present and generally it occurs. It has been said that adenoids and tonsilar enlargement unattended to will result in disease, deafness and impaired growth, both physical and mental, and in the lack of moral stamina. "There is no condition or diathesis or disease which can abort the good, distort the beautiful and prostitute the useful like the neglect of the adenoid condition; there is no medical or surgical transaction which will call forth more expression of gratitude and praise for the physician than this operation of tonsilotomy when successfully performed."

As stated above, Nature needs assistance; and with assistance as outlined, many evil conditions sure to follow non-attention will surely be avoided. An effort is decidedly worth while-why not make it?

DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY.

Believing that a knowledge of the anatomy of head, nose, throat and ear is to be greatly desired on the part of any teacher, and especially so by the teacher of the deaf who wishes to be thoroughly informed as to the mechanism of hearing and of speech, the following brief descriptive outline will no doubt prove of value in schoolroom work with the teacher who is up-to-date and efficient in producing good results through intelligent efforts. In this day of critical evaluation of teaching theories and schoolroom practice, and with an awakening to the fact that defective hearing, on the part of pupils everywhere and in all schools (one in every five pupils, probably), is producing long lines of lost interest, retardation, inefficiency and delinquency, an intimate knowledge of the why and wherefor of things is absolutely necessary. The "hit-or-miss" pattern of educational efforts must be relegated to the period of "Have beens"—it has no place of standing today. Science, knowledge and precision must replace conjecture, opinion and chance.

1. Frontal sinus; opening into nasal chambers; absent in child. 2. Lateral cartilages of nose; 2 upper, 2 lower; fifth cartilage, of septum, not shown.

3. Fourth turbinate; not constant; present in one-third of all

cases.

4. Superior turbinate; smallest and least rolled.

5. Middle turbinate; anterior free margin dividing line be tween olfactory area and respiratory region.

6. Inferior turbinate; longest and largest.

7. Hard palate; bony portion of roof of mouth.

4

SAGITTAL SECTION OF HEAD AND NECK.*

8. Soft palate; movable partition between mouth, nasal cavities and throat; raised in pure vowel sounds; impeded movement results in poor enunciation.

9. Uvula; usual length rarely over 3 inch; elongation and relaxation occurs in 90 per cent. of affections of soft palate and uvula, exercising injurious effects on voice.

"Courtesy, Saunders & Co., Philadelphia.

10. Arch of roof of mouth; high or irregular arch caused by adenoids and mouth breathing, affecting voice and causing irregular teeth.

Anterior ethmoidal cells; opening into nasal chambers.

12. Sphenoidal sinus; opening into nasal chambers; absent in child.

13. Eustachian orifice; about 3% inch from inferior turbinate; eustachian tube about 11⁄2 inches long; outer 1-3 bone, inner 2-3 cartilage and fibrous tissue; tympanic opening 11⁄2 inch, pharyngeal 1-3 inch, diameter; diameter of middle part only large enough to pass a darning needle.

13a. Position of pharyngeal tonsil-adenoid tissue; tubal tonsil, when orifice eustachian tube involved.

14. Position of lingual tonsil; slightly elevated nodules of lymphoid tissue on base of tongue.

15. Epiglottis; thin, pliable, leaf-shape cartilage covering "voice-box" or larynx.

16. Vestibule of larynx; in male 1-3 larger than in female; laryngeal tonsil within ventricle of larynx.

17. Position of vocal cords; variable length and calibre; 11⁄2 to 34 inch, female and male.

18. Trachea, showing rings; 16 to 20 rings of cartilage; transverse diameter 3/4 to 1 inch.

19. Bodies of cervical vertebræ.

20. Spinal canal, showing foramina of exit of nerves.

21. Position of faucial tonsil; lymphoid structure, highly vascular; enlarged, results in impaired articulation, and especially 22. Tongue.

23. Esophagus; muscular canal nine inches long.

25. Nasopharynx; upper portion of pharynx-postnasal space; resonating chamber.

26. Oropharynx; lower portion of pharynx; pharynx 42 inches in length.

External ear-Auricle, or pinna; external auditory canal, or

meatus.

Middle ear, or tympanum-Membrana tympani; tympanic cavity and. attic; ossicles; eustachian tube; antrum; mastoid process.

Internal ear, or labyrinth-Osseous labyrinth (vestibule; semicircular canals; cochlea). Membranous labyrinth (utricle; saccule; membranous semicircular canals; membranous cochlea). Auditory nerve; divided into vestibular and cochlear branches at bottom of internal auditory canal.

Muscles of auricle-Nine; but slightly developed in man. Vascular and nervous supply to auricle-Three arteries, and veins to correspond; six nerves.

External auditory canal-About 1/4 inch in length, cartilage 1/2 inch, bone 3/4 inch; silghtly curved, convexity upward; narrowest near central portion beyond which pouch-like expansion; greatest diameter vertical at outer end, but transverse at inner end; average width 1/4 inch.

Membrana tympani-Drum-head, an oval, translucent membrane placed obliquely at bottom of meatus; 3% inch diameter.

Tympanum, or tympanic cavity-Of irregular form, about 1/2 inch front to rear, 1/3 inch vertically, 1-5 inch transversely; carotid

Courtesy, Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia.

canal in front, mastoid cells behind, auditory canal externally, labyrinth internally.

Attic of tympanum-Upper portion thereof.

Ossicles-Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup); a movable chain of small bones connecting drum head and labyrinth through oval window; malleus upper bone, incus middle bone, stapes lower bone and smallest bone in the body (1-6x1-10 inch); malleus 3 inch long; incus 1/3 inch long.

Eustachian tube-About 12 inches long, outer 1/3 bone, inner 2-3 cartilage and fibrous tissue; tympanic opening 12 inch, pharyringeal, 3 inch diameter.

Antrum-Opening into mastoid process from tympanum.

Mastoid process-Distinct prominence back of ear, conical in shape, apex downward; consists of cells of various number, size and shape intercommunicating; but one at birth (antrum of good size), others developing.

Fenestra ovalis vestibuli-Oval window, kidney-shaped, leading from tympanum into vestibule and closed by foot-plate of stapes; 1-10 inch long diameter.

Fenestra rotunda cochlea-Round window, leading from tympanum into cochlea and closed by membrane; 1-12 inch diameter. Tensor tympani-Muscle of tympanum to increase tension of drumhead by drawing same inward.

Vestibule-Ovoid cavity between cochlea and semicircular canals, about 1-5 inch from before backward, 1-5 inch from above downward, and with which all parts of internal ear communicate.

Semicircular canals-Three curved bony tubes of unequal length (3-5 to 1 inch) springing from rear portion of vestibule 1-20 inch in diameter, each lying at right angle to other two, and each containing a membranous canal of same shape 1-60 inch in diameter; a peripheral space-organ acting through brain center for preservation of equilibrium.

Cochlea-Conical, snail-shaped cavity in front of vestibule about 1-4 inch in length, breadth of base 1-4 inch; divided and subdivided into spaces by diaphragms, one of which near apex contains organ of Corti with 10,500 rods and 21,300 hair cells, each supposed to vibrate to a single sound.