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Each other
Either
Neither
Every

One another

Own
Same

The same

Some

Some one

Such a one.
also,
The former
The latter

There are other forms of words, such as all, anybody, somebody, &c., which have been ranked under our present head, but which, to me, appear to fall under other categories. All, for instance, is clearly an adjective; somebody is made up of some, an adjective, and body, a noun. It must, however, be admitted that the lines of demarcation here are not very clear, and a word which appears to one person as an adjective, may to another seem to take rank among pronouns. But it may be suggested that, whatever other quality a word may possess or acquire, it must, in order to take rank among pronouns, be capable of standing instead of a noun, and that independently, and not merely as an adjective having its noun

understood.

The derivation of the words which form the foregoing list is sufficiently clear without additional remarks.

Most Some of the words remain uninflected; as, any and own. of them are, however, capable of a possessive case; as, another's, each other's, one another's, either's, neither's, the former's, the latter's; e. g.,

Thomas and William fought; the former broke the latter's left arm, and the latter knocked out the former's right eye.

EXERCISES.-COMPLETE.

I am satisfied that in this, as in all cases, it is best and safest, as well as most right and honourable, to speak freely and plainly. The Gospel, under the aid of God's Holy Spirit, has power to make the proud humble, the selfish disinterested, the worldly heavenly, and the sensual pure. God's providence is higher, and deeper, and larger, and stronger than all the skill of his adversaries; and his pleasure shall be accomplished in their overthrow, unless they repent and become His friends. Words are voluntary signs; and they are also arbitrary, except a few simple sounds expressive of certain internal emotions, and certain external movements, which sounds being the same or nearly the same in all languages, must be the work of nature; thus the unpremeditated tones of admiration are the same in all men.

It may serve to show the student the changes our language has undergone, if I subjoin an exercise for correction, the corrections to be made according to the statements and rules laid down under each head. My purpose can be answered only by the instances being taken from authors of high repute. From such authors, consequently, they will be taken. The term "correction" may lead to a false impression. Let no one who makes the required corrections, suppose that he writes better English than the writers whose names will follow. The truth, in general terms is, their English was perfect in their day. The occasion for correction arises from the fact that since their time our language has undergone much change, and it is the English of the present day that the student must aim to write.

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The Seventy's translation of the Old Testament is very valuable. ye."—Shakspeare. The boy is not only young, but he is also wealthy.

"There is no vice so simple but assumes
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts."

Shakspeare.
"Unless when ideas of their opposites manifestly suggest them-
"Every one of us, each for hisself,
selves."-Wright's Grammar.
laboured how to recover him."-Sidney.

SPECIMEN OF PARSING.

"Attend to what a lesser muse indites."-Addison. Barcelona was taken through a most unexpected accident. The watch is beautiful, but it is dear. Are you the bridegroom? No, I am not he. I will not destroy the city for twenty's sake. The inhabitants of the lesser Asia (Asia Minor) are dark-skinned. Manslaughter is not murder. Jesus answered: "If I honour myself, my honour is nothing; it is my Father that honoureth me, of whom ye say that he is your God; yet ye have not known Him, "Judges ought to be more learned than witty, more reverend but I know Him." They sat down in ranks by hundreds and by than plausible, more advised than confident; above all things, "Who fifties. God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the integrity is their portion and proper virtue."-Lord Bacon. day, and the lesser light to rule the night. These shoes are home-art thou that judgest another man's servant?"—Paul. made. Suicide is self-murder. The avaricious man is a selftormentor. Whatever is humane is wise; whatever is wise is just; whatever is wise, just, and humane, will be found the true interest of states.

"I still had hopes, my latest hours to crown,

Amidst these humble bow'rs to lay me down." Goldsmith.

A boy should understand his mother-tongue well before he enters upon the study of a dead language; or, at any rate, he should be made perfect master of the meaning of all the words which are necessary to furnish him with a translation of the particular one which he is studying. No discipline is more suitable to man, or more congruous to the dignity of his nature, than that which refines his taste, and leads him to distinguish, in every subject, what is regular, what is orderly, what is suitable, and what is fit and proper. Those words which were formerly current and proper, have now become obsolete and barbarous. Alas! this is not all: fame, too, in time tarnishes; and men grow out of fashion. Charlemagne was the tallest, the handsomest, and the strongest man of his time; his appearance was truly majestic, and he had surprising agility in all sorts of manly exercises. Money, like other things, is more or less valuable, as it is more or less plentiful.

Churchill.

"His words bore sterling weight, nervous and strong."
In manly tides of sense, they roll'd along."
"To make the humble proud, the proud submit,

Wiser the wisest, and the brave more brave." W. S. Landor.

Judges, from judge (Latin, judex), a common noun, masculine gen-
der, plural number, of the third person, the subject to the verb
ought.

Ought, from to owe, a verb in the past tense, third person singular
number, agreeing with its subject judges.
a preposition.

To,

Be,

a verb in the infinitive mood, dependent on to. More, an adverb, qualifying learned. Learned, a participle, compared by the adverb more. Than, a conjunction, required after more, thus, more than. Witty, an adjective, may be compared thus, witty, wittier, wittiest or witty, more witty, most witty. Reverend, an adjective, from the Latin participle reverendus, which is connected with vereor, I respect, I fear. Plausible, an adjective, compared by more and most, as being a polysyllable. Advised, a participle, used as an adjective, compared by more and Confident, an adjective, from the Latin cum, with, and fides, trust, compared by more and most. Above, a preposition.

All,

most.

an adjective, qualifying things.

Things, a noun neuter, in the plural number, dependent on the preposition above.

Integrity, an abstract noun (from the Latin integer, whole, sound, uninjured), in the singular number of the neuter gender, the third person, being the subject to is.

reasons why the nutrition of the body, or the actions by which the different organs appropriate the food taken into the stomach, should be rendered equally active. But there is a fourth reason for the increase of the nutritive action of the body, as a result of exercise.

Heat is increased by motion; the contraction of a muscle, without actual locomotion, is sufficient to elevate the temperature of the muscle half a degree. Muscular movements, repeated with sufficient energy, have thus the effect of rendering composition and decomposition more rapid. In short, the energetic operation of all the particles in the human body is accelerated by exercise. Besides, we cannot suppose that all the physical functions of the system can be thus accelerated, without the mind being in some degree beneficially affected. We all know how intimate is the connexion between mind and matter. We know how languid is the mind, when the body is unwell; and we cannot, therefore, believe that the exercises which impart such activity to the body can be without its effects in invigorating the mind.

Physical exercise, however, which possesses so many advantages, may also, like everything else, have its evils. But it is the province of gymnastics, that is, exercise raised to a science, to prevent these evils as much as possible. Amongst the evils to which we refer, the following may be named:Excessive exercise produces fatigue-a sensation differing from those properly so called, inasmuch as it operates without the intervention of any active agent. It has its seat in the muscles, but it spreads over the whole body, and even the mind does not escape. Some men are more capable of resisting fatigue than others, according to their constitution, temperament, habits, and diet. Persons engaged in excessive exercise require plenty of nourishment. The lack of this, with an excess of labour, frequently brings on typhoid fever.

The muscles or their tendons may be broken by violent muscular contraction; and even the bones themselves may be broken by this means; but this case is rare, though well authenticated instances of it are on record.

The lungs suffer by an excessive and too-often repeated expansion of their tissue; the pulmonary cells being distended beyond the proper degree, lose their elasticity, and are even sometimes ruptured, producing the disease called pulmonary emphysema (inflation of the lungs).

The retention of the venous blood in the veins (occasioned by the suspension of respiration) is capable of producing serious consequences, by injuring the heart and the veins. There is no doubt that an excessive degree of exercise favours a predisposition to aneurism (nervelessness) of the heart. Digestion, too, which is aided by exercise, when moderate, suffers materially from it when taken in a violent and unseasonable degree.

The same cause will also affect the whole of the nervous system. The walls of the abdomen, too, are also sometimes injured by the action of their internal organs, through excessive exercise.

Gymnastics, however, being defined as a science applied to muscular movements, will, if properly taught, deprive exercise of its evils, and impart only its benefits. Gymnastic exercises are useful to all; but to the soldier, the sailor, or the traveller, they are indispensably necessary.

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

We propose to divide our brief treatise upon gymnastics into three parts:-1°. The Elementary Movements; 2°. The Exercises of Wrestling, Walking, Running, and Jumping; 3°. The method of Climbing knotted and smooth Ropes; Exercises with Poles; Sphaeristic Exercises (such as throwing of balls or other projectiles); and the Art of Swimming.

As a proof of the sustaining power of a tune, we might point out many instances. Look at those young ladies-pale, delicate-looking creatures, with weak, nervous constitutions! How would they endure the toil of dancing through a whole night did not the cadence of the music come to their aid. A regiment of soldiers, tired with a long march, can start afresh and feel no more fatigue, when they hear the drum and fife. sailor sings as he works at the capstan, or hauls in a rope. Scores of other instances might be given of this effect of music, or, rather, of rythm in sustaining the regular action of the muscles.

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This being understood, we proceed to our exercises. The pupils are arranged in a straight line, about two feet apart from one another, and the teacher then puts them into the following position :-The heels upon the line, and close toge ther; the toes well turned out; the body upright, the shoulders kept well down; the arms hanging down by the sides, and the hands closed lightly with the nails forward; the head straight see fig. 1.

The teacher having fixed the pupils in this position, makes then execute the following clementary exercises :-Exercise 1. Turning the head; when the teacher gives the following words of command:1. Head to the right!

2. Move!

3. As you were!

At the word More, the pupils all move their heads towards the right shoulder and back again gradually and successively bringing it to the furthest possible point.

At the words, As you were, the pupils bring their heads back again to the straight position.

The head is turned to the left, by reversing the above orders. The next part of this exercise is to turn the head (fig. 2) alternately each way. These being the words of command:1. Heal alternately to the right and to the left! 2. More!

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3. As you were!

At the word More, the pupil turns his head alternately backwards and forwards by a slow and regulated motion. At the words, As you were, the head is restored to its original position (fig. 3).

Exercise 3. The head is inclined alternately to the right and to the left, the words of command being given in the same way as before, (fig. 4); that is, the head is inclined to the right and to the left by alternating the motion.

For the performance of the following exercises, it is requisite to have regular distances between each of the pupils. There are two distances, the half and the full distance.

For the exercise of the half distance, the words of command

are:

1. To the right, half distance!
2. Move!

3. As you were !

At the word move, the pupil at the right extremity of the line does not move; the others keep their left arms unmoved, but place their right hands on their haunch, the four fingers being in front, and the thumb behind, so that the elbow of each pupil touches the left arm of his neighbour on the right, fig. 5. At the words, As you were, the arms are brought down to the sides as before.

For the exercise of the full distance, the words of command are:

1. To the right, (or, to the left) Full distance!
2, Move!

3. As you were!

I. Before commencing our instructions, we would especially impress upon the mind of the pupil the advantages of singing while performing the elementary Gymnastic Exercises. Not only will the respirative organs be thus well developed-an essential point in a good constitution, but the regular cadences of the rythm will so enable the pupil to keep time in each At the words, Move, the pupil at the right extremity of the action, that he will find himself able to keep up the exercise for line does not move; the others keeping their left arms unmoved, a length of time which would otherwise be impossible. In sing-move their right arms slowly from their sides, stretching them ing for this purpose, words need not be sung, all that is required is the rythm or cadence. We would even not point out any particular tune; the pupil may sing whatever pleases him best; for we repeat that all that is requisite in these exercises, is the rythm to enable him to keep regular time to his movements.

out, and placing their right hands on the left shoulder of the pupil who is next to each on the right, the thumb being in front and the four fingers behind; at the words, As you were, the hands and arms are restored to their first position. Fig. 6. The reverse means are employed in taking the distances to the left.

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One another
Own
Same

The same

Some

Some one
Such a one.
also,
The former
The latter

Each other Either Neither Every There are other forms of words, such as all, anybody, somebody, &c., which have been ranked under our present head, but which, to me, appear to fall under other categories. All, for instance, is clearly an adjective; somebody is made up of some, an adjective, and body, It must, however, be admitted that the lines of demarcation here are not very clear, and a word which appears to one person as an adjective, may to another seem to take rank among pronouns. But it may be suggested that, whatever other quality a word may possess or acquire, it must, in order to take rank among pronouns, be capable of standing instead of a noun, and that independently, and not merely as an adjective having its noun

a noun.

understood.

The derivation of the words which form the foregoing list is sufficiently clear without additional remarks.

Some of the words remain uninflected; as, any and own. Most of them are, however, capable of a possessive case; as, another's, each other's, one another's, either's, neither's, the former's, the latter's; e. g.,

I am satisfied that in this, as in all cases, it is best and safest, as well as most right and honourable, to speak freely and plainly. The Gospel, under the aid of God's Holy Spirit, has power to make the proud humble, the selfish disinterested, the worldly heavenly, and the sensual pure. God's providence is higher, and deeper, and larger, and stronger than all the skill of his adversaries; and his pleasure shall be accomplished in their overthrow, unless they repent and become His friends. Words are voluntary signs; and they are also arbitrary, except a few simple sounds expressive of certain internal emotions, and certain external movements, which sounds being the same or nearly the same in all languages, must

be the work of nature; thus the unpremeditated tones of admiration are the same in all men.

It may serve to show the student the changes our language has undergone, if I subjoin an exercise for correction, the corrections to be made according to the statements and rules laid down under each head. My purpose can be answered only by the instances being taken from authors of high repute. From such authors, The term "correction" may consequently, they will be taken. lead to a false impression. Let no one who makes the required corrections, suppose that he writes better English than the writers whose names will follow. The truth, in general terms is, their English was perfect in their day. The occasion for correction arises from the fact that since their time our language has undergone much change, and it is the English of the present day that the student must aim to write.

EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION.

"Our language is now certainly properer and more natural than it was formerly."-Bishop Burnet. "Four of the ancientest, soberest, and discreetest of the brethren shall regulate it."-Locke. "What heaven's Great King hath powerfulest to send against us."--Milton. "Benedict is not the unhopefulest husband that I know."-Shakspeare.

Milton.

That what she wills to do or say, Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best." "For we which live, are always delivered unto death for Jesus' Thomas and William fought; the former broke the latter's left arm, sake."-Paul. "They which believe in God must be careful to and the latter knocked out the former's right eye. maintain good works."-Barclay. "Before his book he placeth a great list of that he accounts the blasphemous assertions of the Quakers."-Barclay. "More shame for ye; holy men I thought

EXERCISES.COMPLETE.

The Seventy's translation of the Old Testament is very valuable. ye.”—Shakspeare. The boy is not only young, but he is also wealthy.

"There is no vice so simple but assumes

Some mark of virtue on his outward parts."

Shakspeare.

"Unless when ideas of their opposites manifestly suggest themselves."-Wright's Grammar. "Every one of us, each for hisself, laboured how to recover him."-Sidney.

"Attend to what a lesser muse indites."-Addison. Barcelona was taken through a most unexpected accident. The watch is beautiful, but it is dear. Are you the bridegroom? No, I am not he. will not destroy the city for twenty's sake. The inhabitants of the lesser Asia (Asia Minor) are dark-skinned. Manslaughter is not murder. Jesus answered: "If I honour myself, my honour is nothing; it is my Father that honoureth me, of whom ye say that he is your God; yet ye have not known Him, but I know Him." They sat down in ranks by hundreds and by fifties. God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. These shoes are home-art made. Suicide is self-murder. The avaricious man is a selftormentor. Whatever is humane is wise; whatever is wise is just; whatever is wise, just, and humane, will be found the true interest of states.

"I still had hopes, my latest hours to crown,

Amidst these humble bow'rs to lay me down." Goldsmith.

SPECIMEN OF PARSING.

"Who

"Judges ought to be more learned than witty, more reverend
than plausible, more advised than confident; above all things,
integrity is their portion and proper virtue."-Lord Bacon.
thou that judgest another man's servant?"-Paul.
Judges, from judge (Latin, judex), a common noun, masculine gen-
der, plural number, of the third person, the subject to the verb
ought.

Ought, from to owe, a verb in the past tense, third person singular
number, agreeing with its subject judges.
a preposition.

To,

Be,

a verb in the infinitive mood, dependent on to. More, an adverb, qualifying learned.

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A boy should understand his mother-tongue well before he enters upon the study of a dead language; or, at any rate, he should be Learned, a participle, compared by the adverb more. made perfect master of the meaning of all the words which are Than, a conjunction, required after more, thus, more than. necessary to furnish him with a translation of the particular oneWitty, an adjective, may be compared thus, witty, wittier, wittiest which he is studying. No discipline is more suitable to man, or more congruous to the dignity of his nature, than that which refines his taste, and leads him to distinguish, in every subject, what is regular, what is orderly, what is suitable, and what is fit and proper. Those words which were formerly current and proper, have now become obsolete and barbarous. Alas! this is not all: fame, too, in time tarnishes; and men grow out of fashion. Charlemagne was the tallest, the handsomest, and the strongest man of his time; his appearance was truly majestic, and he had surprising agility in all sorts of manly exercises. Money, like other things, is more or less valuable, as it is more or less plentiful.

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Plausible, an adjective, compared by more and most, as being a polysyllable.

most.

Advised, a participle, used as an adjective, compared by more and
Confident, an adjective, from the Latin cum, with, and fides, trust,
compared by more and most.
Above, a preposition.

All,

an adjective, qualifying things. Things, a noun neuter, in the plural number, dependent on the preposition above.

Integrity, an abstract noun (from the Latin integer, whole, sound, uninjured), in the singular number of the neuter gender, the third person, being the subject to is.

reasons why the nutrition of the body, or the actions by which the different organs appropriate the food taken into the stomach, should be rendered equally active. But there is a fourth reason for the increase of the nutritive action of the body, as a result of exercise.

А

As a proof of the sustaining power of a tune, we might point out many instances. Look at those young ladies-pale, delicate-looking creatures, with weak, nervous constitutions! How would they endure the toil of dancing through a whole night did not the cadence of the music come to their aid. A regiHeat is increased by motion; the contraction of a muscle, ment of soldiers, tired with a long march, can start afresh and without actual locomotion, is sufficient to elevate the tempera- feel no more fatigue, when they hear the drum and fife. ture of the muscle half a degree. Muscular movements, sailor sings as he works at the capstan, or hauls in a rope. repeated with sufficient energy, have thus the effect of render-Scores of other instances might be given of this effect of music, ing composition and decomposition more rapid. In short, the or, rather, of rythm in sustaining the regular action of the energetic operation of all the particles in the human body is muscles. accelerated by exercise. Besides, we cannot suppose that all the physical functions of the system can be thus accelerated, without the mind being in some degree beneficially affected. We all know how intimate is the connexion between mind and matter. We know how languid is the mind, when the body is unwell; and we cannot, therefore, believe that the exercises which impart such activity to the body can be without its effects in invigorating the mind.

Physical exercise, however, which possesses so many advantages, may also, like everything else, have its evils. But it is the province of gymnastics, that is, exercise raised to a science, to prevent these evils as much as possible. Amongst the evils to which we refer, the following may be named:Excessive exercise produces fatigue-a sensation differing from those properly so called, inasmuch as it operates without the intervention of any active agent. It has its seat in the muscles, but it spreads over the whole body, and even the mind does Some men are more capable of resisting fatigue than others, according to their constitution, temperament, habits, and diet. Persons engaged in excessive exercise require plenty of nourishment. The lack of this, with an excess of labour, frequently brings on typhoid fever.

not escape.

The muscles or their tendons may be broken by violent muscular contraction; and even the bones themselves may be broken by this means; but this case is rare, though well authenticated instances of it are on record.

The lungs suffer by an excessive and too-often repeated expansion of their tissue; the pulmonary cells being distended beyond the proper degree, lose their elasticity, and are even sometimes ruptured, producing the disease called pulmonary emphysema (inflation of the lungs).

The retention of the venous blood in the veins (occasioned by the suspension of respiration) is capable of producing serious consequences, by injuring the heart and the veins. There is no doubt that an excessive degree of exercise favours a predisposition to aneurism (nervelessness) of the heart. Digestion, too, which is aided by exercise, when moderate, suffers materially from it when taken in a violent and unseasonable degree.

The same cause will also affect the whole of the nervous system. The walls of the abdomen, too, are also sometimes injured by the action of their internal organs, through excessive exercise.

Gymnastics, however, being defined as a science applied to muscular movements, will, if properly taught, deprive exercise of its evils, and impart only its benefits. Gymnastic exercises are useful to all; but to the soldier, the sailor, or the traveller, they are indispensably necessary.

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

We propose to divide our brief treatise upon gymnastics into three parts:-1°. The Elementary Movements; 2°. The Exercises of Wrestling, Walking, Running, and Jumping; 3°. The method of Climbing knotted and smooth Ropes; Exercises with Poles; Sphaeristic Exercises (such as throwing of balls or other projectiles); and the Art of Swimming.

This being understood, we proceed to our exercises. The pupils are arranged in a straight line, about two feet apart from one another, and the teacher then puts them into the following position :-The heels upon the line, and close together; the toes well turned out; the body upright, the shoulders kept well down; the arms hanging down by the sides, and the hands closed lightly with the nails forward; the head straight see fig. 1.

The teacher having fixed the pupils in this position, makes them execute the following elementary exercises :Exercise 1. Turning the head; when the teacher gives the following words of command:1. Head to the right!

2. Move!

3. As you were!

At the word More, the pupils all move their heads towards the right shoulder and back again gradually and successively bringing it to the furthest possible point.

At the words, As you were, the pupils bring their heads back again to the straight position.

The head is turned to the left, by reversing the above orders. The next part of this exercise is to turn the head (fig. 2) alternately each way. These being the words of command:1. Herd alternately to the right and to the left! 2. More!

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At the word More, the pupil turns his head alternately backwards and forwards by a slow and regulated motion. At the words, As you were, the head is restored to its original . position (fig. 3).

Exercise 3. The head is inclined alternately to the right and to the left, the words of command being given in the same way as before, (fig. 4); that is, the head is inclined to the right and to the left by alternating the motion.

For the performance of the following exercises, it is requisite to have regular distances between each of the pupils. There are two distances, the half and the full distance.

For the exercise of the half distance, the words of command

are:

1. To the right, half distance!
2. Move!

3. As you were!

At the word more, the pupil at the right extremity of the line does not move; the others keep their left arms unmoved, but place their right hands on their haunch, the four fingers being in front, and the thumb behind, so that the elbow of each pupil touches the left arm of his neighbour on the right, fig. 5. At the words, As you were, the arms are brought down to the sides as before.

For the exercise of the full distance, the words of command are:

1. To the right, (or, to the left) Full distance!
2, Move!

3. As you were!

I. Before commencing our instructions, we would especially impress upon the mind of the pupil the advantages of singing while performing the elementary Gymnastic Exercises. Not only will the respirative organs be thus well developed-an essential point in a good constitution, but the regular cadences of the rythm will so enable the pupil to keep time in each At the words, Move, the pupil at the right extremity of the action, that he will find himself able to keep up the exercise for line does not move; the others keeping their left arms unmoved, a length of time which would otherwise be impossible. In sing-move their right arms slowly from their sides, stretching them ing for this purpose, words need not be sung, all that is required is the rythm or cadence. We would even not point out any particular tune; the pupil may sing whatever pleases him best; for we repeat that all that is requisite in these exercises, is the rythm to enable him to keep regular time to his movements.

out, and placing their right hands on the left shoulder of the pupil who is next to each on the right, the thumb being in front and the four fingers behind; at the words, As you were, the hands and arms are restored to their first position. Fig. 6. The reverse means are employed in taking the distances to the left.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. LV.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D. D.

(Continued from page 200.)

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, OR PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. As already intimated, the union in one word of the attributes of an adjective and those of a pronoun, gives birth to a class of terms which may be designated as adjective pronouns, or pronominal adjectives. We give the ensuing list :

a noun.

[blocks in formation]

The same

Some

Some one
Such a one.
also,
The former
The latter

Every There are other forms of words, such as all, anybody, somebody, &c., which have been ranked under our present head, but which, to me, appear to fall under other categories. All, for instance, is clearly an adjective; somebody is made up of some, an adjective, and body, It must, however, be admitted that the lines of demarcation here are not very clear, and a word which appears to one person as an adjective, may to another seem to take rank among pronouns. But it may be suggested that, whatever other quality a word may possess or acquire, it must, in order to take rank among pronouns, be capable of standing instead of a noun, and that independently, and not merely as an adjective having its noun

understood.

The derivation of the words which form the foregoing list is sufficiently clear without additional remarks.

Some of the words remain uninflected; as, any and own. Most of them are, however, capable of a possessive case; as, another's, each other's, one another's, either's, neither's, the former's, the latter's; e. g.,

I am satisfied that in this, as in all cases, it is best and safest, as well as most right and honourable, to speak freely and plainly. The Gospel, under the aid of God's Holy Spirit, has power to make the proud humble, the selfish disinterested, the worldly heavenly, and the sensual pure. God's providence is higher, and deeper, and larger, and stronger than all the skill of his adversaries; and his pleasure shall be accomplished in their overthrow, unless they repent and become His friends. Words are voluntary signs; and they are also arbitrary, except a few simple sounds expressive of certain internal emotions, and certain external movements, which sounds being the same or nearly the same in all languages, must

be the work of nature; thus the unpremeditated tones of admiration are the same in all men.

It may serve to show the student the changes our language has undergone, if I subjoin an exercise for correction, the corrections to be made according to the statements and rules laid down under each head. My purpose can be answered only by the instances being taken from authors of high repute. From such authors, lead to a false impression. Let no one who makes the required consequently, they will be taken. The term "correction" may corrections, suppose that he writes better English than the writers whose names will follow. The truth, in general terms is, their English was perfect in their day. The occasion for correction arises from the fact that since their time our language has undergone much change, and it is the English of the present day that the student must aim to write.

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"For we which live, are always delivered unto death for Jesus' Thomas and William fought; the former broke the latter's left arm, sake."-Paul. "They which believe in God must be careful to and the latter knocked out the former's right eye. maintain good works."-Barclay. "Before his book he placeth a great list of that he accounts the blasphemous assertions of the Quakers."-Barclay. "More shame for ye; holy men I thought

EXERCISES.-COMPLETE.

The Seventy's translation of the Old Testament is very valuable. ye."—Shakspeare. The boy is not only young, but he is also wealthy.

"There is no vice so simple but assumes

Some mark of virtue on his outward parts."

Shakspeare.

"Unless when ideas of their opposites manifestly suggest themselves."-Wright's Grammar. "Every one of us, each for hisself, laboured how to recover him."-Sidney.

SPECIMEN OF PARSING.

"Attend to what a lesser muse indites."-Addison. Barcelona was taken through a most unexpected accident. The watch is beautiful, but it is dear. Are you the bridegroom? No, I am not he. I will not destroy the city for twenty's sake. The inhabitants of the lesser Asia (Asia Minor) are dark-skinned. Manslaughter is not murder. Jesus answered: "If I honour myself, my honour is nothing; it is my Father that honoureth me, of whom ye say that he is your God; yet ye have not known Him, but I know Him." They sat down in ranks by hundreds and by fifties. God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. These shoes are home-art thou that judgest another man's servant?"—Paul. made. Suicide is self-murder. The avaricious man is a selftormentor. Whatever is humane is wise; whatever is wise is just; whatever is wise, just, and humane, will be found the true interest of states.

"I still had hopes, my latest hours to crown,

Amidst these humble bow'rs to lay me down." Goldsmith.

A boy should understand his mother-tongue well before he enters upon the study of a dead language; or, at any rate, he should be made perfect master of the meaning of all the words which are necessary to furnish him with a translation of the particular one which he is studying. No discipline is more suitable to man, or more congruous to the dignity of his nature, than that which refines his taste, and leads him to distinguish, in every subject, what is regular, what is orderly, what is suitable, and what is fit and proper. Those words which were formerly current and proper, have now become obsolete and barbarous. Alas! this is not all: fame, too, in time tarnishes; and men grow out of fashion. Charlemagne was the tallest, the handsomest, and the strongest man of his time; his appearance was truly majestic, and he had surprising agility in all sorts of manly exercises. Money, like other things, is more or less valuable, as it is more or less plentiful.

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"Judges ought to be more learned than witty, more reverend than plausible, more advised than confident; above all things, integrity is their portion and proper virtue."-Lord Bacon. "Who

Judges, from judge (Latin, judex), a common noun, masculine gen-
der, plural number, of the third person, the subject to the verb
ought.

Ought, from to owe, a verb in the past tense, third person singular
number, agreeing with its subject judges.
a preposition.

To,

Be,

a verb in the infinitive mood, dependent on to. More, an adverb, qualifying learned. Learned, a participle, compared by the adverb more. Than, a conjunction, required after more, thus, more than. Witty, an adjective, may be compared thus, witty, wittier, wittiest or witty, more witty, most witty. Reverend, an adjective, from the Latin participle reverendus, which is connected with vereor, I respect, I fear. Plausible, an adjective, compared by more and most, as being a polysyllable. Advised, a participle, used as an adjective, compared by more and Confident, an adjective, from the Latin cum, with, and fides, trust, compared by more and most. Above, a preposition.

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