FIG. 28.-Buildings moved and more closely grouped. (1) farm house; (2) poultry house; (3) hog house; (4) horse barn; (5) smokehouse; (6) milk and well house; (7) corncrib; (8) machine shed; (9) ice house; (10) cow barn; (11) silo; (12) hog shed; (13) feeding floor. In doing the same chores described under Fig. 29, only a little over 30 miles need be traveled and but 2.24 days would be required. The water is piped to the hog house and barns, greatly reducing the labor. The feeding floor joins the corn crib and hog house and the machine shed is only 30 feet distant from the barn.

HIGHWAY

in doing the daily chores is well illustrated by Figures 27 and 28, showing the amount of travel in doing certain chores when the buildings are poorly located and the saving made by moving and relocating some of them.

60. Building Plans. The plans of the buildings should be considered quite as much as the plans for the farmstead. Before erecting a building, a plan should be made of it, drawing to scale, with all of the interior arrangements made. Feed storage rooms should be provided which will permit quick and easy feeding of the live stock. Convenient arrangements should be made for watering, and an attempt made to lessen the labor in every way possible. The harness rooms, milk rooms, and grain bins should all be at convenient points and located with the view of lessening the amount of travel. If a harness room is provided, it should be at a central spot and where every stall can be reached with the minimum amount of travel. The milk room, where included in the barn, should be located near the center but where it can be well ventilated and where the objectionable odors of the barn can be kept from it. The grain bin frequently can be placed overhead, with an elevator run by a gasoline engine for elevating the grain into it. By providing suitable spouts, feed boxes, and alleys, the work of feeding the animals is thus greatly reduced. Attention to details of arrangement is the first essential in providing economical and convenient buildings.

EXERCISES FOR PUPILS

1. Have the pupils measure the distance from the house to the well on their own farms and keep a record of the number of trips made for water in a week. Find the average number of trips per day. Calculate the number of miles traveled in a year in carrying water for house use. How much does it cost if labor is worth 16 cents an hour? How large an investment in water pipes would the labor cost pay interest on?

2. Have the pupils measure the distance between their corn cribs and hog feeding pens. Keep a record of the number of trips made between them in feeding the pigs for a week. Find the average trips in a day. Calculate the number of miles traveled in a year.

3. In the same way determine the time required and the labor cost of doing other chores. Compare the results from the various farms and suggest ways of remedying badly arranged farmsteads.

4. Have them record distances traveled between feed bin and mangers in feeding horses and cows, and in other ways call the attention of the pupils to wasted time or energy.

PROBLEMS

1. By placing the farmstead at the center of a 160 acre farm, the distance to the permanent pasture can be shortened mile. Two trips are made to the pasture daily by a man on foot who walks 2 miles per hour. The pasture season opens May 15 and closes October 25. At 15 cents an hour, what is the value of man labor saved?

2. In addition to saving man labor, mile of land 2 rods wide and 80 rods of fence are eliminated. With land rent at $5 an acre and the depreciation, interest and repairs of fence amounting to 5 cents per rod per year, how much is the annual saving because of the shorter lane? What is the total saving?

3. By building a lane in order to reach a 40-acre field a farmer can save mile in going to the field. The lane will be 80 rods long. Smooth wire fencing can be put up at a cost of 90 cents per rod. Only one side of the land will need to be fenced. Four hundred thirty trips are made to the field in a year with man and team traveling at the rate of 2 miles per hour. Man labor costs 16 cents and horse labor 9 cents an hour. How many years will it take to pay for the fencing for the lane in saving of time alone? 4. A man's corn crib is located 12 rods from the hog-feeding floor where he feeds 2,000 bushels of corn annually. A hired man's time is worth 16¢ an hour; he can carry a bushel at each load, and walks three miles an hour. How much does it cost to carry the corn to the hogs annually?

5. A farm house is located 100 ft. from a spring from which the water is carried for household use. An average of 10 buckets are carried each day. Allowing 5 minutes time for each bucket of water carried, and 10¢ an hour for the time, how many days would it take to pay for a hydraulic ram costing $25.00 and galvanized pipe at 121⁄2¢ per foot?

6. A dairyman delivers milk 6 days out of the week to a creamery four miles distant from the nearest corner of the farm. His farmstead is onehalf mile farther away. If he drives at the rate of 6 miles an hour, how much more time does he spend on the road than if he were on the corner nearest the creamery? If man and team are worth $3.00 for a 10-hour day, what will be the total cost a year under each condition?

7. A man hauls a barrel of water to his hog pasture each day for 4 months in the year since it is not in the farmstead. It takes a horse and man hours each day to haul the water. Horse labor is worth 9¢ per hour and man labor 16¢. He can arrange for a hog pasture in the minor rotation by erecting 50 rods of fence costing 42¢ a rod, and can pipe the water to it at a cost of $10.00. How long would it take to pay for the changes?

REFERENCES

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 236.

Planning and Adorning the Farmstead.-Iowa Experiment Station Bulletin No. 126.

Farm Development.-W. M. Hays, pages 96-126.

Minnesota Farmers' Institute Annual No. 22, pages 23-29.

CHAPTER VII

PLANNING THE FARM

61. Need of Planning. A practical, well-balanced farm business cannot be built up without a great deal of careful planning. Among the most important plans to make is one of the whole farm, showing the location of the farmstead and its connection with the fields, also the size and the arrangement of the fields themselves. The ease with which the farm may be operated and the cost of the farm products are largely dependent upon the arrangement of the buildings and fields, and upon the plans for operating the farm. So important is this matter that several different plans should be made before adopting a final one. Often it will be found impossible to make a plan that can be immediately adopted. A tentative plan may be followed for a year or two, while the fields are being subdued and cleared, or it may be necessary to change the type of farming within a few years. These prospective changes, however, should not prevent one from working out the complete plan for future operation.

In fact, the more one works over the plan, the greater the possibility of having all features of the farm in proper balance. Owing to the great difference in the topography of the land used for farming, it is not possible to present a plan which can be adopted by everyone. Planning a farm is like planning a house in that the tastes of the individual family that is to live upon it must be consulted, and the size, shape, and internal arrangements should be determined by the use to be made of it. The principal factors are presented to serve as a guide to those who wish to work out a plan for operating a farm.

62. Access to Fields. In laying out the farm, the farmstead should be located and planned so as to permit easy access to

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