it has a naked receptacle, and hairy pappus; with a cylindrical imbricated calyx, and feminine florets mixed with the hermaphrodite ones. There are 7 fpecies, all natives of warm climates; of which the two following chiefly merit notice. I. BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA, or Virginia groundfel tree, a native of Virginia and other parts of North America. It grows about 7 or 8 feet high, with a crooked fhrubbery stem; and flowers in October. The flowers are white, and not very beautiful; but the leaves continuing green, has occafioned this thrub to be admitted into many curious gardens. It may be propagated by cuttings; and will live very well in the open air, though fevere frofts will fometimes deftroy it.

Egypt; whence, according to Diodorus, they were brought into Greece by Melampus. The form of the folemnity depended at Athens, on the archon, and was, at firtt, exceedingly fimple; but, by degrees, it became encumbered with a number of ridiculous ceremonies, and attended with much diffolutenefs and debauchery; infomuch that the Romans grew afhamed of them, and fuppreffed them by a decree of the fenate, throughout all Italy. The women had a great fhare in thefe folemnities, which were said to have been inftituted on their account; for a great number of them, according to the tradition, attended Bacchus to the conqueft of the Indies, carrying in their hands the thyrfus, (i. e. a little lance, covered with ivy and vine leaves) and finging his victories and triumphs. The ceremony was kept up after Bacchus's deification, under the title of Bacchanalia, and the women were inftalled priestelles thereof, under that of BACCHA, or BACCHANTES. These priestesses, at the time of the fcat, ran through the ftreets, and over the mountains, covered with tyger's fkins, their hair dithevelled, their thyrfus in one hand and torches in the other, howling and fhrieking Eun cabas! Ev Bexy!! Ia laxys! or Is Banys. Of the men, fome reprefented Pan, others Silenus, others Satyrs. Men and women met promifcuoully at the feaft, quite naked, except only that the vine leaves, and dufters of grapes, bound their heads and hips; here they danced and jumped tumultuoufly, and, with ftrange gefticulations, fung hymns to Bacchus, till, being weary and giddy, they tumbled There were two principal Bacchanalia held annually; viz.

down.

(II.) BACCHANALIA fignify also pictures, or bafo relievos, whereon the feaft is reprefented, confifting chiefly of dancing, nudities, and the like. There are antique Bacchanals, ftill feen on feveral ancient freezes. The Bacchanals painted by Poufia are excellent.

* BACCHANALIAN. n. f. [from bacchanalia, Lat.] A riotous person; a drunkard.

T BACCHANALIZE, v. a. To riot; to imitate the Bacchanals.

* BACCHANALS. n. f. [bacchanalia, Lat.] The drunken feafts and revels of Bucchus, the god of wine.-What wild fury was there in the heathen Bacchanals, which we have now feen equalled? Decay of Piety.

BACCHANTES, priefeffes of Bacchus. See BACCHANALIA, N° I.

BACCHARACH WINE, an excellent kind of wine, by many mistaken for Rhenifh; but from which Portzius obferves, it differs in colour, tafte, Cavour, and ftrength. See BACCARACH.

(I.) BACCHARIS, in botany, PLOUGHMAN's PIKENARD: A genus of the polygamia fuperflua order, belonging to the fyngenefia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th er, Compofte diferides. The characters are:

(2.) BACCHARIS IVÆFOLIA, or African tree groundfel, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, as well as of Peru and other warm parts of America. It grows to the height of 5 or 6 feet; and, though there is little beauty in the flower, has been long admitted into the gardens of the curi It is pretty hardy, and will live abroad in moderate winters in England, but is usually kept in green houses, and placed abroad only in fummer. It may be propagated either by cuttings or by feeds, which ripen well in this country.

ous.

(II.) BACCHARIS, in pharmacy, a sweet ointment ufed among the ancients, fo called perhaps from the above plant being a principal ingredient in it.

BACCHATION, n.. rioting; revelling.

BACCHI, in fabulous history, a kind of machines, in form of goats, faid to have been used by Jupiter, in his wars against the giants. Rudbeck defcribes two kinds of Bacchi, one made like the battering ram, wherewith Jupiter demolifhed the enemy's fortifications; the other contrived to caft fire out of, from whence the Greeks are conjectured to have framed their idea of the Chimera.

(1.) BACCHIC, fomething relating to the ceremonies of Bacchus. The celebrated intaglio, called Michael Angelo's ring, is a reprefentation of a bacchic feast.

(2.) BACCHIC SONG is fometimes ufed for a chanfor à boire, or compofition to infpire jollity. But in a more proper fenfe, it is reftrained to a dithyrambic ode or hyinn.

ivy.

BACCHICA, in botany, is used for HEDERA,

BACCHINI, Benedict, a Benedictine monk, and one of the most learned men in his time, was born at Borgo San Domino in 1651; and wrote a great number of books in Latin and Italian, the most confiderable of which is a Literary Journal. He died at Bologna in 1721, aged 70.

BACCHIS, or BALUS, king of Corinth, fucceeded his father Pruinnides. He reigned with fuch moderation and equity, that to commemorate him, his fucceffors were called Bacchida. The Bacchide afterwards becoming numerous, they chose one as president, with regal authority. This inftitution was, however, overturned, by Cypfelus making himself abfolute.

(1.) BACCHIUS, a follower of Ariftoxenus, fuppofed by Fabricius to have been tutor to the eniperor Marcus Antonius, and confequently to U 2

have

have lived about A. D. 140. He wrote in Greck hort introduction to mufc in dialogue, which Meibomius has published, with a Latin tranflation. It was first published in the original by Merfennus, in his Commentary on the first fix chapters of Genelis; and afterwards he published a translation of it in French, which Meibomius, in the preface to his edition of the ancient mutical authors, cenfures as being grofsly erroneous.

(2.) BACCHIUS, in ancient poetry, a foot compofed of a fhort fyllable and two long ones; as egeftas. It takes its name from the god Bacchus, because it frequently entered into the hymns compofed in his honour. The Romans called it likewife anotrius, tripodius, and faltans; and the Greeks Παριαμός.

(3.) BACCHIUS and BITHUS, two renowned gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb expreffiye of equality, Bithus contra Bacchium.

(I. 1.) BACCHUS, in heathen mythology, the god of wine. He is feldom named in modern times, but as a fenfual encourager of feast and jol, lity; but he was regarded in a more refpectable light by the ancients, who worshipped him in different countries under the following appellations: in Egypt, he was called OSIRIS; in Myfia, Fa NACES; in India, DIONYSIUS; LIBER, through out the Roman dominions; ADONEUS, in Arabia; and PENTHEUS, in Lucania. Mythologifts furnish reafons for all thefe different names, which may be seen in the 2d vol. of Banier's Mythology. The Greeks and the Romans afcribed to the Bacchus whom they worshipped, the feveral actions and attributes of the many divinities known by that name, and by other equivalent denominations in different countries. However, antiquity chiefly diftinguished two gods under the title of Bacchus; the one of Egypt, the other of Thebes in Boeotia. See § 2 and 3..

(2.) BACCHUS OF EGYPT was the fon of Am, mon, and confidered as the same with OSIRIS. He was brought up at Nyfa, a city of Arabia Fe. lix, whence he acquired the name of DIONYSIUS, or the god of Nyfa; and was the conqueror of India. This Bacchus was one of the elder gods of Egypt, although, according to Sir Ifaac New ton, he flourished but one generation before the Argonautic expedition. This Bacchus, fays Hernippus, was potent at fea, conquered eastward as far as India, returned in triumph, brought his army over the Hellefpont, conquered Thrace, and left mufic, poetry, and dancing there.

(3.) BACCHUS OF THEBES Was the fon of Ju. piter by Semele the daughter of Cadmus, and ranked as the youngest of the Grecian deities. Diodorus Siculus tells us, that Orpheus first deified the font of Somele by the name of Bacchus, and appointed his ceremonies in Greece, to render the family of Cadmus, the grandfather of the Grecian Bacchus, illuftrious. According to this author, it was the son of Semele who invented farces and theatres, and who first established a mulic school, excepting from all military functions fuch mufi cians as difcovered great abilities in their art; on which account, fays the fame author, muficians formed into companies have fince frequently enfoyed great privileges. Paulanips, in his Attics,

speaks of a place at Athens confecrated to Barchus the finger: Whence it fhould seem that Bacchus was regarded by the Athenians not only as the god of wine, but of fong; and it muft be owned, that his followers, in their cups, have been much inclined to finging ever fince. Indeed w are certain, that in none of the origies, proceffions triumphs, and feftivals, inftituted by the ancient to the honour and memory of this prince of bon vivans, mufic was forgotten; as may be ftili ga thered from ancient sculpture, where we find not only that musicians, male and female, regal ed him with the lyre, the flute, and the fong but that he was accompanied by fawns and ta tyrs, playing upon timbrels, cymbals, bag-pipes and horns: thefe Suidas calls his minftrels, and Strabo gives them the appellation of Bacchi Sileni, Satyri, Bacche, Lena, Thya, Mamili. nes, Naiades, Nymphe, and Tityri. Thefe repre fentations have furnished fubjects for the finet remains of ancient fculpture; and the moft vo luptuous paffages of ancient poetry are defcrip tions of the origies and feftivals of Bacchus. Se ORGIA.

(11.) BACCHUS, in ichthyology, a name giver by fome to the MYXQN, a fish of the mullet kind remarkable for the red colour of its lips, and th extremity of the covering of the gills. See MUGI

BACCHUS BOLE. n.f. A flower not tall, bu very full and broad leaved. Mortimer.

BACCHYLIDES, a'famous Greek poet, wa the nephew of Simonides, and cotemporary an rival of Pindar. Both fung the victories of Hier at the public games. Beides odes to athletic vic tors, he was the author of love verfes; Profodies Dithyrambics; Hymns; Pæans; Hyporchemes Parthenia; or fongs to be fung by a chorus of vi gins at feflivals. The chronology of Eufebiu places the birth of Bacchylides in the 82d Olym piad, about A. A. C. 450.

*BACCIFEROUS. adj. [from bacca, a berry and fero, to bear, Lat.] Berry-bearing. Baccif rous trees are of four kinds,-1. Such as bear a c liculate or naked berry; the flower and calix bot falling off together, and leaving the berry bare as the faffafras tree. 2. Such as have a naked m nofpermous fruit, that is, containing in it on. one feed; as the arbutes. 3. Such as have bi polyfpermous fruit, that is, containing two more kernels or feeds within it; as the jefminun liguftrum. 4. Such as have their fruit compok of many acini, or round foft balls fet clofe tog ther like a bunch of grapes; as the uva marin Ray.

BACCINA, or a bafon to hold water to wal BACCINUM, the hands. The holding th bafon, or waiting at the bafon, on the day of th king's coronation, was an ancient tenure in fe jeantry.

(1.) BACCIO, Francifco Bartolomeo, or Bart lemi di S. Marco, a celebrated history and portra painter, was born at Savignano near Florence, 1469, and was a difciple of Rofelli; but his pri ciple knowledge in the art was derived from I Vinci. He understood the true principles ct d fign better than mo mafters of his time, and al a confiderable painter of perfpective. Rapbac after he had quitted the school of Perugino, tudi

th

the art of uniting colours under him, as well as the rules of perspective. Some years after the departure of Raphael, Baccio vifited Rome; and by the obfervations he made on the antiquities and the works of Raphael, which, by that time, were univerfally admired, he improved much, and manefted his abilities by a picture of S. Sebaftian, which he finished at his return to Florence. It was fo well defigned, fo naturally coloured, and had so strong an expreffion of agony, that it was removed from the convent where it was exhibited, as it had made too ftrong an impreffion on the imaginations of many women. He made nature his study; he defigned naked figures correctly; and his colouring was admirable. He is accounted the first inventor of the machine called a layman by the artists, and which is ftill in general ufe. Upon that he placed his draperies, to obferve, with great exactness their natural and their moft elegant folds. A capital picture of the afcenfion, by Baccio, is in the Florentine collection. He died in 1517.

(2.) BACCIO, or BACCIUS, Andrew, a celebrated phyfician of the 16th century, born at St Elpideo. He practifed phyfic at Rome with great reputation, and was first phyfician to pope Sixtus V. The most scarce and moft valuable of his works are, 1. De Thermis. 2. De naturali vinotum hiftoria. 3. De venenis et antidotis. 4. De gemmis ac lapidibus pretiofis.

BACCIVOROUS. adj. [from bacca, a berry, and voro, to devour, Lat.] Devouring berries.

Dia.

BACCIUS. See BACCIO, N° 2.

BACCOFOE, in botany, a fruit very common in Guinea, like the banana, but whiter, thicker, and shorter. The taste and smell are very agreeable; and fome pretend, that on cutting it thro' tranfverfely, there is the figure of a crucifix on each fide of it. Phil. Tranf. N° 108.

BACCULI. See BACILLI.

(1.) BACH, a town of Lower Hungary, in the County of Tolu, feated on the Danube.

(2.) BACH, John Sebastian, a celebrated mufician, born at Eifnach in Germany, in 1685. He was patronized by the duke of Saxe Weimar, who appointed him his musician, in 1708; and at Drefden he gained a victory over a famous French organift, whofe vanity led him to challenge all the German muficians. As an organift, he was thought equal to Handel, and the excellence of his compofitions, teftify him to have been among the foremoft in the science. He died in 1754.

(3.) BACH, Charles, fons of the above, were (4.) BACH, John, both very eminent as performers and compofers of mufic. Charles lived at Hamburgh in 1773, and John was in England in 1763.

BACHA, a river of Afiatic Ruffia, which joins the Jenefei, on the right.

BASCHAMSEL, an amphibious bird, mentioned by Keyfler, in his Travels, Vol. I. p. 30. He cues not mention the Linnæan name.

BACHARACH, a territory of Germany, on the ift bank of the Rhine, now included in the department of the Rhine and Nabe.

BACHE, a small river of N. Wales, in Montgonery-hire.

(1.) BACHAUMONT, Francois le Coigneux de, a French poet. He was counfellor to the parliament, but his love of eafe and pleasure made him give up his poft and renounce his profeffion. Contracting an intimacy with Chapelle, he was joined with him in writing A Journey to Montpelier, in which there is much vivacity difplayed; befides which he wrote feveral other works, all in a humorous ftile. He died at Paris in 1702, aged 78.

(2.) BACHAUMONT, Louis-Petit, a French writer, born at Paris. He was author of Secret Memoirs towards a Hiflory of the Republic of Letters in France, 36 vols. 12mo. and other works. He died in 1771.

BACHELIER, Nicholas, an eminent French fculptor and architect. He was a pupil of Michael Angelo; and he ornamented the churches of Thouloufe, his native city, by the productions of his pencil. He died about 1554.

(1.) * BACHELOR. n. f. [This is a word of very uncertain etymology, it not being well known what was its original fenfe. Junius derives it from Banna, foolish; Menage, from bas chevalier, a knight of the lowest rank; Spelman, from baculus, a staff; Cujas, from baccella, an allowance of provifion. The moft probable derivation feems to be bacca laurus, the berry of a laurel or bay; bachelors being young are of good hopes, like laurels in the berry. Dr Lawrence obferved, that Menage's etymology is much confirmed by the practice in our universities of calling a Bachelor, Sir. In Latin baccalareus.] 1. A man unmarried.

Let finful bachelors their woes deplore,
Full well they merit all they feel, and more.

Pope. 2. A man who takes his first degrees at the univer fity in any profeffion.-Being a boy, new bachelor of arts, I chanced to fpeak against the pope. Afcham. 3. A knight of the loweft order. This is a fenfe now little ufed.

(2.) BACHELOR, in ancient times, was a denomination given to those who had attained to knighthood, but had not a number of vafials fufficient to have their banner carried before them in the field of battle; or if they were of the order of Bannerets, were not of age to display their own banner, but obliged to march to battle under another's banner. It was also a title given to young cavaliers, who, having made their firft campaign, received the military girdle accordingly. And it ferved to denominate him that had overcome another in a tournament the first time he ever engaged.

(3.) BACHELOR, in the fix companies of merchants at Paris, was a name given before the revolution to the elders; and fuch as, having served the offices, had a right to be called by the masters and wardens to be prefent with them, and affift them in fome of the functions; particularly in what related to the chef d'auvres or mafter-pieces, of fuch as were candidates for being admitted mafters. Whether this title has been abolithed with other diftinctions, and given place to the general one of citizen, we have not yet learned.

(4.) BACHELORS, in the livery companies of London, are thofe who are not yet admitted to the livery. Thefe companies generally confift of a

mafter,

mafter, two wardens, the livery, and the bachelors, who are yet but in expectation of dignity in the company, and have their functions only in attendance on the mafter and wardens. They are alfo called yeomen.

(5.) BACHELORS, in the univerfity fenfe, are perfons who have attained to the BACCALAUREATS, or taken the first degree in arts, divinity, law, or phyfic. This degree in some univerfities has no existence. It was first introduced in the 13th century by Pope Gregory IX. though it is ftill unknown in Italy. The following regulations are observed respecting it in Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris.

I. BACHELORS OF ARTS are not admitted to that degree at Oxford, till after having studied fully 4 years at that univerfity. At Cambridge nearly as long time is required.

II. BACHELORS OF DIVINITY, OF THEOLOGY, before they can acquire that degree, cither at Oxford or Cambridge, muft fpend no lefs than 14 years at thefe univerfities, viz. 4. as above-mentioned, (1.) to qualify them for A. B. 3 more to become A. M. and 7 more ftill to commence B. D. At Paris, to pafs bachelor in theology, a perfon must have ftudied 2 years in philofophy and 3 years in theology, and held two acts of examination in the Sorbonne. In that univerfity, before the foundation of divinity profefforthips, as well as before the revolution, (for we hardly know how they do now,) thofe who had ftudied divinity 6 years were admitted to go through their courfe, and hence called BACCALARII CURSORES; and as there were two courfes, the first employed in explaining the Bible during 3 fucceffive years, the ad in explaining the fentences for one year, thofe who were in their Bible courfe were called BACCALARII BIBLICI, and those arrived at the fentences BACCALARII SENTENTIARII. And, laftly, those who had gone through both were denominated BACCALARII FORMATI, or FORMED

BACHELORS.

III. BACHELORS OF LAW, to acquire that degree at Cambridge or Oxford, muft have previCufly ftudied the law 6 years. Bachelors in the canon law, are admitted a.ter 2 years study, and fuftaining an act according to the forms.

IV. BACHELORS OF MEDICINE, OF PHYSIC, muft have ftudied two years in medicine, after having been 4 years A. M. in the univerfity, and muft have stood an examination; after which they are invefted with the fur, in order to be licensed.

(6.) BACHELORS, CURRENT, perfons admitted in the way of grace or by diploma.

(7.) BACHELORS, FORMED, perfons who have taken the degree regularly after the due courfe of 1tudy and exercises required by the statutes.

(8.) BACHELORS, KNIGHTS, the most ancient, but the loweft order of knights in England; known by the name of knights only. They are ftyled knights bachelors, either (according to fome) as denoting their degree, quafi bas chevaliers; or, according to others, because this title, like the fortune of an unmarried man, does not defcend to their pofterity. The custom of the, ancient Germans was to give their young, men a fhield and a lance in the great council; this was equivalent to the toga virilis of the Romans. Before this, they

were not permitted to bear arms, but were accounted as part of the father's household; after it, as part of the public. Hence fome derive the ufage of knighting, which has prevailed all over the western world, fince its reduction by colonies, from thofe northern heroes. Knights are called in the Latin equites aurati; aurati, from the gilt fpurs they wore; and equites because they always ferved on horseback; for it is obfervable, that al moft all nations call their knights by fome appellation derived from a horfe. They are alfo called in our law milites, because they form a part, or indeed the whole of the royal army, in virtue of their feodal tenures: one condition of which was, that every one who held a knight's fee (which in Henry II.'s time amounted to 201. per annum) was obliged to be knighted, and attend the king in his wars, or pay a fine for his non-compliance. The exertion of this prerogative, as an expedient to raife money in the reign of Charles I. gave great offence, though warranted by law and the recent example of Queen Elizabeth. At the restoration, it was, together with all other military branches of the feodal law, abolished; and it now only exifts in an honorary title. It is conferred indifcriminately upon gownfmen, burghers, and phyficians, by the king's lightly touching the perfon, who is then kneeling, on the right fhoulder with a drawn fword, and faying, Rife, Sir. See KNIGHT and NOBILITY.

(9.) BACHELORS, LAWS RESPECTING. The Roman cenfors frequently impofed fines on old bachelors. Dion Halicarnaffeus mentions an old law, by which all perfons of full age were obliged to marry. But the most celebrated law of the kind was that made under Auguftus, called the lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus; by which bachelors were made incapable of legacies or inheritances by will, unless from their near relations. This brought many to marry, according to Plutarch's obfervation, not fo much for the fake of raifing heirs to their own eftates, as to make themfelves capable of inheriting thofe of others. The rabbins maintain, that, by the laws of Mofes, every body, except fome few particulars, is obliged in confcience to marry at 20 years of age: this makes one of their 613 precepts. Hence thofe maxims fo frequent among their cafuifts, that he who docs not take the neceffary measures to leave heirs behind him, is not a man, but ought to be reputed a homicide.-Lycurgus was not more favourable: by his laws, bachelors are branded with infamy, excluded from all offices civil and military, and even from the thows and public sports. At certain feafts they were forced to appear, to be expofed to the public derifion, and led round the market-place. At one of their feasts, the women led them in this condition to the altars, where they were obliged to make amende honourable to nature, accompanied with a number of blows and lafhes with a rod at difere. tion. To complete the affront, they forced them to fing certain fongs compofed in their own derifion. The Chriftian religion has been supposed to be more indulgent to the bachelor state; because the Apostle Paul has recommended it as preferable, (as it certainly was,) during the early ages of Chriftianity, when a man was in danger of fuf