cer in his lip, and was buried in the church of St. Christopher, where a handsome monument was erected to his memory. He was one of the first mathematicians of the age in which he lived, and will always be remembered as the inventor of the present improved method of algebraical calculation; which was adopted by Des Cartes, and for a considerable time imposed upon the French nation as his own invention; but the theft was at last detected by Dr. Wallis, in his History of Algebra, where our author's invention is accurately specified. His works are, 1. A brief and true Report of the New found Land of Virginia; of the commodities there found, and to be raised, &c. 2. Artis analyticæ praxis ad æquationes algebraicas nova expedita, et generali methodo resolvendas, e posthumis Thomæ Harrioti, &c. 3. Ephemeris Chyrometrica; MS. in the library of Sion College. He left several other MSS., which were inspected by Dr. Zach, astronomer to the duke of Saxe Gotha, in 1784, at Petworth, in Sussex, the seat of the earl of Evremont, a descendant of Henry earl of Northumberland. Dr. Zach published an account of them in the Astronomical Ephemeris for 1788: from which it appears that Harriot had made great discoveries in astronomy; particularly that he had observed the spots in the sun so early as December the 8th, 1610; which was eighteen months earlier than Galileo's first published observations respecting them; and that he had also discovered the satellites of Jupiter, and made drawings of their positions, and calculations of their revolutions, in January 1610, the same month when Galileo discovered them. Dr. Zach adds, that Harriot's observations of the comet of 1607 are still of The following was the inscription upon his monument:

use.

Siste, Viator, leviter preme. Jacet hic juxta quod mortale fuit C. V.

THOME HARRIOTI.
Hic fuit doctissimus ille Harriotus
De Syon ad flumen Thamesin,

Patriâ et Educatione
Oxoniensis.

Qui omnes scientias calluit, et in omnibus excelluit;
Mathematicis, Philosophicis, Theologicis.
Veritatis Indagator Studiosissimus.
Dei Triniunius cultor piissimus.
Sexagenarius aut eò circiter
Mortalitati valedixit, non Vitæ,
An. Christi MDCXXI. 2. Julij.

HARRIS (William), a protestant dissenting minister of eminent abilities, who resided at Honiton, in Devonshire. On September the 20th, 1765, the degree of D. D. was unanimously conferred on him by the university of Glasgow. He published an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives of James I., Charles I., and Oliver Cromwell, in 5 vols. 8vo. after the manner of Bayle. He was preparing a similar account of James II. He also wrote the life of Hugh Peters; besides many fugitive pieces occasionally, for the public prints, in support of liberty and virtue. Dr. Harris died at Honiton, February the 4th, 1770.

HARRIS (John), as the first compiler of a dic

tionary of arts and sciences, in this country, certainly deserves notice in an encyclopædia. He was born about the year 1670, and received his education at St. John's College, in the university of Cambridge, where he took the degree of B. A. in 1687, and that of M. A. in 1691. Having taken orders in the church, he obtained considerable preferments. He was first instituted into the rectory of Barming, which he resigned for St. Mildred, Bread Street, London; he held also the perpetual curacy of Stroud, near Rochester, in Kent, and he was prebendary of Rochester cathedral. Ile was a fellow, secretary, and vice-president to the Royal Society. In 1698 he preached the course of Boyle's Lectures, which was published; and in the next year he took the degree of D.D. Dr. Harris also published several single sermons; and a Collection of Voyages and Travels, with a number of Engravings; a Treatise on the Theory of the Earth, in 1697; a Treatise on Algebra, in 1702; a translation of Pardie's Geometry into English, a seventh edition of which in 12mo. was printed in 1734; Astronomical Dialogues, the third edition of which appeared in 1795; but the work for which he was most eminently distinguished was his Lexicon Technicum, or A Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, in 2 vols. folio, published in 1708; from which originated all the other dictionaries of science and cyclopædias that have since appeared. He died September the 7th, 1719, leaving unfinished the History of Kent, which was published in folio very soon after his death.

HARRIS (James), a writer on philology, was born at Salisbury in 1709, and was nephew to Shaftesbury the author of the Characteristics. Having entered as a gentleman commoner of Wadham College, Oxford, at the age of sixteen, he afterwards became a probationer at Lincoln's Inn. On the death of his father, at the age of twenty-three, he came into possession of an independent fortune, and retired to his native place to dedicate his time to literature. In 1744 he published a volume containing Essays on Art, on Music and Painting, and on Happiness; a prelude to his Hermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry concerning Universal Grammar, displaying much ingenuity, and an extensive acquaintance with the Greek writers, both poets and philosophers; but his ignorance of the northern dialects is very conspicuous. See our article GRAMMAR. In 1761 he was chosen M. P. for the borough of Christ Church; and next year was appointed one of the lords of the admiralty, which office he exchanged in 1763 for that of a lord of the treasury. He returned to the ministry in 1765; but was made secretary and comptroller to the queen in 1774. His philological Enquiries was a posthumous work. He died in 1780.

HARRIS (Gael Na Heradh, or Hardubb, i. e. the heights), a peninsula and parish of Scotland, in Invernesshire, forty-eight miles long, and from six to twenty-four broad; consisting of seven large inhabited islands, viz. Berneray, Pabby, Calligray and Ensay, on the south; and Taransay, Scalpay and Scarp on the north; besides the peninsula, and above thirty smaller

isles uninhabited. Of these islands some produce good crops of oats, barley, and potatoes, and all of them pasture; but the soil in general is poor, and the greater part not arable. The population in 1793, stated by the Rev. John M'Leod, in his report to Sir J. Sinclair, was 2536. The number of sheep (which range unheeded through the mountains and commons), was about 11,000; that of goats 250; of horses 1000; of black cattle 2460; and of deer 800. All these animals are small in size; but the beef and mutton are delicious, and the wool is extremely fine. About 350 persons are employed in making from 400 to 500 tons of kelp annually. The population has rapidly increased

of late.

HARRIS, the peninsula of the Hebrides in the above parish, forming with Lewis one of the Western Islands of Scotland. See LEWIS. Harris is twenty miles long and ten broad. Upon the east side it is mostly rock; but on the west there are some tolerable farms, and the number of people amounts to 2000. It has Lewis on the north, and North Uist on the south, from which it is separated by the sound. Harris abounds on the east side in excellent bays, and its shores on both sides form one continued fishery.

HARRIS, SOUND OF, a navigable channel, between a peninsula of the Hebrides bearing the same name and North Uist, nine miles broad, and nine long. It is the only passage, between the Butt of Lewis and Barra, for vessels of burden passing to and from the west side of Long Island. It requires a skilful pilot, being greatly encumbered with rocks and islands. The fish on this coast are more numerous, and of larger dimensions, than those of the opposite continent; on which account two royal fishing stations were begun in the reign of Charles I., one in Loch Maddie and the other in the Sound of Harris. A phenomenon is remarked by the Rev. Mr. M'Leod, in the tides of this Sound:- From the autumnal to the vernal equinox, the current in neap tides passes all day from east to west, and all night in the contrary direction. Immediately after the vernal equinox it changes this course, going all day from west to east, and the contrary at night. In spring tides the current corresponds nearly to the common course.'

HARRISBURGH, the present metropolis of Pennsylvania, United States, in Dauphin county, is on the north-east bank of the Susquehanna; sixteen miles east of Carlisle, thirty-six W.N.W. of Lancaster, ninety-eight west of Philadelphia. It contains a court-house, a jail, two market houses, a bank, and three houses of public worship; one for Lutherans, one for Presbyterians, and one for German Presbyterians. It is very pleasantly situated, regularly laid out, a great part of the houses are handsomely built of brick, and the town makes a very fine appearance. Two wings of a state house have been erected on a delightful elevation at a little distance from the river. Here is a very elegant covered bridge across the Susquehanna.

HARRISON (John), one of the regicide judges who sat upon the trial of king Charles I.,

and one of the ten who were executed for that act, after the Restoration. See ENGLAND. Ile was the son of a butcher, and had been raised to the rank of colonel, and afterwards of general, in the army of the parliament. Dr. Goldsmith gives the following account of his behaviour at his trial and execution:-General Harrison, who was first brought to his trial, pleaded his cause with that undaunted firmness which he had shown through life. What he had done, he said, was from the impulse of the Spirit of God. He would not, for any benefit to himself, hurt a hair of the poorest man or woman upon earth; and during the usurpation of Cromwell, when all acknowledged his right, or bowed down to his power, he had boldly upbraided the usurper to hts face; and all the terrors of imprisonment, and allurements of ambition, had not been able to bend him to a compliance to that deceitful tyrant. Harrison's death was marked with the same admirable constancy which he showed at his trial.-Some circumstances of scandalous barbarity attended the execution. Harrison's entrails were torn out and thrown into the fire, before he expired. His head was fixed on the sledge that drew Coke and Peters to the place of execution, with the face turned towards them.'

HARRISON (John), the inventor of the celebrated time-keeper for ascertaining the longitude at sea; and also of the compound, or, as it is commonly called, the gridiron pendulum; was born at Foulby, near Pontefract, in Yorkshire, in 1693. The vigor of his natural abilities, if not strengthened by want of education, which confined his attention to few objects, at least amply compensated for it; as appeared from the astonishing progress he made in that branch of mechanics to which he devoted himself. His father was a carpenter, and occasionally surveyed land, and repaired clocks and watches. In 1700 he removed to Barrow, in Lincolnshire; where the son eagerly improved every incident from which he might collect information; frequently employing great part of his nights in writing or drawing: and he always acknowledged his obligations to a clergyman who lent him a MS. copy of professor Saunderson's Lectures; which he carefully transcribed, with all the diagrams. In 1726 he had constructed two clocks, mostly of wood, in which he applied the escapement and compound pendulum of his own invention: these surpassed every thing then made, scarcely erring a second in a month. In 1728 he came up to London with the drawings of a machine for determining the longitude at sea, in expectation of being enabled to execute one by the Board of Longitude. Upon application to Dr. Halley he referred him to Mr. George Graham; who advised him to make his machine before he applied to the board. He returned home to perform this task; and in 1735 came to London with his first machine, with which he was sent to Lisbon the next year, for trial. In this short voyage he corrected the dead reckoning about a degree and a half; which success procured him both public and private encouragement. About 1739 he completed his second machine, of a construction much more simple than the former, and which

answered much better: this, though not sent to sea, recommended him still more to patronage. His third machine, in 1749, was still less complicated than the second, and superior in accuracy, erring only three or four seconds in a week. This he conceived to be the ne plus ultra of his attempts; but, in an endeavour to improve pocket watches, the principles he applied surpassed his expectations so much as to encourage him to make his fourth time-keeper, which is in the form of a pocket watch, about six inches in diameter. With this time-keeper his son made two voyages; the one to Jamaica, and the other to Barbadoes: in both which experiments it corrected the longitude within the nearest limits required by the act of the 12th of queen Anne; and the inventor therefore, at different times, though not without great trouble, received the proposed reward of £20,000. These four machines were given up to the board of longitude. The three foriner were now of no use, as all their advantages were comprehended in the last; they were worthy, however, of being carefully preserved as mechanical curiosities, in which might be traced the gradations of ingenuity executed with the most delicate workmanship. They are kept in the royal observatory at Greenwich. The fourth machine, emphatically called the timekeeper, was copied by the ingenious Mr. Kendal; and that duplicate, during a three years' circumnavigation of the globe in the southern hemisphere by captain Cook, answered as well as the original. The latter part of Mr. Harrison's life was employed in making a fifth improved timekeeper on the same principles with the preceding one; which at the end of a ten weeks' trial, in 1772, at the king's private observatory at Richmond, erred only four seconds and a half. Within a few years of his death he had frequent fits of the gout, a disorder that never attacked him before his seventy-seventh year: he died at his house in Red Lion Square in 1776, aged eightythree. His recluse manner of life, in the unremitted pursuit of his favorite object, was not calculated to qualify him as a man of the world; and the many discouragements he encountered, in soliciting the legal reward of his labors, still less disposed him to accommodate himself to the humors of mankind. In conversing on his profession he was clear, distinct, and modest; but found a difficulty in explaining his meaning by writing; in which he adhered to a peculiar and uncouth phraseology. This was evident in his Description concerning such Mechanism as will afford a nice or true Mensuration of Time, &c., 8vo., 1775; in which he obstinately refused to accept of any assistance whatever. This work contains also an account of his new musical scale, or mechanical division of the octave, according to the proportion which the radius and diameter of a circle have respectively to the circumference. He had in his youth been the leader of a distinguished band of church singers; had a very delicate ear for music; and his experiments on sound, with a most curious monochord of his own improvement, are reported to have been no less accurate than those in which he was engaged for the mensuration of time.

HARRISON (William), a writer much patronised by the literati of his time. He was fellow of New College, Oxford; and was some time tutor to the duke of Queensberry's son. Dr. Swift, by his interest with Mr. St. John, obtained for him the employment of secretary to lord Raby, ambassador at the Hague, and afterwards earl of Strafford. A letter of his, dated Utrecht, December 16th 1712, is printed in the dean's works. Mr. Harrison did not long enjoy his rising fortune. He was sent to London with the Barrier treaty, and died February 14th, 1712-13. Dr. Swift laments his loss in his Journal to Stella. Mr. Tickel mentions him with respect in his Prospect of Peace; and Dr. Young, in the close of an epistle to lord Lansdowne, bewails his loss. Dr. Birch, who has given a curious note on Harrison's Letter to Swift, has confounded him with Thomas Harrison, M. A., of Queen's College. In Nichols's select Collection are some pleasing specimens of his poetry; which, with Woodstock Park, in Dodsley's Collection, and an Ode to the Duke of Marlborough 1707, in Duncombe's Horace, are all the poetical writings that are known of this young man ; who figured both as a humorist and a politician in the fifth volume of the Tatler, of which (under the patronage of Bolingbroke, Henley, and Swift) he was professedly the editor.

HARRISON, a county of the state of Ohio, United States, bounded on the south by Belmont, east by Jefferson, north by Columbia and Stark, and west by Tuscarawa. Its surface is hilly, and abounds with coal mines, freestone, limestone, and a fine white soft tenacious clay. It is watered by the Stillwater, and other branches of the Tuscarawa, and by the creeks running into the Ohio.

HARRISON, a county of the United States, in Kentucky. Cyntheana is the chief town.

HARRISON, a county of the state of Indiana, in the United States, bounded east by Clark county, south by the Ohio, west by the new county of Perry, and north by Washington.

HARRISON, a county of the United States, in the western part of Virginia, bounded north by Ohio county, north-east by Monongalia, south by Greenbriar, and south-west by Kenhaway. It is about 120 miles in length, and eighty in breadth. The chief town is Clarksburg.

HARROGATE, or HARROWGATE, a village in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the parish of Knaresborough, remarkable for three medicinal springs, all different in their qualities, notwithstanding their vicinity: viz. 1. The Tewet Water, or Sweet Spa, a vitriolic spring of a sort of milky taste, discovered by Mr. Slingsby in 1638. 2. The Sulphur Spring, useful in dropsical, scorbutic, and gouty cases. It rises in the town, and is received in four basins under four different buildings: at one it is drunk; at the others used for hot or cold baths. It is perfectly clear, and very salt; but the taste and smell resemble those of a mixture of rotten eggs, sulphur, and sea-water. Bathing is the most general mode of using it. It is the strongest sulphurwater in Great Britain; and does not lose the sulphureous smell even when exposed to almost a boiling heat. In distilling it, when three pints

had been taken off from a gallon of it, the last was as strong as the first. It is discutient and attenuating, and a warm bath of it is of great benefit in pains, strains and lameness; dissolving hard swellings, curing old ulcers and scrofulous complaints, and cleansing the stomach and bowels. 3. St. Mungo's Well, is so called from St. Mungo or St. Kentigern, a Scotch saint. See KENTIGERN. Harrogate lies three miles west of Knaresborough, and 208 north of London.

HARʼROW, n. s., v. a. & )
HAR ROWER, n. s. [interj.
HARRY, v. a.
timbers crossing each other,

Fr. charrue, hercer ; German, harcke, a rake. A frame of and set with teeth, drawn over sowed ground to break the clods, and throw the earth over the seed. The verb is often used in a figurative sense to pillage; strip; lay waste; to invade; to disturb, or put in commotion, as with a dreadful tale. Harrow, the interjection, is an exclamation of distress and now out of use. Harry, in Scotland, signifies to rob; plunder; or oppress; as, one harried a nest; that is, he took the young away: as also, he harried me out of house and home; that is, he robbed me of my goods, and turned me out of doors.

Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee?

Job.

And, when the mele is sacked and ybound, This John goth out, and fint his horse away, And gan to crie: Harrow and wala wa! Our hors is lost. Chaucer. The Reves Tale. They crieden, Out harrow and wala wa. Id. The Nonnes Preestes Tale. Friend, harrow in time, by some manner of means, Tusser. Not only thy person, but also thy beans.

Most glorious Lord of life, that on this day Did'st make thy triumph over death and sin; And having harrowed hell, didst bring away Captivity thence captive, us to win. Spenser. And, he that harrowed hell with heavy stowre, The faulty souls from thence brought to his heavenly bowre. Id. Faerie Queene. Harrow now out and weal away, he cried; What dismal day hath sent this cursed light, To see my lord so deadly damnifyed? Spenser. I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood, Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres. Shakspeare.

Thou must not take my former sharpness ill.

That I so harry'd him.

-I

repent me much

Let the Volscians

Plow Rome, and harrow Italy.

:

Id.

Id.

Id.

Most like it harrows me with fear and wonder.

HARROW ON THE HILL, a town of Middlesex, with a church and lofty spire, seated on the top of the highest hill in the county, ten miles W. N. W. of London. It is noted for a free school, founded in the reign of queen Elizabeth.

HARSH, adj. Germ. hervische.-SkinHARSH'LY, adv. ner. Rough or rugged; HARSH'NESS, 1. s. grating to the ear; discordant: figuratively, severe; crabbed; morose: violence, as opposed to gentleness,

My wife is in a wayward mood to-day,

I tell you, 'twould sound harshly in her ears.

Shakspeare.

Get from him why he puts on this confusion, Grating so harshly all his days of quiet With turbulent and dangerous lunacy.

A name unmusical to Volscian ears, And harsh in sound to thine.

Id..

Id.

Boyle.

Neither can the natural harshness of the French, or the perpetual ill accent, be ever refined into perfect harmony like the Italian. Dryden.

Cannot I admire the height of Milton's invention, and the strength of his expressions, without defending his antiquated words, and the perpetual harshness of their sound? Id.

Age might, what nature never gives the young, Have taught the smoothness of thy native tongue; But satire needs not that, and wit will shine Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line. The unnecessary consonants made their spelling tedious, and their pronunciation harsh.

Id.

With eloquence innate his tongue was armed; Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmned. Id.

Milton.

The land with daily care

Is exercised, and with an iron war Of rakes and harrows.

The rings of iron that on the doors were hung, Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung. Thy tender hefted nature shall not give Thee o'er to harshness: her eyes are fierce, but thine Id. Do comfort and not burn.

Id.

Dryden.

Two small harrows, that clap on each side of the ridge, harrow it right up and down. Mortimer.

Tho' Fortune yield the captive ne'er despair, But seek the constable's considerate ear; He will reverse the watchman's harsh decree, Gay. Moved by the rhetoric of a silver fee. A certain quickness of apprehension inclined him to kindle into the first motions of anger; but, for a long time before he died, no one heard an intemperate or harsh word proceed from him. Atterbury.

"Tis not enough no harshness gives offence; The sound must seem an echo to the sense. Pope. The same defect of heat which gives a fierceness to our natures, may contribute to that roughness of our language, which bears some analogy to the harsh fruit Swift.

of colder countries.

Whose delegated cruelty surpasses The worst acts of one energetic master, However harsh and hard in his own bearing.

Ramose concretions of the volatile salts are observ. able upon the glass of the receiver, whilst the spirits

of vipers and hartshorn are drawn.

Woodward.

Hartshorn is a drug that comes into use many ways, and under many forms. What is used here are the whole horns of the common male deer, which fall off every year. This species is the fallow-deer; but some tell us, that the medicinal hartshorn should be that of the true hart or stag. The salt of hartshorn is a great sudorifick, and the spirit has all the virtues of volatile alkalies: it is used to bring people out of faintings by its pungency, holding it under the nose, and pouring down some drops of it in water. Hill.

HART, a stag, or male deer, in the sixth year. See CERVUS.

HARTS, HORNS OF, the horns of the male deer. The scrapings or raspings of these are medicinal, and used in decoctions, ptisans, &c. The horns of harts yield by distillation a very penetrating volatile spirit called volatile alkali; which is also procured in equal perfection from the horns, bones, &c., of other animals. See ALKALI, CHEMISTRY, and HARTSHORN.

HARTE (Walter), an English poet and divine, the son of a non-juring clergyman. He was born about 1697, and received his education at Marlborough, whence he was removed to St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, where he took his degree

of M. A. in 1720. In 1727 he published a volume of poems, dedicated to the earl of Peterborough. In the same year he also published his Essay on Satire; and in 1735 an Essay on Rea son, in which he was assisted by Pope. He subsequently became vice-principal of St. Mary's Hall; and was recoinmended by lord Lyttleton to the earl of Chesterfield, as a travelling and private preceptor to his natural son, with whom he made the tour of Europe, from 1746 to 1750. On his return the last nobleman procured him a canonry of Windsor. In 1759 he published his History of Gustavus Adolphus. His last work was a collection of poems entitled The Amaranth, which appeared in 1763. He died in 1774, at St. Austle in Cornwall, of which place he was vicar. Besides the above works, Mr. Harte was author of Essays on Husbandry.

HARTFORD, a county in the north part of Connecticut, United States. Population 44,733 HARTFORD, a city, the metropolis of Connec ticut, in a county of the same name, United States, on the west bank of Connecticut River, fifty miles above its mouth; fourteen miles north of Middletown, thirty-four N. N. E. of Newhaven, forty-two north-west of New London, sixty-eight west of Providence, ninety-four southeast of Albany, 100 W.S. W. of Boston, and 338 of Washington. Population 3955; and including the township 6003. It is pleasantly situated, at the head of a sloop navigation, and contains a state-house, two market-houses, two banks, two insurance offices, a state arsenal, an academy, a library of 2500 volumes, and four houses of public worship; two for Congregationalists, one for Episcopalians, and one for Baptists. The state-house is a handsome edifice, built of brick and stone. One of the congregational meetinghouses is very large and elegant. A small stream, called Little River, divides the town into two parts, which are connected by a bridge. The city is a generally well built, and makes a handstreets intersecting each other at right angles. It some appearance. It is regularly laid out, the is situated in a pleasant and fertile tract of country, and is considerable both for its trade and manufactures.

Hartford contains three distilleries, a cotton manufactory, a woollen manufactory, and ten printing offices, from four of which are issued weekly newspapers. It has also extensive manufactures of coaches, saddlery, and brass work. The public offices of the state are kept here. The elections and spring sessions of the legislature are held at Hartford, and the autumn sessions at New-Haven.- Within the township there is a parish, called West Hartford, with another congregational meeting-house, three miles from the city.

On the 15th of April, 1817, an institution, styled the "Connecticut Asylum, for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, was opened in this city with twenty-one pupils. The number of pupils in May, 1818, was forty-one; under the instruction of a principal and four assistants. The success of this benevolent institution has hitherto been highly gratifying to the friends of humanity, and the improvement of the pupils has equalled the most sanguine expectations of