have after them the preposition of. Consequently those words are nouns which have the or a before them, and of after them. Attend to these instances of WORDS USED AS NOUNS. 1. Adjectives used as nouns: "The blacks of Africa are bought and sold."-"The Ancient of Days did sit" (Dan. vii. 9)." Of the ancients." (Swift). 2. Pronouns used as nouns: "The nameless He whose nod i nature's birth." (Young).-"I was wont to load my she with knacks." (Shakspeare).-"When I see many its in a page, I always tremble for the writer." (Cobbett).-"Let those two try to do this with their whos and their whiches." (Spectator). 3. Verbs used as nouns "The officer erred in granting a permit.". "A may be of mercy is sufficient." (Bridge).-"To err is human, to forgive divine." (Pope). 4. Participles used as nouns: "Neither regardeth he the crying of the driver." (Job. xxxix. 7)· -"Reading, writing, and cyphering are necessary parts of education."-"Knowledge of the past comes next." (Harris)." I am my beloved's." (Sol. Songs, vii. 10). 5. Adverbs used as nouns : "One long now."—"In these cases we examine the why, the what, and the how of things." ""'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.” (Addison). 7. Interjections used as nouns : "Will cuts him short with a What then?" (Addison).-" With hark and whoop and wild halloo." (Scott). 8. Other words used as nouns : "Us is a personal pronoun." (Murray) -"I and J were formerly expressed by the same character, as were U and V." (Allen).—"Th has two sounds." (Murray). Let B. be a now or instant." (Harris)." Within this wooden O." (Shakspeare). nise another class, namely, verbal nouns. Verbal nouns are such LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. LXII. to Sin (Sect. 28.) applied to time, may refer as well to the future, as to the past. Ex.: Bis zu dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert hin, 6. Conjunctions used as nouns: "None of your ifs." (Shakspeare).- können noch viele Umwälzungen, in der alten Welt sowohl, wie in der "Your if is the only peacemaker; much virtue lies in an if." (Shak-neuen, Statt finden; up to (between this and) the twentieth speare). century (thither) there may yet, in the old world, as well as in the new, many revolutions take place. Mancher klagt nach einem leichtsinnig verlebten Jünglingsalter, daß nun die günstigste Zeit um Kenntnisse zu erwerben hin sei; many a one complains, after a frivolously spent youth, that (now) the most favourable period for acquiring knowledge is past (lost, or gone). In this latter sense tahin is likewise employed; as, die Ernte ist vergangen, der Sommer ist dahin; the harvest is gone, the summer is passed. gethan werden? What steps must be taken? I. Einen Schritt thun to take a step; as, welche Schritte müssen Schritt halten to keep step, to keep pace; as, tiefer Knabe versucht gleichen Schritt mit rem Vater zu halten; this boy tries to keep step with his (the) father. Heinrich ist nicht fleißig genug, um gleichen Schritt mit Ernf beim Erleinen der deutschen Sprache halten zu können; Henry is not diligent enough (in order) to enable him to keep pace with Ernest in learning the German language. "Here are eight ands in one sentence." (Blair). From the study of these instances you will learn the grounds of the rule given by Campbell, in his Rhetoric, "All words and signs taken technically (that is, independent of their meaning, and merely as things spoken of) are nouns; or rather are things read and construed (constructed) as nouns; as, 'For this reason I prefer contemporary to cotemporary.' You will also see that adjectives, when they represent more than one, take s in the plural, as if they were nouns; e. g., the ancients, the elders. Yet we do not say the wises, but the wise. The reason seems to be, that elder and ancient, though adjectives in form and import originally, have come to have a permanent force as nouns; as is seen in the fact that you can say "an ancient,' "an elder;" but you cannot say "a wise;" a sage," you can say, though, sage and wise are nearly the same in meaning, and though properly they are both adjectives. These remarks illustrate the extent to which usage prevails in language, and show that in a living language so rich as the English, rules to which no exception can be given are not easily laid down. II. Einen Schuß thun to make a shot, to shoot; as, bis zu diesem Tage hat kein Mensch einen so berühmten Schuß gethan, wie Wilhelm Tell; up to this day, has no man made so renowned a shot as William Tell. EXERCISE 92. Auftrag, m. order, Haber, m. quarrel, Verfeh'len, to miss, gracious, punctually; Schuß, m. shot; Schwertstreich), m. stroke with the sword; In the French language adjectives are used as nouns much more than in English. A slavish adherence to the French idiom in this particular on the part of ignorant translators, has led to the introduction of words for which no sufficient authority can be found. Les religieux is a French designation of monks and nuns. This has been literally rendered into "the religious," a phrase which in English, if it means anything, does not mean what is meant by its Gallic original. That word original is an instance of an adjective, which, while it retains the force of an adjective, has acquired the quality and the rights of a noun. Accordingly we can say "this original," "that original,' "the originals,"-but only in certain peculiar significations. In such a case as this it is dangerous to yield to analogy, and usage must be rigidly followed. usage, however, is not to be obeyed, if it is not present usage, or has not the popular sanction. Consequently, the following from Steele (one of the writers in the Spectator) is not to be imitated-Wer einmal den ersten Schritt zu "For such impertinents;" "He is an ignorant in it." Even With the aid of the logical terms, abstract and concrete, two other divisions of nouns are formed. Qualities may be considered under two aspects. They may be considered as belonging to some subject, as while paper; or they may be considered as altogether detached from any subject, as whiteness. In the former we regard Hence the quality in question as concrete, in the latter as abstract. whiteness is an abstract noun. Abstract nouns are numerous in English, being readily formed from their respective concrete adjectives by certain terminations, as black, blackness; pure, purity. If regard is had to the origin of nouns, we may be led to recog Vorbei gehen, to pass one (unnoticed); Vorübergehen, to pass by; Wehen, to blow; leberge'ben, to sur- Wilodieb, m. poacher, render, deliver; deer-stealer. Wir lieben einen Menschen nicht einem Verbrechen gethan' hat, Es geht ein starker Wine. We honour a man no longer than we respect him--if (the) respect is gone, so also is (the) love. He who has taken the first step He has made a good shot. He will not go out, because the There is a strong wind blowing. Of whom is the speech (conver sation?) EXERCISE 93. Ertul'ten, to suffer, Vaterlantsfreund, endure, bear; Extrin'fen, to drown; patriot, friend of one's country; An'richten, (See II); Grüßen, to greet, Versuchen, to try, Giner seiner Freunde wurde in Ba. taste; A friend of his was shot in They have enjoined on me the 1. Die beiden Freunde waren es (Sect. 36. VI.) müte länger mit his friend the book; when intransitive it means "to suffice, to einander zu streiten. 2. Der König und die Kaiserin tes langen Hates be sufficient." Ex.; Sehr wenig reicht hin, einen klugen Menschen mäte, sie machten endlich Friede. (Bürger.) 3. Da der Wind ziemlich glücklich zu machen; very little is sufficient to make a wise man happy. fark und anhaltend wehte, so erblickten wir schon nach vierzehn Tagen Lard. 4. Es wcht heute ein sehr kalter Wind, und ich befürchte, daß wir Schnee bekommen werden. 5. Der Wind hat sich seit Mittag sehr gelegt; er geht seit diesen Nachruittag bei weitem nicht mehr so stark, als diesen Vor. mittag. 6. Es ging eine so kalte und schneidende Luft daß er sich binnen fünf Minuten beite Hände erfror. 7. Lebt mein Vater noch? 8 Ja, er lebt noch, aber unser junge Freund ist nicht mehr. 9. Wohl ihm, er ist | hingegangen, wo kein Schnee mehr ist. 10. Er, der Versorger so vieler Armen, ist nicht mehr. 11. Wovon (Sect. 29.) lebt diese arme Familie? 12. Wovon wird gesprochen? 13. Von wem spricht man? 14. Das ist etwas, wovon Sie nichts verstehen. 15. Woven ist die Rede.) 16. Von wem haben Sie das gehört? 17. Von wem hast du dieses artige Geschenk erholten? 18. Der Wildtieb scheß nach dem Jäger, allein die Kugel | Man trug auf, was Küche und Kel. verfehlte ihr Ziel, und ehe er noch einen andern Schuß thun konnte, sank ler vermoch ́te. er selbst, getroffen von dem Blei des Jägers. 19. Ohne Schuß und Der Zorn richtet nur Vöses an. Schwertstreich wurde die Festung übergeben. 20. Er that einige Schüffee ist in Deutschland wohlseiler in dem Garten, um die Vögel zu verscheuchen. 22. Der junge Engländers genügt mir nicht ihn zu sehen, ging soeben an unserer Thüre vorüber. 23. Er ist an mir vorbei gegangen, ohne mich zu erblicken. 23. Dieser Mann hat die günstigste Zeit seines Lebens unbenüßt verbeigehen lassen. 24. Als Friedrich der Große einen | Ich will es ihm hin’reichen. jungen Officier nach einer Schlacht sehr auszeichnete und öffentlich lebte, Ich wollte ihn bezahlen, aber vas so antwortete dieser Ew. (§ 58. Note) Majestät beschämen mich durch Gelb reichte nicht hin. riese Ehre." 25. Trag' er (§ 57. 7.) mir diesen Brief auf die Post Jchann, und laß er mir diese goldene Uhr ausbessern. 26. Ift er schon bei dem Herrn Minister gewesen, und hat er meine Aufträge pünktlich | besorgt? 27. Ja gnädiger Herr, ich habe sie ausgerichtet. 28. Ich habe heute keinen Schritt aus dem Hause gethan. 29. Obgleich ich den ersten 1. Ein Vaterlandsfreund ftirbt lieber, als daß (Sect. 61.) er zum Ver. Schritt zu einer Versöhnung gethan habe, so hält es ihm doch schwer, räther wird. 2. Die ersten Ghriften ervuldeten lieber die härtesten Mer. ren gweiten zu thun. 30. In seinem sechzehnten Jahre that er den ersten | folgungen, als daß sie ihren Glauben verließen. 3. So etwas läßt man Schritt in die Fremre. 31. Dieser junge Schüler sucht gleichen Schritt | sich nicht zweimal fagen. 4. Einen meiner Brüder habe ich in drei Jahren mit dem ältern zu halten. 1. You will keep pace with your brother if you are more industrious. 2. Go step by step, and thou wilt not miss thy aim. 3. From whom have you received this present? 4. Of what is it made? 5. By whom is it made? 6. Is my mother still alive? 7. Yes, she is still alive; but my father is no more. 8. Peace to him, he is gone, where troubles are no more. 9. It blows very roughly to-day, and therefore it is better to stay at home. 10. I think we shall have rain when the wind abates. 11. Do not go out, for the air is so very cutting, and I fear you may chill your hands. 12. As long as the wind is in the east, it will remain cold and dry. 13. Finally, tired of the long quarrel, I made peace with my friends. " SECTION XC. The phrase "a friend of mine, a friend of his," &c., is given in German by ein Freund von mir," a friend of me, or, einer meiner Freunte, one of my friends, &c. (§ 123. 8. d.) Ex.: Gin Freund von ihm segelte gestern nach Galifornien; a friend of his sailed yesterday for California. Giner meiner Freunde verheirathete sich vor einem Vierteljahre in Amerika; a friend of mine got married three Months ago in America. I. Auftragen with the accusative, signifies to put on (as colours), or serve up (as food); as, man hat aufgetragen; they have served up (the meal). With the dative, it means to commission, enjoin, instruct, &c.; as, er hat mir aufgetragen Ihnen zu sagen, daß er Sie morgen erwartet; he has instructed me to say, that he awaits, or expects you to-morrow. II. Anrichten (literally, to make right, or ready for,) signifies te get in readiness; to prepare (as victuals;) so Unheil anrichten; to prepare, produce, do mischief. Ex.: Nachdem die Köchin die Sveifen angerichtet hatte, trug sie dieselben auf; after the cook had prepared the food, she served it up. Der Geiz hat schon viel Unheil angerichtet; avarice has already produced much mischief. leben als in Amerika. ich will ihn auch sprechen. and cellar afforded. Anger produces only mischief. It is cheaper living in Germany, than in America. It does not satisfy (suffice) me I will reach it (forth) to him. Er arbeitet mit großem Fleiße (sehr He labours with great industry Er hat es mit Fleiß gethan. He has done it (with intention) intentionally. nicht gesehen. 5 Gin Freund von mir ist vor einigen Jahren bei Wien in der Donau ertrunken. 6. Es ist gut reisen (Sect. 42. IV.), wenn man Geld, und gut leben, wenn man keine Sorgen hat. 7. In einem freien Lante ist beffer leben, als in einem despotischen. 8. In Begleitung munterer Freunde ist es angenehm zu reifen. 9. Nur zu leicht vergift der Mensch im Glücke, was er ist. 10. Viele ausgezeichnete und erle Männer sind vergessen worden. 11. Es darf dem Menschen nicht genügen, zu wissen was recht ist, sondern er muß sich auch bestreben, recht zu thun. 12. Es genügt mir zu wissen, daß ihr noch alle gesund seid. 18. Wie weniges reicht eft in einen Menschen glücklich zu machen. 14. Er reichte ihm wie Zeitung hin, nachdem er sie selbst gelesen hatte. 15. Dieses reicht hin, ihn zufrieden zu stellen. 16. Der Koch richtet die Speisen an. 17 Er hat diese kleine Verwirrung mit Fleiß angerichtet. 18. Die Köchin versuchte (Sect. 87.) vie Surpe, che sie dieselbe auftrug. 19. Man muß versuchen, ob man ihm nicht noch helfen kann. 20. Versuchen Sie einmal diefen Wein, ob er süß genug ist. 21. Er trug mir auf, Sie von ihm zu grüßen. 1. I have just seen a brother of yours who has returned from India. 2. A friend of mine got married last week. 3. The teacher has enjoined on me the explanation of this subject. 4. Has my father instructed you to invite your brother to us this evening? 5. No, Sir, but he instructed me to tell my father that he might call on him to-morrow morning. 6. The scholar, upor the request of the teacher, handed the book to him. 7. Riches do not suffice to make a man happy. 8. A true Christian. rather than betray his belief, endures great suffering. 9. Is the dinner already put on the table? 10. No, Sir, it is not served up, it is not yet ready. 11. It is not sufficient for a prudent man to know what is right, but he also acts rightly. SECTION XCI. III. Sinreichen, when transitive, signifies "to hand, to pass." Genießen, to enjoy, govern, as already seen, Sect. 47., the geni Ex.: Er reichte dem Freunde das Buch hin; he handed (reached) tive or accusative. It also signifies to take nourishment, to eat or drink, in which use it governs the accusative only. Ex.: Morgens auf, wann es ihm gefällig ist, das eine Mal früh und andere Mal Ich habe heute wenig genoffen; I have eaten but little to-day. I. Auf frequently has the force of an adjective. Die Thür ist auf; the door is open, or die Thür ist offen. 3u is similar used; as, Die Thür ist zu; the door is to (closed). In this use they are frequently compounded with verbs; especially with machen. Ex.: Er hat das Fenster auf, und sie hat es zugemacht; he has opened the window, and she has shut it. II. In ter That, (literally "in the deed") answers to the English indeed; in reality. Ex.: Ich weiß in der That nicht, was ich davon denken foll; I really do not know what to think of it. Die Freundschaft scheint mir in der That besser. (Gellert.) Friendship appears indeed to me better. III. 3u Stante bringen to bring to a stand or point, i. e. to bring to pass; to accomplish; as, Guter Wille und Ausdauer ver megen viel zu Stante zu bringen; good will and perseverance can accomplish much. IV. Langeweile, compounded of lang, long and Weile, while or time tediousness, weariness, heaviness; as, Was ten Thoren vergnügt, macht dem Weisen gewöhnlich Langeweile; that which delights the fool, generally causes weariness to the wise (man). Sich fangweilen to become weary; as, Die Rete war sehr langweilig, deswegen langweilte er sich; the discourse was very wearisome, therefore he became weary. Langweilen to cause tediousness, to bore. Ex.: Er langweilte uns mit seinem Gespräch; he wearied us with his talk. spåt. 12. Er frricht und handelt, wie es ihm gefällt, ohne sich an ein Urtheil der Leute zu kehren. 13. Ich habe ihn zufällig zu Hause ange. troffen. 14. Zufällig traf ich ihn im Theater. 15. Es ist in der That nicht so leicht, fich in alle Lagen des Lebens geduldig zu schicken. 16. Es ist in der That wahr, was diese Frau gesprechen hat. 17. Was sich Keiner getraute, hat dieser zu Stande gebracht. 18. Er hat die Sache zu Stante gebracht. 19. Das Kind schlief aus Mütigkeit ein. 20. Die Gesellschaft langweilte sich sehr und ging früh auseinander. 22. Er langweilte nicht nur mich, sondern auch meine Freunde. 1. Why have you opened the window? 2. It is so very warm in the room, and I like to enjoy the fresh air. 3 I pray you, shut the window, and open the door. 4. Shut the door that the window might be open. 5. Really I do not know, what to do with this son of mine; he will not listen to my advice. 6. Most of his auditors fell asleep during his long speech. 7. A good work can only be accomplished through She will not eat, notwithstanding she is advised by the physician. 8. My daughter's recovery proceeds but slowly. attention. to Lage, f. state, condi- Vorher', before, be. 1. Einschlafen, to fall Langewei'le, f. (IV.); Mu'digkeit, wea:iness, fatigue; asleep; Gene'sen, to recover; Gene'sung f. recovery, Trostem, notwith convalescence; forehand; Wahlen, to elect, choose; Wandern, to wander, walk; standing; Zeugniß, n. witness, llrtheil, n. judgment; testimony; Vertraut, confidential, 3u'fällig, accidentally, casually; Gespräch, n talk, conversation, dialogue; intimate; Cetrau'en, to dare, Vielleicht', perhaps, 3u'hörer, m. auditor, venture; possibly; hearer, pl. auditory. During his sickness he has eaten nothing at all. Er hat während seiner Krankheit gar nichts genoff'en. Der Knabe will ein wenig bei seinem Dheim bleiben. Ich habe heute zufälliger Weise einen alten Bekannten getroffen. Ich weiß in der That nicht, was ich thun fell. Er getraut' sich nicht in das Wasser (zu geben). Haben Sie es schon zu Stande ge. bracht'? Der Knabe schlief ein am grünen Gesta'te. (Schiller.) Das Geschwäß der Menge langweilt ibn. Er leitet an Langewei'le. The boy wishes to remain a little (while) with his uncle. I have accidentally met an old acquaintance to-day. I really (indeed) do not know what I ought do do. He does not venture into the water (to go into the water). Have you already accomplished it ? The boy fell asleep on the green shore. The tattle (prating) of the crowd annoys (bores) him. He is troubled with ennui. 1. Der Kranke will nichts genießen, trohkem, daß es ihm vom Arzte an, gerathen worden ist. 2. Er hat nur ganz wenig bei uns genossen. 3. Dein Bruder ist wieder von seiner Krankheit genesen. 4. Die Genesung schreitet bei tiesim Kranten nur langsam voran. 5. Die Kirche geht um halb elf des Morgens an (Sect. 79. VI.) und um halb zwölf wird sie gewöhnlich geschlossen. 6. Er machte ihn zu seinem vertrautesten Freunte, ehne ihn vorher gevrüft zu haben, oder sonst ein Zeugniß über seine Treue und Verschwiegenheit zu haben. 7. Nicht wähle zum Vertrauten einen Zeten bu, das leere Haus ist offen, das reiche zu; 8. wahl' Einen dir und suche nicht den Andern, balt nirt, was Dreie wissen, zu Allen wantern. Romen Sie vielleicht richen Nachmittag ein wenig zu mir? 9. Kenmen Die vielleicht diesen Abend in das Goncert? 10. Es hängt von Nieman dem ab (Sect. 81. I.), er lebt, wie es ihm gefällig ist. 11. Er steht tes 3. Tu nauta navigas. Thou sailor sailest. Vos nautae navigant, nos nautao naviga- Here it is seen that the noun agrees with its verb in number and person. Observe that in 3 nauta is not in the vocative case, but in the nominative, being in apposition with tu. A noun in the singular number must have the verb in the singular number. A noun of the first person must have the verb in the first person. A noun in the second person must have the verb in the second person. A noun in the third person must have the verb in the third person. These statements may be generalised into the rule, The subject agrees with its verb in number and person. The subject may be either simple or compound. A simple subject consists of one noun. A simple subject having its noun in the singular requires the verb to be in the singular. A simple subject having its noun in the plural requires he verb to be in the plural. Some nouns, though singular in form, have a plural signification; a simple subject consisting of one such noun is constructed with a plural verb. Nouns which, being singular in form, have a plural signification, are called nouns of multitude, because they denote many objects. They are also termed collective nouns, e. g., Magna multitudo convenerant, A great multitude had assembled. A collective noun may be viewed in two lights: either in relation to the individual objects which separately enter into it, or in relation to the one whole which these individual objects unitedly form. In the former case, collective nouns obviously have a plural import, consequently they have a plural conidea or conception, and therefore take a verb in the singular. struction; in the latter case, collective nouns present a single Whichever of these two states, singular or plural, is prominent in the mind, that determines the number of the verb It is possible, in regard to the same object, that the two states may succeed each other, an object being conceived of first as plural, and then as singular. Accordingly, the same subject may have a plural verb and a singular verb, e. g, Pars major receperunt sese, pars perstitit ad vallum. The greater part fled, a part stood firm at the fosse. In this sentence, Livy, by the judicious use of the plural and the singular verb, has painted first, the scattered fugitives, and secondly, the dense phalanx of the band which kept its poet. In the example just given, the plural verb precedes the singular. The reverse may be the case, e. g., Para STUPET innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, Et molem MIRANTUR equi. And ADMIRE the huge size of the horse. Here the singular form of pars puts the verb which it immediately preceeds into the singular number. At the end of the sentence, the writer's mind was free from the influence of that form, and, thinking of the gazing Trojans as individuals, he naturally employed a plural verb. The principles here laid down may, as principles, be considered as applicable to the English language, though in details they may in such application require some modification. For instance, pars, and similar nouns (turba, vis, multitudo, exercitus, juventas, nohilitas, gens, plebs, vulgus) in Livy, are constructed with a verb in the singular, thus corresponding with our English usage; but in the above passage from Virgil, pars has after it stupet, a singular form, and finds in the rendering, is astounded, a translation which offends our English grammatical sense. A subject may be compound. A subject is compound when it contains two or more nouns, e. g., Lentulus, Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt. {Pompey, Lentulus, Scipio, and Afranius perished miserably. Here you see that a compound subject takes the verb in the plural. A compound subject is an abbreviated form of two or more simple subjects. The example just given, if analysed, resolves itself into these simple subjects:-Pompeius periit; Lentulus periit; Scipio periit; Afranius periit. Of course, when these single subjects are put together, they form a plural subject, and so demand a plural verb. If, however, the single subjects combine so as to form a unit, or so as to give the idea of unity, then the verb is put in the singular number, e. g., The proximity of a singular noun to the verb may have the effect of putting it into the singular number, though other nouns in the subject are plural, e. g., Nunc, mihi nihil libri, nihil litterae, nihil DOCTRINA PRODEST. Of the nouns in a compound subject, each one may be conceived of as applied to the verb separately, and so the singular number be rendered necessary, e. g., Dubitare VISUS ET SULPICIUS et Cotta. {Sulpicius vemed to doubt and Cotta too. Hence disjunctive particles, inasmuch as they separate a compound subject, take the verb in the singular, e. g., Si Socrates aut Antisthenes diceret. If Socrates or Antisthenes said. VOCABULARY. Cypri, at Cyprus; Lesbi, at Lesbos; vis telorum, literally, power of weapons, that is, a great number; so in Devonshire, people speak of a power of grapes; and in other parts we find the phrase a power of words. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Mollis educatio omnes nervos et corporis et animi frangit; nimius somnus neque corpori neque animo prodest; venti mox pluviam, mox serenitatem adducunt; ab omnibus probatur is qui dulce cum utili miscuit; credula spes vitam nostram alit, et semper cras fore melius dicit; Viriathus quatuor decim annos contra Romanos bellum gesserat; placabilitas et elementia laudabilior est quam iracundia; magna pars nostrorum vulnerati aut occisi sunt; jumentis maxime Gallia delectatur, eaque impenso parant pretion conclamant vir paterque; senatus populusque Romanus pacem comprobaverunt; senatus et C. Fabricius perfugam Pyrrho dedidit; religio et fides anteponatur amicitiae; Conon plurimum Cypri Vixit, Iphicrates in Thraciâ, Timotheus Lesbi, Chares in Sigeo; nec enim nunc primum ant Brutus ant Cassius salutem, libertatem que patriae legem sanctissimam judicavit. ENGLISH-LATIN. A great number (power) of weapons will inflict wounds; the king with some generals has been taken; all men are moved by riches, poverty, and death; justice and injustice are dissimilar; the rest (of the) crowd fled; some seek the city, some the country; the nerves of the body are broken by a soft (effeminate) education; our life is nourished by credulous hope; the youth of the city prepare war; beasts of burden are procured at a great price (are dear); the senate of the Roman people will approve the peace; religion and faith have been preferred to friendship; religion and faith must be preferred to all things; Brutus and Cassius will judge the safety of the republic the most sacred law; the safety of the republic is of all laws the most sacred. 6. A pronoun may agree with a verb, e. g., {Thou keep senget, laudise the streams of the Thou keepest thy nest, I praise the streams of the pleasant country. Here the personal pronoun tu, which is of the second person singular, has the yerb servas, which is also in the second person singular. The same relation subsists between ego and laudo. This example affords an instance of the proper use in Latin of the personal pronouns. Inasmuch as the verb-endings indicate the person, the personal pronouns are in general neither needed nor employed. Emphasis, however, as in the case before us, may require them. When, in a compound subject, the pronouns and nouns are of different persons, the first person prevails over the second, and the second person prevails over the third, in determining the person of the verb, which, as referring to more persons than one, must be in the plural number, e. g., Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. If thou and Tullia (you) are well, I and Cicero (we) are well. The verb valetis is in the plural number, because it has a compound subject; it is also in the second person, because tu, thou, in the second person has a grammatical preference over Tullia, a noun of the third person. The facts are similar in regard to valemus. Instead of the plural, the singular sometimes occurs, e. g., Ipse meique ante Larem proprium veseor. Other pronouns require a singular or a plural predicate according as they convey a singular or plural idea. The general rule is, that Pronouns agree with their verbs in number and person; the first person taking precedence of the second, and the second of the third. celui-ci, celui-là, $39.-REMARKS ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. (1.) QUI, who, which, is generally the subject or nominative. It is used for both genders and numbers, for persons and for things. (See No. 6 of this §.) (2.) When used for things, qui cannot be preceded by a preposition. Its use, in this respect, is restricted to the nominative. (3.) It is used relatively and absolutely. (4.) It is used relatively when it has an antecedent expressed: The first who became king, was an adored father. Le premier qui fut roi, fut un AUBERT. père adoré. L'amour avidement croit tout ce qui le flatte. RACINE. Love believes eagerly all that flatters it. Un plaisir dont on est assuré de se repentir ne peut jamais être tranquille. MME. DE LA VALLIERE. Il faut plaindre le sort du prince infortuné, dont le cœur endurci n'a CHENIER, jamais pardonné. A pleasure of which we are sure to repent, can never be a peaceful one. We must pity the fate of that unfortunate prince, whose hardened heart has never forgiven. (13.) Dont is preferable to de qui, of whom, and duquel, of which. When, however, the pronoun has the sense of from whom, i. e., when used to denote a transfer, de qui is better:Le libraire de qui j'ai reçu ces The bookseller from whom I have livres. received these books. (14.) Lequel, laquelle, lesquelles, who, which, should only be used in the nominative, and in the direct regimen, in order to avoid ambiguity. They may relate to persons or things:— |