If strength of persuasion be the light which must guide us, I ask, how shall any one distinguish the inspirations of the Holy Ghost? Locke.

Common sense could tell them that the good God could not be pleased with any thing cruel; nor the most holy God with any thing filthy and unclean. South.

His holiness has told some English gentlemen, that those of our nation should have the privileges. Addison on Italy.

Then in full age, and hoary holiness, Retire, great teacher, to thy promisea bliss

Prior.

Rogers

We see piety and holiness ridiculed as moroso singularities. We know ourselves, our mission, and thine order; Waste not thy holy words in idle uses, It were in vain.

Byron. Manfred. HOLINESS, was anciently a title given to all bishops. The Greek emperors also were addressed under the title of Holiness, as being. anointed with holy oil at their coronation. Du Cange adds, that some of the kings of England have had the same attribute; and that the orientals have frequently refused it to the pope.

HOLINSHED (Raphael), an English histo rian, famous for his Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was descended from a good family in Cheshire; but neither the time of his birth, nor events of his life, are known. He appears to have been a man of considerable learning. His Chronicles were first published at London in 1570, in 2 vols. folio; and then in 1587, in 3 vols. In this second edition several sheets in the second and third volumes were de stroyed, for containing some passages disagreeable to queen Elizabeth and her ministers; but these have since been printed apart. Holinshed was not the sole compiler of this work, being assisted in it by several other hands. The time of his death is unknown; but from his will, prefixed to Hearne's edition of Camden's Annals, it appears to have happened between 1578

and 1582.

HOLITSCH, a manufacturing town of Hungary on the Morawa, first patronised as such by the emperor Francis I. The manufacture now chiefly cultivated is that of a species of white ornamental stone. In the neighbourhood is an estate cultivated by the government, as a model of agriculture. Population 4000, thirty-four miles south-east of Brunn.

HOLKAR (Jeswant Rao), a modern Mahratta chief, who distinguished himself by his wars with the English. He first took arms under Moadjha Scindia, and succeeded Maharow Holkar, soubah of Malwa, in the command of the Deccan. He was now able to bring into the field 100,000 men, of whom one-half were cavalry. But engaging in several unfortunate wars with his neighbours, and with the English, his power and territories were very much diminished. Holkar commenced hostilities against the English in 1804, the result of which was a treaty concluded December 24th, the following year, by which all his maritime provinces were eeded to the British. In 1817 the insurrection of the Pindarrees induced Holkar again to make war on the English, but the defection of the Peishwa deranged his operations; and he was ultimately deprived of two-thirds of his remaining dominions. He died in 1825.

I pass for a disaffected person and a murderer, because I do not hoot and hollow, and make a noise. Addison.

He with his hounds comes hollowing from the stable, Makes love with nods, and kneels beneath a table. Pope.

HOLLAND, n. s. Fine linen made in Holand.

Some for the pride of Turkish courts designed For folded turbants finest holland bear. Dryden.

HOLLAND, NORTH and SOUTH, are two important provinces of the kingdom of the Netherlands, that have often given name to the Seven United Provinces, but these appellations have been merged in the title of the kingdom: and Holland is now, properly, the maritime peninsula of that name, divided into the two parts we have specified. It is bounded on the north and west by the German Ocean, on the east by the Zuider Zee and the ci-devant state of Utrecht, and on the south by the Meuse and Dutch Brabant; extending from lat. 51° 40′ to 53° 10′ N.: its longitude is about 180 miles east of London. The length of the whole, including the Texel and the other islands of the Meuse, is about ninety miles; the breadth is various, from fifteen to forty-eight, the greatest breadth being southward. It contains ninety walled towns, besides many others, and above 400 villages. Before the Revolution, in 1795, six large cities had seats in the states general, viz. Dort, Haerlem, Delft, Leyden, Amsterdam, and Gouda. The number of inhabitants was estimated at 800,000. They also reached this number in 1801; but in 1817 they had been reduced by the war to 748,000.

The soil is so soft and marshy, that, but for the constant care in forming ditches and canals, it would be hardly capable of cultivation; some part of it lies even lower than the sea, from which it is secured by dikes, twenty-five_er thirty feet high, and as many broad at top. The meadow grounds are rich, and feed great numbers of cows; the making of butter and cheese being a principal occupation. These meadows are generally under water during the winter, and the inhabitants only discharge them from it by mills adapted, as in the fenny_parts of England, to this particular purpose. The Hollanders are affable, industrious, laborious, absorbed in trade, excellent sailors, moderate politicians, and lovers of liberty. A free exercise of religion is allowed to all persuasions, but Calvinism is the most prevailing.

Holland now sends twenty-two members to the States General, and, in point of jurisdiction, is under the high court of the Hague. The

division into the two governments of South and North Holland is recognised by the constitution of 1814; the former containing 1170 square miles, with 389,000 inhabitants, and being divided into the six districts of the Hague, Leyden, Rotterdam, Dort, Gorcum, and the Briel; while North Holland, which, in official papers, is called by its ancient name of West Friesland, contains 930 square miles, with 359,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the four districts of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoorn, and Alkmaar. The following is the population of the chief

10,000

9,000

Alkmaar Hoorn This country was anciently inhabited by the Batavians, who derived their origin from the Catti, a people of Germany. Having been obliged to abandon their country on account of civil wars, they came to establish themselves in an island, formed by the waters of the Rhine and Wahal or Leck, and named their country Batavia or Betuwe, from Batton, the son of their king. These people served in the Roman armies in quality of auxiliary troops; and his torians inform us, that some of them were at the battle of Pharsalia. They formed the ordinary guard of the emperor Augustus. The services which they rendered Germanicus, in Germany, were so important, that the senate gave them the appellation of brothers. They had afterwards a considerable share in the conquest of Britain, under Plancius and Agricola. They strengthened the party of Galba, and afterwards that of Vitellius; and it was principally to their valor that Julian the Apostate was indebted for the victory he obtained over the Germans near Strasburgh. The name of Holland is said to have been given it on account of the vast and thick forests of wood with which it was at one time covered; Holtlant, in German, signifying woodland. Others think that the Normans, who made a descent nere about 836, gave the country this name; founding their opinion on the resemblance of names found in this country to those in Denmark and Norway, the ancient residence of the Normans; as Zealand, Oland, Schagen, Bergen, &c. On the decline of the Roman empire, the Batavians, having thrown off their yoke, came under the dominion of the Saxons, and then of the French, under Childeric I. king of France. The Normans and the Danes were the next masters, from the time of Charlemagne, and ravaged the country three times with fire and sword. When they were driven away, Charles the Bald, emperor and king of France, erected Holland into a county in 863, in favor of Thierry, duke of Aquitaine, who, five years after, was also made count of Zealand, by Louis king of Germany. In 1299 the county of Hol

land devolved to the counts of Hainault; and in 1436 it fell to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and afterwards to the emperor Maximilian, whose descendant, Philip II. king of Spain, was the last count of Holland; the seven provinces revolting from him, and after a long struggle forming an independent republic. The states of this province had the title of the states of Holland and West Friesland, and were formed of the nobility and towns. The number of the nobility admitted into the assembly was not limited, and not always the same; they were elected by a majority of votes, and rarely exceeded ten. The towns which had a right to send deputies were originally six, but at last eighteen, of which seven were in North Hollana, and eleven in South Holland. The number of deputies sent by each town was not fixed. In the late war Holland at first appeared hostile to the new republic, but never heartily co-operated with the allies. The stadtholder was willing to co-operate heartily with Britain and Prussia, but a party more powerful than his own were his enemies, and, on the invasion of Holland by the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadtholder with his family took refuge in England. Holland was now under various forms of French domination until the year 1813. The Batavian republic was established under the authority of France in 1795; and transformed into the kingdom of Holland, and Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king on the 5th of June, 1806. On the 1st of July, 1810, Louis abdicated the throne in favor of his eldest son, and retired as a private citizen into Bohemia. But this did not meet with Napoleon's approbation, and he incorporated Holland with the French empire on the 9th of the same month. At length the people became weary of this connexion. The events of 1813 had weakened the power that bound them; the people rose, their fetters were broken, and 'Orange boven' (up with the House of Orange), resounded through the country. A provisional government was formed at Amsterdam on the 18th of November. William Frederick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from England at the close of the same month, entered Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, on the following day. By the act of congress, signed at Vienna on the 31st of May, 1815, the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands, which had formerly been subject to the dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the prince of Orange, as William I., king of the Netherlands. See NETHERLANDS.

HOLLAND, NEW, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, the largest in the world, and long supposed to form part of a great southern continent. The Portuguese and Spaniards appear to have visited it in the sixteenth century, but it was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe. In 1605 they coasted it along the western shore as far as 13° 45′ of S. lat.; the farthest point of land in their map being called Cape Keer Weer, or Turn-again. In 1616 the west coasts were discovered by Dirk Hartag, commander of an outward bound vessel from Holland to India; and in the year 1801 there was found, by some of the

navigators by whom that coast was visited, a plate of tin, with an inscription and date, in which it was mentioned that it had been left by him. In 1627 the south coast was discovered for an extent of 1000 miles, by a ship commanded by Pieter Nuyts. In 1628 the west coast was again visited by several of the Dutch East India vessels; and in the following year a Dutch ship, commanded by captain Pelsart, was wrecked on the coast. In 1642 Abel Tasman was sent by the Dutch East India Company to complete the survey of the coast; and he accordingly visited the northern shores of New Holland, which he called Anthony Van Diemen's Land, to distinguish it from Van Diemen's Land, in the south, previously discovered. In 1644 the western coasts were further explored by Tasman, but little is known of his discoveries in this quarter. It only appears that he represented the people as savage, and going naked, and that he could not understand their language. They once came to the number of fifty, double armed, dividing themselves into two parties, intending to have surprised the Dutch, who had landed twenty-five men; but the firing of guns frightened them, so that they fled. Their prows are made of the bark of trees: their coast is dangerous: there are few vegetables: the people use no houses. The inhabitants are very numerous, and threw stones at the boats sent by the Dutch to the shore. They made fires and smoke all along the coast, which, it was conjectured, they did to give notice to their neighbours of strangers being upon the coast. They appear to live very poorly, go naked, and eat yams and other roots.

In 1688 Dampier fell in with this island, and visited it again 1699. He describes the inhabitants as the most miserable people in the world, without houses, and clothes; black, tall, thin, straight bodied, with small limbs, great heads, and heavy brows.' Their eyelids are always half closed, to keep the flies out of their eyes, which are here so troublesome, that no fanning will drive them away from the face; and without the assistance of both hands to keep them off, they will fill one's nostrils and mouth too, if the lips are not shut close; so that from their infancy, being thus annoyed with those insects, they never open their eyes like other people, and consequently cannot see far, unless they hold up their heads as if they were looking at something over them. They have great bottle noses, pretty full, and wide mouths; are long visaged, and of most unpleasant aspect.'

Captain Cook in 1770 traced its eastern side with an accuracy that left little to be performed by his successors. Since the voyage of this great navigator, the separation of Van Diemen's land has been ascertained by the enterprising Bass; and the voyages of D'Entrecastaux, Baudin, and Flinders, have completed the outline of the

coasts.

The eastern coast, or NEW SOUTH WALES (which see), commences at Cape York, in 10° 30′ S. lat., and terminates at Wilson's Promontory in Bass's Strait, in 39° 0′ including an extent of 700 leagues. A chain of mountains appears to run parallel to this coast, through its whole length, whose bases are from ten to thirty leagues

from the sea. Until very recently all attempts to pass this natural barrier have been unsuccessful. It has, however, at last been overcome, and, instead of the sandy deserts or the inland seas with which conjecture had occupied the interior, the discovery of beautiful meadows, watered by considerable rivers and by chains of ponds, has given to the colonists new prospects of extension and riches. The coasts towards the south are in general elevated and covered with lofty trees. Towards the north they are lower, bordered with mangrove swamps, and lined with a labyrinth of islets and coral reefs. The Blue Mountains, which rise behind the seat of the colony, at the distance of thirty miles, are a mixture of primitive and secondary rocks, and have not yet been discovered to contain any metal.

The rivers which empty themselves on the east coast are few, and of no magnitude in proportion to the extent of the country. The Hawkesbury, which is the most considerable, empties itself into Broken Bay, north of Port Jackson, and, though deeply encased, it often overflows, and has several times swept away the buildings and corn magazines on its banks.

At Port Jackson the climate is nearly similar to that of the Cape of Good Hope. In December the heat is greatest, the thermometer sometimes rising to 112°, and the grass has been known to take fire spontaneously. Short intervals of north-west wind sometimes bring a degree of suffocating heat, equal to the scirocco or kamsin, while at others masses of ice eight inches long fall as hail. Tremendous storms, attended with thunder and lightning, have also occasionally occurred, and a shock of an earthquake was experienced in 1801. The climate is nevertheless extremely healthy; and in July and August, the winter of this hemisphere, the coolness of the air is invigorating and pleasant.

The principal trees met throughout New Holland are the eucalyptus, or gum tree, of various kinds, and the casuarina, or beef wood of the colonists of Port Jackson. With the exception of some bad roots, and a few berries, nature seems to have denied this vast country any species of alimentary vegetable, but all those of Europe and many of the tropics have been introduced into the colony.

The native dog excepted, all the quadrupeds discovered in New Holland approach the didelphus genus, by the pouch or sack formed of the skin of the belly, and in which their young take shelter when alarmed. The largest of these animals is the kangaroo, which grows to the length of five feet. A smaller species, named brush kangaroo, is the size of the hare; and the little animal named the kangaroo rat is only so called from its diminutive bulk. The womat is the size of a turnspit dog, and has some resemblance to the bear. The tachyglossus has the figure of the porcupine of Africa and the manner of feeding of the ant-eater of America. The amphibious mole, ornithorincus, is a very singular animal, having the jaws of a quadruped terminated by the bill of a duck, the feet webbed and with claws, and, from the absence of breasts in the female, it is supposed to be oviparous; it is about sixteen inches long, and lives in fresh

tend against great difficulties, arising from the necessity of procuring every species of provision from England, and above all from the evil habits of the colonists, and latterly from the dissensions amongst the chief persons forming its government: nevertheless such is the force of the innate principle of man to better his condition, that, in spite of every obstacle, the colony has always advanced, and has at last become nearly independent for necessaries of the mother country. See WALES, NEW SOUTH.

In 1811 the colonial shipping consisted of twenty-nine vessels, from fourteen to 186 tons, chiefly employed in conveying coals from Coal River, corn from the Hawkesbury and George's River, and sealing among the islands in Bass's Strait.

Port Jackson is an excellent harbour, entered between two high steep heads, and penetrating many miles, forming upwards of 100 coves. The only danger is a ledge of rocks across the entrance, leaving a channel on each side with four fathoms depth. Sydney Town is composed of good houses of stone and brick, of the officers of government and chief free settlers; the habitations of the lower class are of wood, plastered. The public buildings are a church, barracks, a jail, orphan school, a stone bridge over a little creek which receives a small run of fresh water, and the government-house.

The out settlements immediately dependent on Sydney are Paramatta at the head of the harbour, consisting of barracks, a government-house, church, and jail, with a street of dwelling houses. The Greenhills or Hawkesbury, on the banks of the river of this name, consists of a large granary of brick, and a number of wooden dwelling-houses. An establishment was found in 1805 at Coal River, in Port Hunter, north of Port Jackson, which received the name of King's Town.

The topography of New Holland, after taking leave of the colony of Port Jackson, offers little more than barren names. We shall, however, endeavour to present the reader with an idea of its principal points. Commencing at Cape York, which forms the south side of Endeavour Strait of Cook, the coast trends south-east to Cape Flattery, and then S.S. E. to Magnetic Island. South of Cape Flattery is Endeavour River, where captain Cook observed alligators and oysters of an enormous size. The natives baked their victuals in holes in the ground. From Magnetic Island, so named from the vacillation of the needle near it, the coast again takes a south-east direction, to the Great Bay of Inlets of Cook, before which are many islands; and from the latitude of 17° to 23° a chain of coral reefs defends the coast from the attacks of the sea, and has been named by captain Flinders Barrier Reefs. In Broad Sound the tide rises thirty or thirty-five feet. No fresh water was found on its shores, and this necessary object is only found in stagnant pools in Shoal-water Bay, where captain Flinders observed pummice stone washed up on the shore. The eastern direction of the coast ends at Sandy Cape, the south point of Hervey Bay, where the huts of the natives were observed by Cook to be con

structed with more solidity than to the south. Glass-house Bay was named from several hills behind it resembling those edifices. It receives some rivers, considerable in comparison with the scanty rills met on all the rest of the coast to the north; and pummice stone was found on its shores.

From Point Look-out the coast takes a direction to the west of south, and has no place of shelter to Port Stephens, where commences the immediate territory of the colony of Port Jackson, named Cumberland County. Port Stephens (Yaca-aba of the natives) is full of shoals, and only fit for small craft. Broken Bay is a large expanse of water, dividing into many branches, and receiving the river Hawkesbury, the most considerable of New Holland; it is navigable to the settlement at the Green Hills, ninety miles from the sea; but about twelve miles above this, its bed is crossed by a bar of rocks.

South of Port Jackson the coast has been minutely explored, and found to possess the following places in succession. Botany Bay, thus named by Sir Joseph Banks, from the great variety of plants found on its shores; it is a large expanse of water, but so filled by banks as to afford no anchorage for ships, except exposed to the sea. Its shores are also in many places swampy. It receives George's River, of considerable size, on which are some farms, whose produce is sent by sea to Sydney.

From Cape Howe the coast takes an abrupt westerly direction, trending about south-west to Wilson's Promontory, in Bass's Strait. This promontory, which is the south point of New Holland, is a vast mass of granite, joined to the continent by a narrow low isthmus. Between it and Cape Howe the shore presents an unbroken continuity of white sandy beach.

On the south coast of New Holland, in Bass's Strait, are Western Port and Port Philip. The former, discovered by Bass, has since been examined by Baudin, and found to contain two islands instead of one. It is a large basin, fit for the reception of ships of burden.

Port Philip, discovered by lieutenant Grant, is entered from a large bay, to which the English navigator gave the name of King, and the French that of Talleyrand. From an entrance only half a mile wide Port Philip expands to a basin 150 miles in circuit. Its shores are in general moderately elevated and sandy, but covered with wood, particularly the casuarina. Except a small river, which it receives, it is almost totally destitute of fresh water, and hence the intention of forming an establishment here was abandoned.

From Cape Albany Otway (Cape Marengo of the French) the west point of Bass's Strait, the coast takes a direction to the north of west. The whole extent, from 130° of longitude to Bass's Strait, was visited nearly at the same time by captain Flinders, and Baudin the French navigator.

From Cape Bridgewater (Montaigne) to the Gulf of St. Vincent (Bay Josephine) the coast is composed of sandy cliffs, and frightfully barren.