SYLLABLES. 1. How many syllables are there in every word? ANS.Usually as many as there are distinct sounds made in pronouncing it. 2. What is a word of one syllable called? A word of two syllables? Of three syllables? Of four or more syllables? Give examples of each. 3. What is the rule for dividing a word at the end of a line? ANS.-Never divide a syllable. 4. What is a Simple Word? A Compound Word? A Primitive Word? A Derivative Word? Give examples. 5. Should the Hyphen always be used in forming Compound Words? If not, when and why? 6. What is a Prefix? A Suffix? 7. How are Derivative Words formed? ANS.-By correctly uniting Prefixes and Suffixes. 8. What is Spelling, and how would you teach it? RULES FOR SPELLING. 1. What is the rule for e final? ANS.-E final is dropped before the addition of a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, recite, recital; blame, blamable. EXCEPTION.-Words ending in ge or ce, usually retain e final, before able and ous; as, peace, peaceable. 2. What is the rule for e final before ly, less, ness, ful, and generally ment? ANS. The e must be retained; as, nice, nicely; hope, hopeful. EXCEPTION.-Awe, due, true, judge, and five more words. Which are they? 3. What is the rule for y final, upon the addition of a suffix? ANS.-The y is commonly changed into i, except before ing; as, mercy, merciful; holy, holiness. EXCEPTION 1.—Y is sometimes changed into e; as, duty, duteous. EXCEPTION 2.-When y is preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, except in lay, say, and pay, it remains unchanged; as, boy, boyish. 4. What is the rule for verbs ending in ie, before the suffix ing? ANS.-The ie is changed to y; as, tie, tying; vie, vying. 5. What is the rule for forming derivatives from monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single con sonar.t, or sound of a single consonant preceded by a single vowel? ANS.-Such words double the last consonant before an additional syllable, beginning with a vowel; as, pet, petted. 6. There are a few exceptions to this rule, in regard to Digraphs; what are they? 7. What is the rule for t or s preceding e final in such words as admit ion? ANS.-The e is dropped and ion is added. 8. Give the rule for derivatives from words ending in ate. ANS.-They drop te and take ble or cy; as, estimate, estimable. 9. What is the rule for y before the suffixes, ous, al, and able. ANS.-The y is commonly changed to i and usually retained; as, rely, reliable. 10. What is the rule for derivatives from words ending in fy? ANS.-They change the y into i and take cation. EXCEPTION.-A few words ending in fy, drop y and take action; as, petrify, petrifaction. 11. What is the rule for words ending in ize? ANS.-They drop e and take ation; as, civilize, civilization. Also a few words not ending in ize, take ation; as, sense, sensation. 12 Form all the derivatives you can from the word press, and give rules for their formation, and define each derivative. 13. Analyze the following words by giving the Elementary Sounds:-Mete, balm, rough, high, thought, laugh, beauty, phthisic, heir, bouquet, old, young. 14 In the above words, which letters are vocals, which subvocals, and which aspirates? PUNCTUATION. 1. What important rule or rules can you give for the use of Capital Letters? A hint:-The first word of erery entire sentence; titles of honor and respect; every proper name; every appellation of the Deity; the first word of every line in poetry; the words I and 0; the principal words in the titles of books; the first word of a direct quotation (when the quotation forms a complete sentence by itself) should all begin with a capital; and every important word may begin with a capital. SPELLING. Write the following list of words and make all the corrections necessary, and tell which represent animals that are wild, gregarious, amphibious, ferocious, carnivorous, graminivorous, omnivorous, predatory, ruminating, migratory, venomous, and hybernating. Name the countries in which each is native; which are valuable for food; which for their fur; which for their skins; which for their ivory; which for oil; which are serviceable to man, and in what way:- Ape, antilope, Babboon, bare, beaver, Buffalo, bizon, caff, cammell, Shamme, catt, coult, koogar, cow, dear, dogg, Elephant, ermin, fox, gazel, gote, horse, hieny, ibex, iknuman, jackkall, kitten, leppard, marten, lyon, munkey, muskrat, ottar, ox, panthar, pecary, rabit, seel, sheep, scunk, tigar, weesel, whale, wolf, zebra. (The above words by permission, are taken from "Sherwood's Practical Speller and Definer," page six,-the best work of the kind ever published. I have designedly changed the Orthography of most of the words taken. But the excellent plan of defining is Sherwood's.) NOTE--Every one who has had any experience in examining teachers or pupils, has found the candidates wofully deficient in Orthography. It is the more culpable from the fact, that any candidate for promotion to a Grammar Department, a High School, or for a Teacher's Certificate, can prepare himself or herself in this most important and fundamental branch, in a few hours. Hence all who neglect a thorough knowledge of the branch should be rejected. CHAPTER II. SUGGESTION.-Reading is a branch in which nineteen out of every twenty are deficient. Yet this is an age of reading, emphatically so. Notwithstanding this, we hear the testimony from every side, that "there are but few good readers." How important then that we should have clear and distinct principles in Elocution, and that every person who is a candidate for a Teacher's License should be a complete master of every principle, and be able to impart the instruction in this branch to his pupils without stint. N. B.-The following references in the questions on Reading are to "The National Fifth Reader," by Parker & Watson. 1. What is Reading? What is Elocution? (Page 15.) 2. What does it embrace? good Elocution? (Page 15.) What are the characteristics of 3. What is Orthoepy? What does it embrace? (Page 15.) 4. What is Articulation? (Page 15.) 5. What are the Oral Elements? (Page 15.) 6. How are the Oral Elements produced? (Page 15.) 7. What are the principal organs of speech? (Page 16.) 8. What is Voice and how is it produced? (Page 16.) 9. What directions should be given to pupils in regard to the position of their bodies while reading? (Page 17.) 10. How would you teach the pupil the oral elements; would you require him to pronounce the word, or to utter each element by itself and then pronounce the word distinctly? (Page 17.) 11. What are Cognates? How would you teach them? (Page 18.) 12. What advantage is there in teaching the pupils to spell by sounds? (Page 20.) 13. Name the errors which are usually heard in Articulation? (Pages 21 and 22.) 14. Why is the following difficult of articulation : 1. "He accepts the office, and attempts by his acts to conceal his faults.” 2. "He was attacked with spasms and died miserably by the road-side." 3. "For the hundredth time, he spoke of lengths, breadths, widths, and depths." 4. "Theodore Thickthong thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb." (Pages 22 and 23.) 5. "He said, ceaseth, approacheth, and rejoiceth." (Page 24.) 15. What is Syllabication? What is a Syllable? (Page 25.) 16. What is a Monosyllable? A Dissyllable? (Page 25.) 17. What is a Trisyllable? A Polysyllable? (Page 25.) 18. Which is the Ultimate syllable? The Penult? (Page 25.) 19. Which is the Antepenultimate? The Pre-antepenultimate? (Page 25.) 20. Give examples for each of the last five questions. 21. What is the rule for pronouncing words that commence with consonants? (Page 26.) 22. What is the rule for pronouncing words that end with consonants? (Page 26.) 23. What is the rule for pronouncing when one word ends and the next begins with the same consonant; as, "it will pain nobody”? (Page 26.) 24. What is the rule for the utterance of the final elements: b, P, d, t, g and k; as, "I took down my hat-t and put it on my head-d." (Page 27.) 25. What is the rule for pronouncing the unaccented syllables? (Page 27.) NOTE.-Illustrate the above rules with suitable examples. ACCENT. 26. What is Accent? What is the general rule for Accent? ANS.-All the words of our language of two or more syllables have one syllable accented, and most polysyllables have both a Primary and a Secondary Accent. 27. In dissyllabic nouns where is the accent placed? ANS.-On the Penult. 28. In dissyllabic verbs, where is the accent? ANS. On the last syllable. 29. In words ending in sion and tion, which syllable takes the accent? ANS.-The Penultimate; as, dissen'sion. 30. In words ending in ia, iac, ial, ian, eous, and rous, which syllable takes the accent? ANS.-Commonly the preceding; as, regal'ia, imper'ial. 31. Words ending in acal and ical have the accent on what syllable? ANS.-Antepenultimate; as, poet'ical, 32. On what syllable do words ending in ic have the accent generally? ANS. On the Penultimate; as, algebra'ic. 33. Words of three or more syllables, ending in ear, eal, tude, efy, ety, ity, graphy, logy, ulous, inous, erous, owrous, ative, &c., have the accent on what syllable generally? ANS.-On the Antepenultimate. 34. In the same sentence or adjoining one where there is a reference of one word to another, with perhaps a change in the prefix, is there a change of accent? ANS.-There is; as, to give and forgive; probability and plausibility, |