(2.) ATTIRE, in hunting. § 1, def. 2. The attire of a ftag, if perfect, confifts of bur, pearls, beam gutters, antler, fur-antler, royal, fur-royal, and crotches; and that of a buck, of the bur, beam brow-antler, advancer, palm, and spellers. * To ATTIRE. v. a. [attirer, Fr.) To drefs to habit; to array. Now the fappy boughs Attire themselves with blooms. Philips ATTIPER. n. f. [from attire.] One that at tires another; a dreffer. ATTIS, the daughter of Cranaus king of A thens. See ATTICA, § 6. * ATTITUDE. n. f. [attitude, Fr. from atto Ital.] The pofture or action in which a statue o painted figure is placed.-Bernini would have ta ken his opinion upon the beauty and attitude of figure. Prior's Dedication. tained during his lifetime the thought of a revolt, the Gepida and the Oftrogoths were diftinguifh ed by their numbers, their bravery, and the perfonal merit of their chiefs. Ardaric king of the Gepida, was the faithful and fagacious counfellor of the monarch; who efteemed his intrepid genius, whilft he loved the mild and difcreet virtues of the noble Walamir king of the Oftrogoths. The crowd of vulgar kings, who ferved under the standard of Attila, were ranged in the fubmiffive order of guards and domeftics round the person of their mafter. They watched his nod; they trembled at his frown; and at the firft fignal of his will, they executed without hefitation his abfolute commands. In time of peace, the dependent princes, with their national troops, attended the royal camp in regular fucceffion; but when Attila collected his military force, he was able to bring into the field an army of five, or according to fome 700,000 Barbarians. See HUNS. The circumstances attending Attila's death, (about A. D. 453.) were remarkable; from the feftive throng which celebrated his nuptials, with a beautiful virgin named Ildico, he retired late to bed, oppreffed with wine; and during the night, a blood veffel burft and fuffocated him. In the morning the bride was found by the bed fide, bewailing his death and her own danger. His body was expofed in the plain, while the Huns marched round it, in martial order, finging funeral fongs to his praife; and was afterwards inclofed in coffins of gold, filver, and iron, and interred privately in the night. To prevent the violation of his remains, by the discovery of his grave, the flaves who were employed on the occafion were put to death. ATTILATUS EQUUS, in old law Latin, a horse dreffed in his harness, for the plough or cart. ATTILIUS. See REGULUS. ATTIUM, in ancient geography, a promon tory on the NW. of Corfica, now called Punt di Acciuolo. ATTLEBOROUGH, a town in Norfolk, onc the capital of the county, on the road from The ford to Norwich, about 12 miles from each, an 93 from London. It is also called Attlebury Lon. o. 40. E. Lat. 52. 23. N. ATTLEBRIDGE, a town in Norfolk, a litt S. of Alderford. ATTMELLA. See AHMELLA. (1.) ATTOCK, a city of Hindooftan, on the I bank of the Indus near its mouth, 180 miles NW of Lahore. See AтOCK, N° 2. (2.) AттосK, а province of Afia. See AтOCK N° 1. (3.) ATTOCK, a river of Afia, which rifesi the Tartarian mountains, N. of Hindooftan, an paffing by Cubul, falls into the Indus. By a treat between Kouli Khan, Schah of Perfia, and ti Great Mogul, it was made the boundary betwee Perfia and India. ATTILUS, in ichthyology, a river fish, of the fturgeon kind, called by fome adello, adano, and adeno. It grows to a very large fize, and when ATTOLLENS, in anatomy, an appellatio full grown, cafts its fcales, and never has any given to several muscles otherwife called levator fresh ones, but remains perfectly smooth; in and elevatores. See ANATOMY, 193, 194, 19 which it differs from the common fturgeon. But it seems not to differ in any effential point from the Hufo Germanorum. It is an eatable fish, but is greatly inferior in tafte to the fturgeon. ATTINCTUS. See ATTAINTED. ATTINGA, in ichthyology, a species of the DIODON. * To ATTINGE. v. a. [attings, Lat.] To touch lightly or gently. Dic (1.) * ATTIRE. n. f. [from the verb.] 1. Clothes; drefs; habit.—It is no more difgrace to Scripture to have left things free to be ordered by the church, than for Nature to have left it to the wit of man to devife his own attire. Hooker. 2. In hunting. The horns of a buck or ftag. 3. In botany. The flower of a plant is divided into three parts, the empalement, the foliation, and the attire, which is either florid or femiform. Florid attire, called thrums or fuits, as in the flowers of marigold and tanfey, confift fometimes of two, but commonly of three parts. The outer part is the floret, the body of which is divided at the top, like the cowflip flower, into five diftinct parts. Semiform atti e confifts of two parts, the chives and apices; one upon each attire. Dia. * ATTOLLENT. adj. [attollens, Lat.] Th which raifes or lifts up.-I fhall farther take noti of the exquifite libration of the attollent and d priment mufcles. Derham's Phyfico Theology. ATTONITUS MORBUS,An apoplexy; al ATTONITUS STUPOR, being planet ftru or blafted. Bailey. (1.) ATTORNARE PERSONAM, in comm law, to depute a reprefentative, or proxy, to a pear and act for another. (2.) ATTORNARE REM, to turn over mon and goods, that is, to affign and appropria them to certain perfons or ufes. ATTORNATO FACIENDO, vel RECIPIEND in common law, a writ to command a sheriff, fteward, to receive and admit an attorney to a pear for the perfon that oweth fuit of court, te county or hundred. Every perfon that owes f to the country court, court-baron, &c. may ma an attorney to do his fuit. (1.) * ATTORNEY. n. f. [attornatus, low D from tour, Fr. Celui qui vient à tour d'autrui; alterius vices subit.] 1 Such a perfon as by confe commandment, or requeft, takes heed, fees, takes upon him the charge of other men's b cannot practife in the court of common pleas; nor vice verfa. To practice in the court of chancery, it is also neceffary to be admitted a folicitor therein: and by the ftatute 22 Geo. II. c. 49. no per fon fhall act as an attorney in the court of quais ter feffions, but fuch as has been regularly mitted in fome fuperior court of record. So early as the ftatute 4 Hen. IV. c. 18. it was enacted that none should be admitted attorneys, but fuch as were virtuous, learned, and fworn to do their duty. And many fubfequent ftatutes have laid them under farther regulations. See $ 6 and 7. tefs, in their abfence. Attorney is either general or fpecial: Attorney general is he that by general authority is appointed to all our affairs or fuits; as the attorney general of the king, which is nearly the fame with Procurator Cafaris in the Roman empire. Attorneys general are made either by the king's letters patent, or by our appointment before juftices in eyre, in open court. Attorney fpe rial or particular, is he that is employed in one or more caufes particularly specified. There are alio, in refpect of the divers courts, attorneys at large, and attorneys fpecial, belonging to this or that court only. Cowel.-Attorneys in common law, are nearly the fame with proctors in the civil law, and folicitors in courts of equity. Attorsy fue out writs or procefs, or commence, carry on, and defend actions, or other proceedings, in the names of other perfons, in the courts of common law. None are admitted to act without having ferved a clerkship for five years, taking the proper oath, being enrolled, and examined by the judges. The Attorney general pleads within the bar. To him come warrants for making out patents, pardons, &c. and he is the principal manager of all law affairs of the crown. Coambers. Defpairing quacks with curfes fled the place, And vile attorneys, now an useless race. Pope. It was anciently used for thofe who did any banefs for another; now only in law. I will attend my husband; it is my office; And will have no attorney but myself; And therfore let me have him home. Shak. (2) ATTORNEY AT LAW is one who is put in the place, ftead, or turn of another, to manage his matters at law. Formerly every fuitor was chiged to appear in perfon, to profecute or deSend his fuit (according to the old Gothic conftitution,) unless by special licenfe under the king's etters patent. This is ftill the law in criminal takes: and an idiot cannot to this day appear by torney, but in perfon: for he hath not difcreto enable him to appoint a proper fubftitute: d upon, his being brought before the court in defenceless a condition, the judges are bound to take care of his interefts, and they fhall admit the beft plea in his behalf, that any one prefent can faggeft. But, as in the Roman law, when it was in ufe, one perfon could not act in the name of another; yet, as this was attended with no fmall convenience, men were allowed to litigate by procurators; fo with us, on the fame principle f convenience, it is now permitted in general, divers ancient ftatutes, whereof the firft is ftafute Weft. 2. c. 10. that attorneys may be made profecute or defend any action in the abfence the parties to the fuit. Thefe attorneys are how formed into a regular corps; they are adted to the execution of their office by the fuperior courts of Westminster-hall; and are in all points officers of the refpective courts in which ey are admitted; and as they have many privi ges on account of their attendance there, fo they peculiarly fubject to the cenfure and animadFeron of the judges. No man can practife as an attorney in any of these courts, but fuch as is admitted and worn an attorney of that particular Ort: an attorney of the court of king's bench VOL. III. PART I. AND (3) ATTORNEY GENERAL, BUSINESS PLACE OF THE. The bufinefs of the attorney ge neral is to exhibit informations, and profecute for the crown, in matters criminal; and to file bills in the exchequer, for any thing concerning the king in inheritance or profits; and others may bring bills against the king's attorney. His proper place in court, upon any fpecial matters of a criminal nature, wherein his attendance is required, is under the judges on the left hand of the clerk of the crown; but this is only upon folemn and extraordinary occafions; for ufually he does not fit there, but within the bar in the face of the court. See § 1. (4.) ATTORNEY, LETTERS OF, pay by diffe rent acts, a duty of 6 fhillings. (5.) ATTORNEY OF THE DUCHY COURT OF LANCASTER is the fecond officer in that court; placed as affeffor to the chancellor of that court. (6.) ATTORNEYS, DUTIES PAYABLE BY. Every folicitor, attorney, notary, proctor, agent, or procurator, must pay by act 25 Geo. III. c. 80, for every warrant to profecute for a debt of 40s. or to defend, a ftamp duty of 2s. 6d. And they are to take out certificates annually; and if refident in London, Westminster, the bills of mortality, or Edinburgh, they are now obliged to pay L. 5 for the fame; and in every other part of Great Britian, L. 3. The duties are under the inanagement of the commiffioners of ftamps: and every acting folicitor, and other perfon as above, fhall annually deliver in a note of his name and refidence, to the proper officer of the court in which he practifed; the entering officers are to certify notes delivered, and illue annual certificates, ftamped, which must be renewed ten days before the expiration. Refufing to ifte, or improperly iffuing certificates, incurs a penalty of L. so, and damages to the party aggrieved. Acting without a certificate, or giving in a falfe place of refidence, incurs a penalty of L. 50, and incapacity to fue for fees due. A ftamped memorandum fhall be given to the proper officer, of the names of the parties in every action; and in fuch cafes as ufed to require precipes. Officers who receive ftamped memorandums, are to file the fame, on penalty of L. 50; and perfons not acting conformable to this act, forfeit L. 5. See § 7. (7.) ATTORNEYS, DUTIES PAYABLE BY CLERKS TO. By the 34 of Geo. III. relative to Attorneys Clerks, it is enacted, that within the bills of mortality, from Feb. 5, and in every other part of England and Wales, from Feb. 10, 1794, there fhall be paid for every contract in writing made after the faid days, whereby any perfon fhall become bound to ferve as a clerk, in order to his K admission fhall on the death of his master, or on any othe To ATTORNEY. v. a. [from the noun; th Advertising, and holy to your bafinefs, Sha * ATTORNEYSHIP. n. f. [from attorney The office of an attorney; proxy; vicarious gency. admiffion as a folicitor or attorney, the addition- Sha But marriage is a matter of more worth, Than to be dealt in by attorneyship. ATTORNMENT. See ATTOURNMENT. (1.) ATTOUR, adv. Towards. Obf. Bail (2.) ATTOUR, in Scots law. See BY AND A TOUR. * ATTOURNMENT. n. f. [attournement, Fr A yielding of the tenant to a new lord, or a knowledgment of him to be his lord; for, oth wife, he that buyeth or obtaineth any lands tenements of another, which are in the occup tion of a third, cannot get poffeffion. Core!. * ATTRACT. n. f. [from To attract.] traction; the power of drawing : not in ufe.— Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames, And woe and contract in their names. Hudibr To ATTRACT. v. a. Lattraho, attra&um, L 1. To draw to fomething.-A man should sca perfuade the affections of the loaditone, or t jet and amber attracteth straws and light bod Brown's Vulgar Erreurs. 2. To allure; to Adorn'd Mil She was indeed, and lovely, to attra Thy love; not thy subjection. * ATTRACTICAL. adj. [from attra&.] ving the power to draw it.-Some ftones are dued with an electrical or attractical virtue. on the Creation. (1.) * ATTRACTION. n. . [from attri 1. The power of drawing any thing.-The dr ing of amber and jet, and other electrick bod and the attraction in gold of the spirit of quie ver at diftance; and the attraction of heat at tance; and that of fire to naphtha; and tha fome herbs to water, though at distance; and vers others we fhall handle. Bacon.-Loadftones confidered as a quality arifing from the specific and touched needles, laid long in quickfilver, forms of bodies, ought, together with fympathy, have not admitted their attraction. Brown's Vul- antipathy, and all occult qualities, to be exploded. gar Errours.-Attraction may be performed by These being fet afide, there remain innumerable impulfe, or fome other means; I ufe that word, phenomena of nature, and particularly the gravito fignify any force by which bodies tend towards ty or weight of bodies, or their tendency to a one another. Newton's Opticks. 2. The power of centre, which argue a principle of action feemingalluring or enticing.-Setting the attraction of my ly diftinct from impulfe, where at least there is no good parts afide, I have no other charms. Shakef. fenfible impulfion concerned. Nay, this action (2.) ATTRACTION, in natural philofophy, a ge- in fome refpects differs from all impulfion we neral term used to denote the cause by which bo- know of; impulfe being always found to act in dies tend towards each other and cohere till fe- proportion to the furfaces of bodies, whereas graparated by fome other power. The principle of vity acts according to their folid contents, and attraction, in the Newtonian fenfe of it, feems to confequently muft arife from fome caufe that pehave been firft furmised by Copernicus. "As for netrates the whole fubftance thereof. This pringravity," fays he, "I confider it as nothing more ciple, unknown in refpect of its caufe, (for its than a certain natural appetence (appetentia) that phænomena and effects are obvious, with all their the Creator has impreffed upon all the parts of fpecies and modifications,) we call attraction; matter, in order to their uniting or coalefcing in- which is a general name, under which may be ranto a globular form, for their better prefervation; ged all mutual tendencies, where no phyfical imand it is probable that the fame power is alfo in- pulfe appears, and which cannot therefore be acherent in the fun and moon, and planets, that counted for, from any known laws of nature. And thote bodies may conftantly retain that round fi- hence arife divers particular kinds of attraction; as,' gure in which we behold them." (De Rev. Orb. Gravity, Magnetism, Ele&ricity, &c. which are Cal. lib. 1. c. 9.) And Kepler calls gravity a cor principles acting by different laws, and only agreeporeal and mutual affection between fimilar bo- ing in this, that we do not fee any physical caudies, in order to their union; and fays pofitively, fes; but, as to our fenfes, they may really arife that no bodies whatsoever were abfolutely light, from fome power or efficacy in fuch bodies, only relatively fo; and confequently, that all mat- though our reafon difallows of any fuch action. ter was fubjected to the law of gravitation. (Aft. Nro. Introd.) The first in this country who adopted the notion of attraction was Dr Gilbert, ia his book De Magnete; and the next was the celebrated Lord Bacon. (Nov. Organ. lib. ii. aph. 35. 45. 38. Sylv. cent. i. exp. 33.) In France it was received by Fermat and Roberval; and in Italy by Galileo and Borelli. But till Newton appeared, this principle was very imperfectly defined and applied. Although this great author makes ufe of the word attraction, in common with fchool philofophers, yet he very ftudioufly tinguishes between the ideas. The ancient at fraction was fuppofed a kind of quality, inherent in certain bodies themselves, and arifing from their particular or specific forms. The Newtonian attraction is a more indefinite principle; denoting ot any particular kind or manner of action, nor the phyfical caufe of fuch action; but only a general tendency, a conatus accedendi, to whatever caufe, phyfical or metaphyfical, fuch effect be owing; whether to a power inherent in the bodes themselves, or to the impulfe of an external eat. Accordingly, that author, in his Philof. Nat. Prin. Math. fays, "that he uses the words attradion, impulse, and propenfion to the centre, indifferently; and cautions the reader not to imane that by attraction he expreffes the modus of the action, or its efficient caufe, as if there were any proper powers in the centre, which in reality are only mathematical points; or as if centres could attract." (Lib. 1. p. 5.) So he "confers centripetal powers as attractions, though, phytically speaking, it were perhaps more juft to call them impulfes." (Ib. p. 147.) He adds "that what he calls attraction may poffibly be effected by impulfe, though not a common or corporeal impulfe, or after fome other manner Laknown to us." (Optic. p. 322.) Attraction, (3.) ATTRACTION, DIFFERENT KINDS OF. Attraction may be divided into two kinds. I. That which extends to a fenfible distance. Such are the attraction of GRAVITY, found in all bodies; and the attraction of MAGNETISM and ELECTRICITY, found in particular bodies; fee under thefe articles. The ATTRACTION OF GRAVITY, called also among mathematicians the CENTRIPETAL FORCE, is one of the moft univerfal principles in nature. We fee and feel it operate on bodies near the earth, and find by obfervation, that the fame power alfo obtains in the moon, and the other planets primary and fecondary, as well as in the comets; and even that this is the very power whereby they are all retained in their orbits, &c. Hence, as gravity is found in all the bodies which come under our obfervation, it is inferred, that it obtains in all others: and as it is found to be proportioned to the quantity of matter in each body, it must be in every particle thereof; and hence every particle in nature is proved to attract every other particle, &c. See the application of this principle to the celeftial motions, under AsTRONOMY, PART II. & III. By this heavy bodies defcend, and light ones afcend; projectiles are directed, yapours and exhalations rife, and rains, &c. fall. By this rivers glide, the air preffes, the ocean fwells, &c. In effect, the motions arifing from this principle make the fubject of that extenfive branch of mathematics, called mechanics or ftatics, with the parts or appendages thereof, hydroftatics, pneumatics, &c. II. That which does not extend to fenfible diftances. Such is found to obtain in the minute particles whereof bodies are compofed, which attract each other at or extremely near the point of contact, with forces fuperior to that of gravity, but which at any distance from it decreafe much fafter than the power of gravity. This power an ingenious au K 2 thor thor chooses to call the ATTRACTION OF COHESION, as being that whereby the atoms or infenfible particles of bodies are united into fenfible maffes. This latter kind of attraction owns Sir Ifaac Newton for its difcoverer; as the former does for its improver. The laws of motion, percuffion, &c. in fenfible bodies under various circumftances, as falling, projected, &c. afcertained by the later philofophers, do not reach to thofe more reclufe inteftine motions of the component particles of the fame bodies, whereon the changes of the texture, colour, properties, &c. of bodies depend; fo that our philofophy, if it were only founded on the principle of gravitation, and carried fo far as that would lead us, would be very deficient. III. But befides the common laws of fenfible maffes, the minute parts they are compo. fed of are found fubject to others, which have been but lately taken notice of, and are even yet imperfectly known. Sir Ifaac Newton, to whofe happy penetration we owe the hint, contents himself with establishing that there are fuch motions in the minima natura, and that they flow from certain powers or forces, not reducible to any of thofe in the great world. He thews that, by virtue of thefe powers, "the fmall particles act on one another even at a diftance; and that many of the phenomena of nature are the refult. Sentible bodies, we have obferved, act on one another in various ways, and as we thus perceive the tenor and courfe of nature, it appears highly probable, that there may be other powers of the like kind; nature being very uniform and confiftent. Thofe juft mentioned reach to fenfible diftances; but there may be others which reach to fuch fmall diftances as have hitherto escaped obfervation; and it is probable electricity may reach to fuch distances, even without being excited by friction," This great author confirms the reality of thefe conjectures, by a great number of phanomena and experiments, which plainly argue fuch powers and actions between the particles, e. g. of falts and water, vitriolic acid and water, nitrous acid and iron, &c. He alfo fhows, that thefe powers, &c. are unequally strong between different bodies; stronger, e. g. between the particles of falt of tartar and thofe of nitrous acid, than thofe of filver; between nitrous acid and lapis calaminaris than iron; between iron than copper, copper than filver and mercury. Thus vitriolic acid acts on water, but more on iron or copper, &c. Innumerable other experiments countenance the existence of fuch a principle of attraction in the particles of matter. Thefe actions, in virtue whereof the particles of the bodies abovementioned tend towards each other, the author. calls by the general indefinite name attraction; which is equally applicable to all actions whereby diftant bodies tend towards one another, whether by impulfe or by any other more latent power: and hence he accounts for an infinity of phænomena, otherwife inexplicable, to which the principle of gravity is inadequate. Thus (adds our author) will nature be found very conformable to herself and very fimple, performing all the great motions of the heavenly bodies by the attraction of gravity, which intercedes thofe bodies, and almoft all the small ones of their parts, by fome other attractive power diffufed through their particles. Without fuch principles, there never would have been any motion in the world; and without the continuance of it, motion would foon perish; there being otherwise a great decrease or diminution of it, which is only supplied by these active principles." It is certainly unjuft in the generality of foreign philofophers to declare against a principle which furnishes fo beautiful a view, for no other reason but because they cannot conceive how one body should act on another at a distance. Indeed philosophy allows of no action but what is by immediate contact and impulfion; for how can a body exert any active power where it does not exift? Yet we fee effects without perceiving any fuch impulse; and where there are effects, we infer there are caufes, whether we fee them or not. But we may confider fuch effects without entering into the confideration of the causes, as indeed it feems the business of a philofopher to do: for to exclude a number of phænomena which we do fee, will be to leave a great chasm in the hiftory of nature; and to argue about actions which we do not fee, will be to build caftles in the air. it follows, therefore, that the phænomena of attraction are matter of phyfical confideration, and as fuch, entitled to a fhare in the fyftem of phyfic; but that the caufes thereof will only become fo when they become fenfible; i. e. when they appear to be the effect of fome other higher caufes; for a caufe is no otherwife feen than as itself is an effect, fo that the firft caufe muft needs be always invifible: we are therefore at liberty to fuppofe the causes of attraction what we please, without any injury to the effects. The illuftrious author himfelf feems a little indetermined as to the caufes; inclining fometimes to attribute gravity to the action of an immaterial caufe. (Optics, p. 343, &c.) and fometimes to that of a material one. (Ib. p. 325.) The caufe even of any the groffeft and moft fenfible action, is not adequately known. How impulfe or percuffion itself produces its ef fects, i. e. how motion is communicated by body to body, confounds the deepest philofophers; yet impulfe is received not only into philofophy, but into mathematics; and the laws and phænomena of its effects make the greatest part of common mechanics. The other fpecies of attraction, therefore, in which no impulfe is obfervable, when their phænomena are fufficiently afcertained, have the fame title to be promoted from phyfical to mathematical confideration; and this without any previous inquiry into their caufes, to which our conceptions may not be proportionate. Our great philofopher, then, far from adulterating fcience with any thing foreign or metaphyfical, as many have reproached him with doing, has the glory of having thrown every thing of this kind out of his fyftem, and of having opened a new fource of fublimer mechanics, which, duly culti vated, might be of infinitely greater extent than all the mechanics yet known. It is hence alone we must expect to learn the manner of the chan ges, productions, generations, corruptions, &c of natural things; with all that fcene of wonder opened to us by the operations of chemistry Some of our own countrymen have profecuted the difcovery with laudable zeal. Dr Keil in par |