucian philosophy and wrote a considerable number of chemical and astrology, in the reign of king Charles I.; and astrological works, with curious titles. This ridiculous author was much resorted to by the duke of Buckingham, who was infatuated with judicial astrology. He employed him to calculate the king's and his own nativity, and was assured that the aspects of the heavens promised to him success and fortune. The duke also employed him in some treasonable and seditious practices, for which he was sent to the Tower. He lost much of his former reputation by telling Richard Cromwell and Thurloe, who went to him disguised like cavaliers, that Oliver would infallibly be hanged by a certain time; which he outlived several years.

HEYDON, a borough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a river, which soon falls into the Humber; and was formerly a considerable town, but is now much decayed. It is a corporation, governed by a mayor, recorder, nine aldermen, two bailiffs who have the power of choosing sheriffs, and are justices of the peace. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the bargesses, who claim their privilege either by descent, by seven years' apprenticeship to a freeman, or by an honorary gift at the discretion of the corporation. It is eight miles west from Hull, and 182 from London.

HEYLIN (Dr. Peter), an eminent English writer, born at Burford in Oxfordshire, in 1600. He studied at Hart Hall, Oxford, where he took his degrees of M. A. and D. D., and became an able geographer and historian. He was appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to king Charles I., rector of Hemingford in Hunting