HIDJELLE, HIJALI, or INGELLEE, a town in the province of Bengal, situated on the west bank of the Hooghly River, fifty-five miles S.S.W. from Calcutta. During the Mogul government it was the capital of a foujdarry or military station, comprehending 1098 square miles. This district is situated on the low margin of the river Hooghly, where it unites with the bay of Bengal. It was first dismembered from the Soubah of Orissa, and annexed to Bengal, in the reign of Shah Jehan; and is very productive in grain and salt. The salt land is that portion exposed to the overflowing of the tides, usually called the churs or banks; where mounds of earth, strongly impregnated with saline particles, named kalaries or working-places, are formed. Each of these heaps is estimated on a medium to yield 233 maunds (eighty 'bs. each) of salt, requiring the labor of seven manufacturers; who, by an easy process of filtration and boiling, are enabled to complete their operations from November to June, before the setting in of the periodical rains.' Hamilton. Out of the hierarchies of angels sheen, The gentle Gabriel called he from the rest. Donne. Fairfax. The blessedest of mortal wights, now questionless the highest saint in the celestial hierarchy, began to be so importuned, that a great part of the divine liturgy was addressed solely to her. Howel. Angels, by imperial summons called, Exalted to such power, and gave to rule, Id. Marcell. While the old Levitical hierarchy continued, it was HIE, v. n. Sax. biegan; Goth heya. To part of the ministerial office to slay the sacrifices. basten; to go in haste. Some to the woods, or whither fear advised: Waller. Dryden. His folded flocks secure, the shepherd home Hies merry hearted, and by turns relieves The ruddy milk-maid of her brimming. pail. The youth, returning to his mistress hies. Thomson's Seasons. HIELMAR, a lake between Sudermannland and Nericia, in the central part of Sweden, communicating with the lake of Malar. It is about forty miles long, but of small width; and contains a number of rocks and islands. Sixty miles west of Stockholm. HIERARCH, n. s. Fr. hierarque; Gr.epog, HIERARCHICAL, adj. a priest, and aoxoc chief. HIERARCHY, n. s. The chief of a sacred order hierarchy, a sacred government; rank, or subordination of holy beings; the ecclesiastical establishment. Jehovah, from the summit of the sky, Environed with his winged hierarchy, The world surveyed. Sandys. South. Consider what I have written, from regard for the church established under the hierarchy of bishops. HIERACITES, in church history, Christian heretics in the third century: so called from their leader Hierax, a philosopher of Egypt; who taught that Melchisedek was the Holy Ghost, denied the resurrection, and condemned marriage. HIERACIUM, hawkweed; a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and syngenesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, compositæ. The receptacle is naked: CAL. imbricated and ovate; the pappus simple and sessile. The most common species are, 1. H. aurantiacum, commonly called Grim the collier, has many oblong, oval, entire leaves, crowning the root; an upright, single, hairy, and almost leafless stalk, a foot high, terminated by reddish orange-colored flowers in a corymbus. These flowers have dark, oval, ash-colored, calyces; whence the name. This is the only species cultivated in gardens. It is propagated by seeds or parting the roots. The seed may be sown in autumn or spring. In June, when the plants are two or three inches high, they may be picked out and planted in beds, where they must be left till the next autumn, and then transplanted where they are to remain. 2. H. Pilos ella, the mouse-ear, has blossoms ted on the outside, and pale yellow within; the cups set thick with black hairs. The flowers open at 8 A. M., and close about 2 P. M. It grows commonly in dry pastures in England; it has a milky juice, but is less bitter and astringent than is usual with plants of that class. It is reckoned hurtful to sheep. Goats eat it; sheep are not fond of it; horses and swine refuse it. 3. H. umbellatum grows to the height of three feet, with an erect and firm stalk, terminated with an umbel of yellow flowers. It is a native of Scotland, and grows in rough stony places, but is not very common. The flowers are sometimes used for dyeing yarn of a fine yellow color. HIERAPOLIS, in ancient geography, a town of Phrygia, abounding in hot springs, and having its name from the number of its temples. There are coins exhibiting figures of various gods who had temples here. Of this place was Epictetus the stoic philosopher. It is now called Pambouk; and is situated near the Scamander, on a portion of Mount Mesogis, six miles from Laodicea. The worship of the great Syrian goddess, called Atergatis, was established in this town; but no traces now remain of her temple. The only remarkable monument is a subterraneous canal, which conducts the water from the mountains of the north for the distance of four leagues. HIERARCHY. Some of the rabbies reckon four, others ten, orders or ranks of angels; and give them different names according to their supposed degrees of power and knowledge. HIERES, ISLES OF, is the name of a cluster of three small islands of the Mediterranean, near the south coast of France, and about eleven miles from the town of Hieres. They are called Porquerolles, Porticros, and the isle of Titan. Giens, sometimes reckoned one of them, is more properly a peninsula. Porquerolles, the largest, does not contain 100 inhabitants. Porticros, three leagues farther to the east, and more elevated, has a small harbour, but only fifty inhabitants. All of them are defended by forts. HIERES, a town in the department of the Var France, nine miles east of Toulon. It is at the foot of a steep rock or mountain, surrounded by a beautiful plain. The old town, which stood on the high part of the mountain, has been abandoned. On entering the new town the streets are found to be mean and dirty, and singularly contrasted with the neat white houses of which they are composed. The environs are pleasant; abounding with gardens containing the best fruits, particularly oranges, and covered with verdure throughout the year. But the air of Hieres is unhealthy, owing to exhalations from the marshes, and from a salt lake in the neighbourhood. Here great quantities of salt are obtained, and exported, as well as oil, wine, and fruit, to Toulon and Marseilles. Hieres was formerly a sea-port of consequence: but the sea has now retired to the distance of a league. The celebrated Massillon was born here. Population 7000. HIERO I., king of Syracuse, succeeded his brother Gelon, A. A. C. 478. He made war against Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He gained three crowns at the Olympic games by horse and chariot racing, for which he is celebrated by Pindar; whese conversation, with that of other literati, rendered him humane and liberal. He died A. A. C. 467. · HIERO II., king of Syracuse, was a descendant of Gelon, and was eleeted king A. A. C. 268. He carried on war against the Romans for some time along with the Carthaginians; but made peace, and continued ever after their firm ally. He was a relation of Archimedes; and was a prince of great learning and virtue, and encouraged arts and commerce. He died A. A. C. 225. HIERO'S CROWN, in hydrostatics. Hiero II., having furnished a goldsmith with a quantity of fine gold to make a crown, suspected, upon receiving it, that he had been cheated, by his using a greater quantity of silver alloy than was necessary. He applied to Archimedes to discover the fraud without defacing the crown; which he did by this experiment: He procured a ball of pure. gold and another of silver, each exactly of the same weight with the crown; and judging that if the crown were of pure gold it would be of equal bulk, and, upon putting it in water, expel an equal quantity of the water with the golden ball; if of silver, it would expel an equal quantity with the silver one; but, if of an intermediate quality, the quantity of water expelled would be in exact proportion. This upon trial he found to be the case; and, by comparing the quantities of water displaced, discovered the proportions of gold and silver in the crown. HIEROCLES, a cruel persecutor of the Christians, and a violent promoter of the persecution under Dioclesian, flourished A D. 302. He wrote some books against the Christian religion; in which he aims to show some inconsistencies in the Holy Scriptures, and compares the miracles of Apollonius Tyaneus to those of our Saviour. He was refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius. The remains of his works were collected into one volume by bishop Pearson; and published in 1654, with a learned dissertation prefixed. HIEROCLES, a Platonic philosopher of the fifth century, who taught at Alexandria, and was admired for his eloquence. He wrote seven books upon Providence and Fate, dedicated to the philosopher Olympiodorus, who by his embassies did the Romans great services under Honorius and Theodosius II. But these books are lost, and we only know them by the extracts in Photius. He wrote also a Commentary upon the golden verses of Pythagoras; which is still extant, and has been several times published with those verses. HIEROGLYPH, n. s. Fr. hieroglyphe; Gr. τερος, γλύφω. An emblem; a figure by which a word was implied. Hieroglyphics were used before the alphabet was invented. Hieroglyph seems to be the proper substantive, and hieroglyphic the adjective. The art of. writing in picture: charged with hieroglyphical sculpture; emblematical. In this place stanos a stately hieroglyphical obelisk of Theban marble. Sandys's Travels. The Egyptian serpent figures time, And, stripped, returns into his prime; If my affection thou would'st win, First cast thy hieroglyphick skin. Cleaveland. A lamp amongst the Egyptians is the hieroglyphick Wilkins's Dadalus. of life. The original of the conceit was probably hieroglyphical, which after became mythological, and, by a process of tradition, stole into a total verity, which was but partly true in its morality. Browne's Vulgar Errors. This hieroglyphick of the Egyptians was erected for parental affection, manifested in the protection of her young ones, when her nest was set on fire. Id. Between the statues obelisks were placed, And the learned walls with hieroglyphicks graced. Pope. No brute can endure the taste of strong liquor, and consequently it is against all the rules of hierogly phick to assign any animals as patrons of punch. Swift. once I was well versed in the forgotten Etruscan letters, and-were I so mindedCould make their hieroglyphics plainer than Your alphabet. The Deformed Transformed. HIEROGLYPHICS were in use among the Egyptians, and that as well in their writings as inscriptions; being the figures of various animals, the parts of human bodies, and mechanical instruments. It was the custom to have the walls, doors, &c., of their temples, obelisks, &c., engraven with such figures. Hieroglyphics are properly emblems or signs of divine, sacred, or supernatural things; by which they are distinguished from common symbols, which are signs of sensible and natural things. Hermes Trismegistus is commonly esteemed the inventor of hieroglypnics: he first introduced them into the heathen theology, whence they have been transplanted into the Jewish and Christian. Sacred things, says Hippocrates, should only be communicated to sacred persons. Hence the ancient Egyptians communicated to none but their kings and priests, and those who were to succeed to the priesthood and the crown, the secrets of nature, and of their morality and history; and this they did by a kind of cabbala, which, at the same time that it instructed them, only amused the rest of the people. Hence the use of hieroglyphics, or mystic figures, to veil their morality, politics, &c., from profane eyes. This author and many others do not keep to the precise character of a hieroglyphic, but apply it to profane as well as divine things. Hieroglyphics are a kind of real characters, which do not only denote, but in some measure express the things. Thus, according to Clemens Alexandrinus, (Strom. v.) a lion is the hieroglyphic of strength and fortitude; a bullock, of agriculture; a horse, of liberty; a sphinx, of subtlety, &c. Such is the opinion that has generally been embraced, both by ancient and modern writers, of the origin and use of hieroglyphics. It has been almost uniformly maintained, that they were invented by the Egyptian priests to conceal their wisdom from the knowledge of the vulgar; but the late bishop Warburton has, with much ingenuity and learning, endeavoured to show that this account is erroneous. He thinks the first kind of hieroglyphics were mere pictures, because the most natural way of communicating our conceptions, by marks or figures, was by tracing out the images of things; and this is verified in the case of the Mexicans, whose only method of writing their laws and history was by this picture writing. But the hieroglyphics invented by the Egyptians were an improvement on this rude and inconvenient essay towards writing, for they contrived to make them both pictures and characters. In order to effect this improvement, they were obliged to proceed gradually, by first making the principal circumstance of the subject stand for the whole; as in the hieroglyphics of Horapollo, which represent a battle of two armies in array by two hands, one holding a shield and the other a bow: then putting the instrument of the thing, whether real or metaphorical, for the thing itself, as an eye and sceptre to represent a monarch, a ship and pilot the governor of the universe, &c.; and finally, by making one thing stand for or represent another, where their observations of nature, or traditional superstitions led them to discover or imagine any resemblance: thus the universe was designed by a serpent in a circle, whose variegated spots denoted the stars; and a man who had nobly surmounted his misfortunes was represented by the skin of the hyæna, because this was supposed to furnish an invulnerable defence in battle. The Chinese writing, he observes, was the next kind of improvement in the use of hieroglyphics. The Egyptians joined characteristic marks to images; the Chinese threw out the images and retained only the contracted marks, and from these marks proceeded letters. The general concurrence of different people, in this method of recording their thoughts, can never be supposed to be the effect of imitation, sinister views, or chance; but must be considered as the uniform voice of nature speaking to the rude conceptions of mankind; for not only the Chinese of the East, the Mexicans of the West, and the Egyptians of the South, but the Scythians likewise of the North, and the intermediate inhabitants of the earth, viz. the Indians, Phoenicians, Ethiopians, &c., used the same way of writing by picture and hieroglyphic. He farther shows, that the several species of hieroglyphic writing took their rise from nature and necessity, and not from choice and artifice, by tracing at large the origin and progress of the art of speech. He proceeds to show how, in process of time, the Egyptian hieroglyphics came to be employed for the vehicle of mystery. They used their hieroglyphics two ways; the one more simple, by putting the part for the whole which was the curiologic hieroglyphic; and the other more artificial, by putting one thing of resembling qualities for another, called the tropic hieroglyphic: thus the moon was sometimes represented by a half circle, and sometimes by a cynocephalus. They employed their proper hieroglyphics to record openly and plainly their laws, policies, public morals, and history, and all kinds of civil matters: this is evident from their obelisks, which were full of hieroglyphic characters, designed to record singular events, memorable actions, and new inventions; and also from the celebrated inscription on the temple of Minerva at Sais, where an infant, an old man, a hawk, a fish, and a river-horse, expressed this moral sentence: 'All you who come into the world and go out of it, know this, that the gods hate impudence.' However, the tropical hieroglyphics, which were employed to divulge, gradually produced symbols which were designed to secrete or conceal: thus Egypt was sometimes expressed by the crocodile, sometimes by a burning censer with a heart upon it; where the simplicity of the first representation, and the abstruseness of the latter, snow that the one was a tropical hieroglyphic for communication, and the other a tropical svmbol invented for secrecy. Enigmatic symbols were afterwards formed by the assemblage of different things, or of their properties that were less known; and, though they might have been intelligible at first, yet when the art of writing was invented, hieroglyphics were more generally disused; the people forgot the signification of them; and the priests, retaining and cultivating the knowledge of them, because they were the repositories of their learning and history, at length applied them to the purpose of preserving the secrets of their religion. Sir John Marsham thinks that symbols were the original of animal worship in Egypt (Can. Chron. p. 58): because in these was recorded the history of their greater deities, their kings, and lawgivers, represented by animals and other creafures. The symbol of each god was well known and familiar to his worshippers, by means of the popular paintings and engravings on their temples and other sacred monuments, so that the symbol presenting the idea of the god, and that idea exciting sentiments of religion, it was natural for them, in their addresses to any particular god, to turn to his representative mark or symbol; especially when we consider, that the Egyptian priests feigned a divine original for hieroglyphic characters, in order to increase the veneration of the people for them. These would of course bring on a relative devotion to these symbolic figures, which, when it came to be paid to the living animal, would soon terminate in an ultimate worship. Another consequence of the sacredness of the hieroglyphic characters was, that it disposed the more superstitious to engrave them on gems, and wear them as amulets or charms. This magical abuse seems not to have been much earlier than the established worship of the god Serapis, which happened under the Ptolemies, and was first brought to the general knowledge of the world by certain Christian heretics and natives of Egypt, who had mixed a number of Pagan superstitions with their Christianity. These gems, called abraxas, are frequently to be met with in the cabinets of the curious, and are engraven with all kinds of hieroglyphic characters. To these abraxas succeeded the talismans. See ABRAXAS. HIEROGRAMMATEI, HIEROGRAMMATISTS, Iɛpoypaμμarus, i. e holy registers, were an order of priests among the ancient Egyptians, who presided over religion and learning. They had the care of the hieroglyphics, and were the expositors of religious doctrines. They were regarded as a kind of prophets; and it is said, that one of them predicted to an Egyptian king, that an Israelite (meaning Moses), eminent for his qualifications and achievements, would depress the Egyptian monarchy. The hierogrammatei were always near the king, to assist him with their information and counsels. The better to fit them for this, they made use of the knowledge they had acquired in the motions of the celestial luminaries, as well as the writings of their pre decessors, wherein their function and duties were delivered. They were exempted from all civil employments, were reputed the first persons in dignity next the king, and bore a kind of sceptre in form of a ploughshare. After Egypt became a Roman province they sunk into neglect. HIEROGʻRAPHY, n. s. Gr. "epòs and ypάpw. Holy writing. HIEROMANCY, HIEROMANTIA, LEpoμavтela, in antiquity, that species of divination which predicted future events from observing the various things offered in sacrifice. See DIVINATION and SACRIFICE. HIEROMENIA, in ancient Greek chronology, the month in which the Nemean games were celebrated, called also Boedromion. HIEROMNEMON, Gr. from pos, sacred, and μvnμov, a remembrancer, an officer in the ancient Greek church, whose principal function was to stand behind the patriarch at the sacraments, ceremonies, &c., and show him the prayers, psalms, &c., which he was to rehearse. He also clothed the patriarch in his pontifical robes, and assigned the places of all those who had a right to be around him when seated on his throne, as the master of the ceremonies now does to the pope. HIEROMNEMON, in Grecian antiquity, a delegate chosen by lot, and sent to the great council of the Amphictyons, to take care of what concerned religion. The hieromnemones were reckoned more honorable than the other members of that assembly, the general meetings of which were always summoned by them, and their names were prefixed to the decrees made by that council. HIEROMNEMON was also the name of a stone used by the ancient Greeks in divination, but no description of it is extant. HIER'OPHANT, n. s. Gr. ἱεροφάντης. One who teaches rules of religion; a priest. Herein the wantonness of poets, and the crafts of their heathenish priests and hierophants, abundantly Hale. gratified the fancies of the people. HIEROPHANT, HIEROPHANTA, or HIEROPHANTES, from ispos, holy, and paw, I appear; a priest among the Athenians, who was properly the chief person that officiated in the eleusinia. This office was first executed by Eumolpus, and continued in his family for near 1200 years; though, when any person was appointed to this dignity, he was required always to live in celibacy. Apollodorus observes, that the hierophantes instructed persons initiated into their religion in the mysteries and duties thereof, and hence he derived his name: for the same reason he was called prophetes, the prophet. He had officers under him to assist him, who were also called prophetes, and exeges, i. e. explainers of divine things. They dressed and adorned the statues of the gods, and bore them in processions and solemn ceremonies. HIEROPHYLAX, an officer in the Greek church, keeper of the holy utensils, vestments, &c. HIERTING, or JETTING, a sea-port town of Denmark, in North Jutland, at the mouth of the Warde, with a good harbour: twenty-two miles north-west of Ripen. Long. 8° 22′ E., lat. 55° 29′ N. To gain thy knight an op'lent spouse. Hudibras. Why all this higgling with thy friend about such a paltry sum? Does this become the generosity of the noble and rich John Bull ? Arbuthnot. HIGH, adj. Sax. peap, pig; Goth., Swed., and Teut. ha; Dan. hay. Long upwards; rising above from the surface, or from the centre: opposed to deep, or long downward. Their Andes, or mountains, were far higher than those with us; whereby the remnants of the generation of men were, in such a particular deluge, saved. Bacon. The higher parts of the earth being continually spending, and the lower continually gaining, they must of necessity at length come to an equality. Burnet's Theory. High o'er the rest by nature reared The oak's majestic boughs appeared Beneath a copse of various hue In barbarous luxuriance grew. Beattie. Gay. Here the fat cook piles high the blazing fire, And scarce the spit can turn the steer entire. Elevated in place; raised aloft; opposed to low. And we wol reuled ben at his devise In highe and lowe: and thus by on assent, We ben accorded to his judgment. Chaucer. The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. No man, she sawe, and yet yshone the mone: And hye upon a rocke she wenten sone And sawe his barge ysailing in the se. Id. Legende of Good Women. They that stand high have many blasts to shake them, And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces. Shakspeare. Richard III. High o'er their heads a mould'ring rock is placed, That promises a fall, and shakes at ev'ry blast. Dryden. Reason elevates our thoughts as high as the stars, and leads us through the vast spaces of this mighty fabrick; yet it comes far short of the real extent of even corporeal being. Locke. Baxter. Exalted in nature. Noble; illustrious. Trust me, I am exceeding weary. Bacon. -I had thought weariness durst not have attacked so high blood-It doth me, though it discolours the complexion of my greatness to acknowledge it. Shakspeare. Violent; tempestous; loud. Applied to the wind. More ships in calms on a deceitful coast, Or unseen rocks, than in high storms are lost. Denham. Spiders cannot weave their nets in a high wind. Duppa. At length the winds are raised, the storm blows high; Be it your care, my friends, to keep it up In its full fury. Addison's Cato Tumultuous; turbulent; ungovernable. Sweet warriour, when shall I have peace with you? High time it is this war now ended were. Spenser. It was high time to do so, for it was now certain that forces were already upon their march towards the West. Clarendon. It was high time for the lords to look about them. Id. Raised to any great degree: as, a high pleasure; high luxury; a high performance; a high color. Solomon lived at ease, and ful Milton. Of honour, wealth, high fare. High sauces and spices are fetched from the Indies. Baker, Advancing in latitude from the line. They are forced to take their course either high to the North, or low to the South. Abbot. At the most perfect state; in the meridian: as, by the sun it is high noon: whence probably the foregoing expression, high time. It is yet high day, neither is it time that the cattle should be gathered. Gen. xxix. 7. Far advanced into antiquity. The nominal observation of the several days of the |