for gain, that our irrepressible volunteers will seek if there is no further need of their services in the army, or no well and properly organized movement against Maximilian.

"All of the territories present inducements for migration, but the pressure will naturally be toward those presumed to be richest in the precious ores. Every emigrant means to be a miner until he finds that he can do better at something else. Arriving where quartz preponderates, and the placers are uncertain in their yield, he will find it difficult to accomplish much on his individual account unless possessed of large means. Quartz mining is not a business adapted to the poor man, except as affording him wages for his labor. As capital opens the ledges and puts machinery upon them, as the mines are worked with system and extensively, the territories will become a market for unlimited labor at the best rates.

"There is, however, no greater mistake than the idea held by many that if one has no capital to work a mine, or no disposition to labor for another in the same, he can do well in a mineral region. A moment's consideration must make it apparent that for all trades and callings, for all classes of labor, the payment is in proportion to the settlement of the country. Where there is a growing population, shoemakers, butchers, bakers, blacksmiths, and carpenters, are as much needed as miners, and may generally accumulate wealth as rapidly.

"The territories besides offering cheap, wholesome and profitable homes to our disbanded soldiers of all trades and tastes, present a field of occupation and development which will be a na

tional service and blessing. Next to fighting for the preservation of the Nation, what can be more patriotic and praiseworthy than earnest, energetic, enthusiastic efforts to provide for a speedy payment of the war debt, and the substantial prosperity of the Republic?

"The extent of the mineral wealth of the territories as already known, is beyond calculation, and in several of them, prospecting for lodes is partly begun. A district of Arizona nearly as large as the State of Pennsylvania is yet unexplored, while tradition designates it as richer in gold than Havilah or Ophir. Every day affords new proof of the greater metallic and agricultural resources of our Pacific possessions. The story of their aridity and worthlessness, long a popular belief, is no longer credited. The harvests of precious areas and of the fruits of the arable soil have spoken for themselves. Their value is not more surprising than the time at which they are forthcoming-the hour of the national necessity. Properly directed and encouraged American enterprises and industry will speedily sweep away the national debt from sources which but a few years since would have been thought barren and unproductive. There is every reason why our discharged soldiers should go to the territories, but it is my apprehension though, that but a few comparatively will reach there at an early day unless by the interposition of government. The cost of the journey by the usual means of travel is too great for the volunteer, however prudent he may have been with his pay. Private expeditions may, in instances, afford economical transportation, but to insure the extensive and immediate emigration which is de

sirable, not only for the unemployed thus to have the benefit of the territories and of the whole country, government must take action. In a letter to a contemporary journal I have dwelt upon this matter as one of great consequence and eminently proper. At a cost of five million dollars, or less, I assume that one hundred thousand of the discharged volunteers may be sent to the territories, even to the Pacific. In what way, I ask, can the general government expend five millions of dollars in a manner more likely to bring quick and ample return to the national treasury than in making such a large and valuable addition to the population of the territories? Let this be done and there will no longer be a demand for troops to keep off hostile Indians or for money to build roads and to make other improvements. As a matter of reward for faithful service; for provision for the health and prosperity of those who merit every recognition and respect, and of political sagacity and economy, it commends itself to the attention of the government.

"In this connection may I plead for a more intelligent and liberal consideration of the Territories in all their relations upon the part of our representatives in Congress, than has hitherto been given? None but those who have experienced the obstacles and discouragements arising from illiberality at Washington can realize what the Territories have had to contend with. It was more than a year after the organization of Arizona before there was a mail route or postoffice in the territory, and at this writing but a small part of the Territory is in the enjoyment of a mail service. The men who, at the risk of their lives and with great labor, took

the census early in 1864, have not yet been paid. No appropriation for a territorial library, especially needed at the beginning of the government, has yet been made, and the courts and the Legislature have met without even a copy of the United States Statutes before them. The most inadequate provision has been made for protecting settlers against the Apache, ever active and barbarous in his hostility. Until within the present month there has not, from the hour of its recognition, been a regiment of troops stationed within the Territory, which is three times as large as the State of New York. A reasonable appropriation for the improvement of the navigation of the Colorado River, the great highway of communication from the Pacific, not alone with Arizona, but with Utah and the other northern Territories, and one of the most important rivers upon the continent, was denied by the late Congress. Such negligence and littleness ill becomes a great and successful government, and is not at all in accordance with the spirit and desire of the people.

"The territories are worthy and should command prompt and liberal and encouraging legislation on the part of Congress, and the best treatment in the departments. The encouragement given them while yet in their swaddling clothes will be returned a thousand fold. No bread ever cast upon the waters will come back more speedily or more abundantly. While the nation was involved in an extensive and trying war there may have been some excuse for inattention to the territories. Now there is none, and the people should see to it that their representatives in all branches of the government are active and

generous in their care for the broad domain, the development of which will be a crowning glory of the times, and a lasting one to American enterprises.

"I am your obedient servant,

"R. C. MCCORMICK,

"Secretary of the Territory of Arizona,"

As stated in a previous chapter, the Overland Mail was discontinued in 1861, when the property of the company was forcibly taken possession of by some of the states through which the line ran, notably the State of Texas; such property of the company as could be controlled, was moved to the northern route via Salt Lake, and Arizona was left without mail or any public facilities for communicating with the outside world for several years. The first public mail that reached Tucson after the Civil War, came from California on horseback, arriving September 1st, 1865, and the first through mail from the eastern states, Barlow, Sanderson & Company, arrived in Tucson August 25th, 1866.

My authority for the above statement is Sydney R. DeLong, who came to Arizona as a member of the California Column, and who was for many years, and until the time of his decease in 1914, a citizen of Tucson, and prominent in political and mercantile history.

Of the mail service and stage lines, Fish, in his manuscript, has the following to say:

"For a year after the organization of its government, the Territory was without a mail route or a postoffice. Letters were carried by the courtesy of the military officers. The transit was not very rapid. One instance was that of a