159. The gold dollar is the unit of United States money; dimes, cents, and mills are fractions of a dollar, and are separated from the dollar by the decimal point; thus, two dollars one dime two cents five mills, are written $2.125.

By examining the table, we see that the dime is a tenth part of the unit, or dollar; the cent a tenth part of the dime or a hundredth part of the dollar; and the mill a tenth part if the cent, a hundredth part of the dime, or a thousandth part of the dollar. Hence the denominations of decimal currency increase and decrease the same as decimal fractions, and are expressed according to the same decimal system of notation; and they may be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided in the same manner as decimals.

Dimes are not read as dimes, but the two places of dimes and cents are appropriated to cents; thus, 1 dollar 3 dimes cents, or $1.32, are read one dollar thirty-two cents; hence, When the number of cents is less than 10, we write a ipher before it in the place of dimes.

The half cent is frequently written as 5 mills; thus, 24 cents, written $.245.

160. Business men frequently write cents as common fractions of a dollar; thus, three dollars thirteen cents are written $313, and read, three and thirteen hundredths dollars. In business transactions, when the final result of a computation contains 5 mills or more, they are called one cent, and when less than 5, they are rejected.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE

1. Write four dollars five cents. 2. Write two dollars nine cents.

Ans. $4.05.

3. Write ten dollars ten cents.

4. Write eight dollars seven mills.

Ans. $8.007.

What is the unit of U. S. currency? What is the general law of increase and decrease? In practice, how many decimal places are given to cents? In business transactions, how are cents frequently written? What is done if the mills exceed 5? If less than 5 ?

5. Write sixty-four cents.

6. Write three cents two mills.

Ans. $0.64.

7. Write one hundred dollars one cent one mill.

8. Read $7.93; $8.02; $6.542.

9. Read $5.272; $100.025; $17.005.

10. Read $16.205; $215.081; $1000.011; $4.002.

REDUCTION.

161. By examining the table of Decimal Currency, we see that 10 mills make one cent, and 100 cents, or 1000 mills, make one dollar; hence,

To change dollars to cents, multiply by 100; that is, annex two ciphers.

To change dollars to mills, annex three ciphers.

To change cents to mills, annex one cipher.

To change dollars and cents to cents, or dollars, cents, and mills to mills, remove

the decimal point and the sign, $.

5. Change $63.045 to mills.

Ans. 63045 mills.

6. Change 16 cents to mills.

7. Reduce $3.008 to mills.

8. In 89 cents how many mills?

162. Conversely,

To change cents to dollars, divide by 100; that is, point off two figures from the right.

To change mills to dollars, point off three figures.

To change mills to cents, point off one figure.

How are dollars changed to cents? to mills? How are cents changed to mills? How are cents changed to dollars? Mills to dollars? to cents?

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. Change 875 cents to dollars.
2. Change 1504 cents to dollars.
3. In 13875 cents how many dollars?
4. In 16525 mills how many dollars?
5. Reduce 524 milis to cents.

6. Reduce 6524 mills to dollars.

ADDITION.

Ans. $8.75.

163. 1. A man bought a cow for 21 dollars 50 cents, a horse for 125 dollars 374 cents, a harness for 46 dollars 75 cents, and a carriage for 210 dollars; how much did he pay for all ?

OPERATION.

$ 21.50

125.375

46.75 210.00

Ans. $403.625

ANALYSIS. Writing dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc., so that the decimal points shall stand under each other, add and point off as in addition of decimals.

RULE. I. Write dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc. II. Add as in simple numbers, and place the point in the amount as in addition of decimals.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

2. What is the sum of 50 dollars 7 cents, 1000 dollars 75 cents, 60 dollars 3 mills, 18 cents 4 mills, 1 dollar 1 cent, and 25 dollars 45 cents 8 mills? Ans. $1137.475.

3. Add 364 dollars 54 cents 1 mill, 486 dollars 6 cents, 93 dollars 9 mills, 1742 dollars 80 cents, 3 dollars 27 cents 6 mills. Ans. $2689.686.

4. Add 92 cents, 10 cents 4 mills, 35 cents 7 mills, 18 cents 6 mills, 44 cents 4 mills, 124 cents, and 99 cents. Ans. $3.126.

Explain the process of addition of decimal currency. Rule, first step. Second,

5. A farmer receives 89 dollars 74 cents for wheat, 13 dollars 3 cents for corn, 6 dollars 37 cents for potatoes, and 19 dollars 62 cents for oats; what does he receive for the whole? Ans. $128.77.

6. A lady bought a dress for 9 dollars 17 cents, trimmings for 87 cents, a paper of pins for 64 cents, some tape for 4 cents, some thread for 8 cents, and a comb for 11 cents; what did she pay for all? Ans. $10.3375.

7. Paid for building a house $2175.75, for painting the same $240.371, for furniture $605.40, for carpets $140.12; what was the cost of the house and furnishing?

8. Bought a ton of coal for $6.08, a barrel of sugar for $26.625, a box of tea for $16, and a barrel of flour for $7.40; what was the cost of all?

9. A merchant bought goods to the amount of $7425.50; he paid for duties on the same $253.96, and for freight $170.09; what was the entire cost of the goods?

10. I bought a hat for $3.624, a pair of shoes for $14, an umbrella for $13, a pair of gloves for $.62, and a cane for $.871; what was the cost of all my purchases? Ans. $8.25.

SUBTRACTION.

164. 1. A man, having $327.50, paid out $186.75 for a horse; how much had he left?

OPERATION.

$327.50

186.75

Ans. $140.75

ANALYSIS. Writing the less number under the greater, dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc., subtract and point off in the result as in subtraction of decimals.

RULE. I. Write the subtrahend under the minuend, dollars under dollars, cents under cents.

II. Subtract as in simple numbers, and place the point in the remainder, as in subtraction of decimals.

Explain the process of subtraction. Give rule, first step. Second.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

2. From 365 dollars 5 mills take 267 dollars 1 cent 8

mills.

3. From 50 dollars take 50 cents.

4. From 100 dollars take 1 mill.

5. From 1000 dollars take 3 cents 7 mills.

Ans. $97.987.

Ans. $49.50.

Ans. $99.999.

6. A man bought a farm for $1575.24, and sold it for $1834.16; what did he gain? Ans. $258.92.

7. Sold a horse for 145 dollars 27 cents, which is 37 dollars 69 cents more than he cost me; what did he cost me?

8. A merchant bought flour for $5.62 a barrel, and sold it for $6.84 a barrel; what did he gain on a barrel?

9. A gentleman, having $14725, gave $3560 for a store, and $7015.87 for goods; how much money had he left?

10. A lady bought a silk dress for $134, a bonnet for $51, a pair of gaiters for $13, and a fan for $3; she paid to the shopkeeper a twenty dollar bill and a five dollar bill; how much change should he return to her? Ans. $3.75.

Reduce the fractions of a dollar to cents and mills.

11. A gentleman bought a pair of horses for $480, a harness for $80.50, and a carriage for $200 less than he paid for both horses and harness; what was the cost of the carriage? Ans. $360.50.

MULTIPLICATION.

165. 1. If a barrel of flour cost $6.375, what will 85 barrels cost?