POPULAR ASTRONOMY. Section 1. Explain in the terms in which you would seek to make them intelligible to a class in your school : 1. The isolation of the earth in space, and its spherical form. 2. The greater heat of tropical than other regions of the earth. 3. The apparent descent of the stars northward as we travel southward. Section 2. 1. What is meant by parallax, and how is it known that the fixed stars are greatly more distant from us than the planets? 2. For what reasons does the inclination of the earth's axis increase the summer temperature of regions without the tropics? 3. Why do not eclipses return every month? How often would they return if the line of the moon's nodes remained always parallel to itself? Why do the same eclipses return every 19 years? Section 3. 1. Through how many degrees of longitude will the earth revolve in 3h. 4m. 56s. of mean time? 2. The right ascension of the star Altair is 19h. 42m. 11s. At what hour will it pass the meridian on a day when the sun's right ascension (at the time of transit) is 13h. 4m. 43s.? 3. Show how the latitude may be determined from an observed meridian altitude of the sun, and determine the latitude of a place where the meridian altitude of the sun's lower limb is observed to be 56° 16' 6" towards the south, his true declination being at that time 16° 1′ 39′′ N., his semi-diameter 15′ 52′′, and the correction for parallax 5", and for refraction 38"? 4. Explain what is meant by mean time, and account fully for the difference between the times of true and mean noon. Section 4. 1. Account for the fact, that the moon presents always the same face to the earth. 2. Account for the variations in brightness of the planet Venus, and for the fact that she never rises more than three or four hours before the sun, or sets more than the same time after him. 3. What are the laws of Kepler? By what observations is that proved which has reference to the elliptical forms of the planetary orbits? 4. Show that the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies are the same as they would be, if the system of Tycho Brahe were the true system of the universe. 1. Describe the air-pump. PHYSICS. 2. What experiments prove that the atmosphere has weight? How may a portion of it be weighed ? 3. Describe the thermometer, and show how it may be graduated according to Fahrenheit's scale. 4. What relation is there between the temperature of steam and its pressure? By what experiment may this relation be proved? Section 2. 1. What laws do the reflexion and the refraction of light severally follow? 2. Show that the image of an object placed at any given distance before a plane mirror, is at the same distance behind it; and explain under what circumstances a ray of light will not pass from a denser into a rarer medium. 3. Explain the separation of rays of light of different colours by a glass prism. 4. Explain the kaleidoscope. 5. Explain fully the phenomenon of the rainbow. Section 3. 1. Describe an electrifying machine and its conductor. 2. Explain what is meant by induced electricity; and describe the Leyden jar, and explain its action. 3. Describe a galvanic battery, and mention some of the changes which have, of late years, been introduced in its form and manner of action. 4. What relations exist between electricity and magnetism? periments may they be exhibited? What is dia-magmetism? Section 4. By what ex 1. By what experiment may the existence of an acid or an alkali in a liquid be determined? 2. What are the chemical elements of water? In what proportions do they unite to form it? and how may they be separated, and how re-combined? 3. What are the chemical elements of the following compound bodies:nitric acid, potash, sulphate of soda, ammonia, starch gum? Section 5. 1. What happens when a neutral salt is subjected to the action of a voltaie battery? What nomenclature of two distinct classes of bodies has been suggested by this experiment? 2. Interpret the following chemical formulæ :-Ho, So2, So3, Co2. 3. When water is decomposed by iron filings and sulphuric acid, what becomes of the oxygen? and why is sulphuric acid necessary to the decomposition? Section 6. 1. What parts of plants are formed of carbon and water, and in what proportions? 2. What part of the substance of a plant is chiefly supplied by the atmosphere, and what other by the soil? When a plant becomes the food of cattle, how is the one part returned to the atmosphere? and how must the other be returned to the land that it may not be impoverished? 3. When a seed first germinates, how are its starch and gluten rendered soluble in water? How is this natural process applied artificially in malting? Describe the subsequent chemical changes in the growth of the plant. Section 7. 1. What is the origin of soils? Why do sub-soiling and trenching improve the surface soil? 2. What is meant by green-manuring? Where is it chiefly practised, and on what principle does it benefit the land? 3. What are the chemical constituents of bones? On what principle is it that they serve as manure? How may they be dissolved? and why are they then the most effectual? 4. Why are curds formed when an acid is added to milk? How may they again be dissolved in the milk? LATIN. 1. Decline the following substantives fully; respublica, domus, parens, paterfamilias, bos, colluvies, iter, insidia, locus. 2. Conjugate the following verbs; gaudeo, spondeo, accipio, convenio, vincio, aufero, obliviscor. 3. Give instances to show the different uses and constructions of ut, quin, qui, ne. Cicero de Senectute. Section 2. Nec nunc equidem vires desidero adolescentis, non plus quam adolescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam. Quod est, eo decet uti: et quidquid agas, agere pro viribus. Quæ enim vox potest esse contemptior quam Milonis Crotoniata? qui quum jam senex esset, athletasque se in curriculo exercentes videret, aspexisse lacertos suos dicitur, illacrimansque dixisse, At hi quidem jam mortui sunt. Parse vires, elephanti, decet, agere, Milonis, Crotoniata, athletas, videret, dixisse. Decline vox and senex-Conjugate aspexisse, exercere, uti, adolesco. -Give the derivation of equidem, contemptior, Crotoniata, athletas, curriculo illacrimans, and the construction of tauri, eo, Milonis, esset.-Who is the person here spoken of, and where is his native place? Who are the characters introduced as speakers in the De Senectute, and to whom is it dedicated? Cæsar de bello Gallico. Ex his omnibus humanissimi sunt qui Cantium incolunt, quæ regio est maritima omnis; neque multum a Gallicâ differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta non serunt; sed lacte et carne vivunt; pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod cæruleum efficit colorem; atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu; capilloque sunt promisso ; atque omni parte corporis rasa præter caput et labrum superius. Parse incolunt, consuetudine, plerique, lacte, carne, pellibus, vestiti, promisso, parte, corporis, rasa. Decline regio, caput, superius. Conjugate differunt, serunt, vivunt, inficiunt. Mark the quantity of maritima, incolunt, serunt, superius. Give the derivation of humanissimi, consuetudine, interiores, horridiore, aspectu, superius, and the construction of lacte, pellibus, hoc, horridiore, sunt, aspectu. Mention any other customs of the Britains noticed by Cæsar. Section 3. Translate into English one of the three following passages, and explain the construction of the words in it printed in italics : 1. Hæc propter hiemale tempus minus prospere succedebant. 2. Cavendum est, ne major pœna quam culpa sit; et ne iisdem de causis alii plectantur, alii ne appellentur quidem. Prohibenda autem maximè est ira in puniendo. Nunquam enim iratus qui accedet ad pœnam mediocritatem illam tenebit, quæ est inter nimium et parum. 3. His rebus Ephori cognitis, satius' putaverunt in urbe eum comprehendi. Quo cum essent profecti, et Pausanias, placato Argillio ut putabat, Lacedæmonem reverteretur; in itinere, cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur, e vultu cujusdam Ephori, qui eum admonere cupiebat, insidias sibi fieri intellexit. Itaque paucis ante gradibus quam, qui sequebantur, in ædem Minerva, quæ chalciocus vocatur, confugit. Hinc ne exire posset, statim Ephori valvas ejus ædis obstruxerunt, tectumque sunt demoliti, quo facilius sub dio interiret. VOL. I. Section 4. Jamque potens, misso genitorem appellat amico, Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis, 2 e Parse genitorem, prodendi, suberat, sectus, latentia, metit, rediit, dixit, parentis. Decline potens, iter. Conjugate agnosco and the verbs from which come sectus, accipit, decussa, ait. Give the derivation of potens, genitorem, odoratis, cultissimus, nati, jussa; and the construction of amico, monstret, herbis, bumum, lene, virga. What is the Latin for to measure? Explain the story. Is there any other like it in Ancient History? Section 5. Translate into English one of the following passages, give its metre, and explain any historical allusion that may occur in it : 1. 2. ·-- Crescit, occulto velut arbor ævo, Luna Minores. Non his juventus orta parentibus Tempus agens abeunte curru. Section 6. Translate into Latin one of the following passages:— 1. The softness of wax may induce a wise man to set his stamp or image therein; it persuadeth no man, because wool hath the like quality, that it may receive the like impression. 2. But the eye of the law is the eye of God; it looketh into the hearts and secret dispositions of men; it beholdeth how far one star differeth from another star in glory; and as men's several degrees require it guideth them accordingly. 3. He loved peace without fearing war: though agitated with continual suspicions of his servants and ministers, he discovered no timidity either in the conduct of his affairs or in the day of battle; and though often severe in his punishments he was commonly less actuated by revenge than by maxims of policy. GREEK. 1. Decline σάλπιγξ, δεσπότης, μάρτυς, and conjugate ψέγω, φυλάττω, τηρέων 2. Decline εις, μείζων, ἐλπίς, οὗτος, and conjugate θνήσκω, δίδωμι, ἔχω. 3. With what cases, and in what senses, are the Prepositions zará, μSTá, ἀντί, παρά, διά, and πρὸς used ? Conjugate ἵημι Parse ἵσταναι, and ἴσασι. Section 2. Translate into English one of the following passages, and parse the words printed widely :— 1. Εἰσιόντες οὖν εἴδομεν τον μὲν Σωκράτη ἄρτι λελυμένον, τὴν δὲ Ξανθίππην ἔχουσαν τὸ παιδίον αὐτοῦ καὶ παρακαθημένην· ὡς οὖν εἶδεν ἡμᾶς ἡ Ξανθίππη ἐβόησε καὶ τοιαῦτα εἶπεν οἷα εἰώθασιν αἱ γυναῖκες· Καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης βλέψας εἰς τὸν Κρίτωνα, ὦ Κρίτων, ἔφη, ἀπαγαγέτω τις ταύτην οἴκαδε. 2. Εἰ δ ̓ αὖ ἀποδημῆσαί ἐστιν ὁ θάνατος ἐνθένδε εἰς ἄλλον τόπον, καὶ ἀληθῆ ἐστι τὸ λεγόμενα, ὡς ἄρα ἐκεῖ εἰσίν ἅπαντες οἱ τεθνεῶτες, τί μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν τούτου εἴη ἄν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί ; Εἴ γάρ τις ἀφικόμενος εἰς "Αιδου, ἀπαλλαγείς τούτων τῶν φασκόντω δικαστῶν εἶναι, εὑρήσει τοὺς ὡς ἀληθῶς δικαστάς, οἵπερ καὶ λέγονται ἐκεῖ δικάζειν, Μίνως τε καὶ Ραδάμανθος καὶ Αἰακὸς καὶ Τριπτόλεμος, καὶ ἄλλοι, ὅσοι τῶν ἡμιθέων δίκαιοι ἐγένοντο ἐν τῷ ἑαυτῶν βίῳ, ἄρα φαύλη ἂν εἴη ἡ ἀποδημία; 3. Φέρε δή, πειραθῶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς πιθανώτερον ἀπολογήσασθαι ἢ πρὸς τοὺς δικαστάς· ἐγὼ γὰρ, ὦ Σιμμία τε καὶ Κέβης, εἰ μὲν μὴ ᾧ μην ἥξειν πρῶτον μὲν παρὰ θεους ἄλλους σοφούς τι καὶ ἀγαθους, ἔπειτα καὶ παρ' ἀνθρώπους τετελευτηκότας ἀμείνους τῶν ἔνθα δς, ἠδικοῦν ἂν οὐκ ἀγανακτῶν τῷ θανάτῳ· νῦν δὲ εὖ ἴστε ὅτι παρ' ἄνδρας τε ἐλπίζω αφίξεσθαὶ ἀγαθούς. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ ἂν πάνυ διισχυρισαίμην ὅτι μέντοι παρὰ θεοὺς δεσπότας πάνω ἀγαθοὺς ἥξειν, εὖ ἴστε, ὅτι, εἴπερ τι ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων, διισχυρισαίμην ἂν καὶ τοῦτο. ὥστε διὰ ταῦτα οὐχ ὁμοίως ἀγανακτῶ, ἀλλ ̓ εὔελπὶς εἰμι εἶναί τι τοῖς τετελευτηκόσι, καὶ, ὥσπερ γε καὶ πάλαι λέγεται, πολὺ ἄμεινον τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἢ ποῖς κακοῖς. Translate into English :— Section 3. ̓Ακούσαντες δὲ κατενύγησαν τη καρδιά, εἶπόν τε πρὸς τὸν Πέτρον καὶ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀποστο λους, Τί ποιήσομεν, ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί; Πέτρος δὲ ἔφη πρὸς αὐτοὺς, Μετανοήσατε, καὶ βαπτισθήτω ἕκαστος ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν· καὶ λήψεσθε τὴν δωρεὰν τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος. ὑμῖν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις ὑμῶν, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς μακρὰν, ὅσους ἂν προσκαλέσηται Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν. Ἐτέροις τε λόγοις πλείοσι διεμαρτύρετο καὶ παρεκάλει, λέγων. Σώθητε ἀπὸ τῆς γενιᾶς τῆς σκολιᾶς ταύτης. What is the future of ἀκούω ? Parse κατενύγησαν, εἶπον, ἔφη, ἄνδρες, μετανοήσατε, βαπτισθήτω, λήψεσθε, πᾶσι, προσκαλέσηται, πλείοσι, διεμαρτύρετο, σώθητε. What are the derivations ofλοιπός, ἀπόστολος, μετανοήσατε, βαπτισθήτω, άφεσις, δωριά, πνεῦμα, λόγος, διεμαρτύρετο? What is the meaning of the names—Πέτρος, Ἰησοῦς, Χριστός ? Explain—τοῖς εἰς μακραν, and τῆς γενιᾶς τῆς σκολιᾶς. Βαπτισθήτω ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι. Is is the usual preposition in this phrase? Why is it used here? Explain the use of the tense in-διεμαρτύρετο καὶ παρεκάλει. MUSIC. Section 1. 1. What is the major third to La (A)? The perfect fourth to Fa (F)? The perfect fifth to Si (B)? 2 Write the major scales of Fa (F), Sol (G), La (A), and Sib (Bb), placing the sharps or flats before each individual note requiring one. 3. Explain the difference between common and triple time, giving examples of each species. 4. Explain the difference between simple and compound time, giving examples of each species. Section 2. 1. What major and minor scales are indicated by the following signatures ? — 2. Write the ascending and decending minor scales of Sol (G), La (A), Si (B), and Do (C), placing the signature at the begining of each. 3. In what scale or key is the following passage?— |