do?-You must work. Must you work much in order to learn the Arabic ? I must work much to learn it. Why must I go to market? -You must go to buy some mutton and wine. - Must I go anywhere?Thou must go into the garden. -Must I send for any thing?-Thou must send for some wine. - What must I do?-You must write an exercise. To whom must I write a letter? - You must write one to your friend. What do you want, Sir?-I want some cloth.-How much is that hat worth? It is worth four dollars. Do you want any stockings? I want some, (algunas.)-How much are these stockings worth? They are worth two shillings. Is that all you want? That is all. Do you not want any shoes ?-I do not want any. Dost thou want much money?-I want much.-How much must thou have?I must have five dollars. - How much does your brother want?-He wants but sixpence. Does he not want more? -He does not want more. Does your friend want more?-He does not want so much as I. -What do you want? I want money and clothes. Have you now what you want?-I have what I want.-Has your father what he wants? He has what he wants.

124.

Have the neighbor's boys given you back your books? They have given me them back. When did they give them back to you?-Yesterday. Has your little boy received a present? - He has received several. From whom has he received any?-From my father and from yours. Have you received any presents ?-I have received some. What presents have you received ? I have received fine presents. Do you come from the garden?-I do not come from the garden, but from the warehouse. - Where are you going to ? I am going to the garden. - Whence does the Irishman come?-He comes from the garden. Does he come from the garden from which you come?-He does not come from the same. From which garden does he come?-He comes from the garden of our old friend. Whence comes your boy?-From the play. How much may that horse be worth? It may be worth five hundred dollars.-Is this book worth as much as that? It is worth more. How much is my gun worth ?It is worth as much as that of your friend. Are your horses worth as much as those of the English?-They are not worth so much.-llow much is that knife worth? It is worth nothing.

125.

Is your servant as good as mine?-He is better than yours.-Are you as good as your brother?-He is better than I.-Art thou as good as thy friend? I am as good as he.--Are we as good as our neighbors? We are better than they.-Is your umbrella worth as much as mine? It is not worth so much.-Why is it not worth so much as mine?-Because it is not so fine as yours. - How much is that gun worth? It is not worth much.-Do you wish to sell your horse ?I do wish to sell it. - How much is it worth? - It is worth two hundred dollars. - Do you wish to buy it ?-I have bought one already. -Does your father intend to buy a horse?-He does intend to buy one, but not yours. Have your brothers commenced their exercises ?They have commenced them. Have you received your letters ?We have not yet received them, (las.)-Have we what we want?-We have not what we want. --- What do we want?-We want fine horses, several servants, and much money. Is that all we want?-That is all we want.-What must I do?-You must write. - To whom must I write? You must write to your friend. Where is he?-He is in America. Where am I to go?-You may go to France. - How far must I go?-You may go as far as Paris. - Which dogs has your servant beaten?-He has beaten those that have made much noise.

FORTIETH LESSON.---Leccion Cuadragésima.

OF THE IMPERFEСТ.

There are in Spanish two tenses corresponding to the English Imperfect, viz: the Imperfect, Pretérito Imperfecto, No. 2; and the Preterit, Pretérito Perfecto Remoto, No. 3.

The Imperfecto, No. 2, represents the action as present, or still going on at the time spoken of, and corresponds to the English was, or were, followed by the present participle. Example:-I studied my lesson when you came in; that is, I was studying, &c.: Yo estudiaba mi leccion cuando V. entró.

It also expresses habitual actions, and in this case answers to the English used to. Example:- When I was at Madrid, I went to the Prado every day; that is, I used to, &c.: Cuando yo estaba en Madrid, iba al Prado todos los dias.

The Pretérito Perfecto Remoto, No. 3, expresses an action that has taken place in a time entirely past, but that may be specified by some circumstances; it corresponds to the English did, followed by an infinitive. Example :-I read your letter yesterday, (I did read:) Yo leí su carta de V. ayer. I stayed two hours in my room, (I did stay :) Yo me quedé dos horas en mi cuarto.

HOW TO TRANSLATE THE ENGLISH IMPERFECT.

In all cases in which the English Imperfect can be turned into used to, and an infinitive, or was, were, and a present participle, use No. 2 in Spanish; in all other cases, use No. 3. Example :-I wrote letters every morning, (that is, I used to write.) Here use No. 2, and say: Yo escribia cartas todos los dias. I wrote a letter when you came in, (I was writing when you did come in.) In this case use No. 2 for the first verb, and No. 3 for the second, and say: Yo escribia una carta cuando V. entró.-I was three days in Madrid. In this example we cannot say I used to be; therefore, use No. 3, and say: Yo estuve tres días en Madrid.

For the formation of these two tenses, see the table in the Appendix.

Did you stay until the end of the ¿Se quedáron VV. hasta el fin del

No, Sir, we left the room as your No, señor, dejamos la sala cuando

brother was coming in.

entraba su hermano de V.

Had you any thing to do this morning?

¿Tenia V. algo que hacer esta maňana?

I had some letters to write, but I had Yo tenia que escribir algunas cartas,

no paper.

Could you not ask for some?

pero no tenia papel.

¿No podia V. pedir alguno?

I was going to ask for some when Yo se le iba á pedir á V. cuando me

Obs. A. When some, used in an unlimited sense, is not followed by a

noun, it is rendered by one of the persons le, él, ella, &c.,le, la,&c.

I have no wine, but I am going to ❘ Yo no tengo vino, pero voy á enviar send for some.

por él.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Rule. The Spanish Possessive Adjectives, or Pronouns, are always alike for both genders; and they agree in number, not with the possessor, as in English, but with the thing possessed, or substantive that follows after them.

The father and his son, or his El padre y su hijo, or su hija.

daughter.

The mother and her son, or her La madre y su hijo, or su hija. daughter.

The child and its brother, or its sis- El niño y su hermano, or su her

Obs. B. In detached sentences, and in order to avoid ambiguity, his is translated de él; her, de ella; their, de ellos, or de ellas; your, (in colloquial polite style,) de V., or de VV., after su or sus; although these pronouns may be suppressed.

His father.

Their books.

Your brother.

+ Su padre de él. El padre de él. † Los libros de ellos, (de ellas.)

+ Su hermano de V.

† El hermano de V.

Rule. All adjectives terminating in o, change it into a to form the feminine, and make their plural by adding s; as, good-bueno, buenos, buena, buenas.