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pipe, d, and cock, e, and the sides of this cylinder, 3, are formed with notches, or a groove, x. It will now be seen, that, if the stem, h, be pressed down by the weight of the person acting on the seat, u, rod, v, and lever, p, or by any other suitable means, the valve, g, will be forced away from the washer, 2, and allow a dash of water to pass through the notch, x, sufficient to fill up the parts of the cock, and then that the cylinder, 3, descending and filling the opening in the washer, 2, will prevent, or nearly so, the passage of any more water into the closet; i is a spring around the stem, h, which acts in aid of the pressure of the water on the valve, g, to close the same, as soon as the force which opened the said valve is removed, but, if this alone was used, the concussion would be so great as to tend to break the parts, besides which sufficient water would not be supplied to the water-closet to cleanse the same. I, therefore, make use of the following means, which cause said valve, g, to

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close slowly and in a regulated amount of time, thereby allowing the desired quantity of water to dash past the washer, 2, at the time the notches or openings, 2, are moving past the same. The upper part of the cock, e, is formed as a cylinder, k, in which is a disk, l, attached to the stem, h, and a cupleather, m, above the same; n is a cap of the cylinder, k, which is formed with a short tube, 8, passing up through a hollow projection, 0, from the side of the trunk, a, and secured thereto by a nut, 6. At the time the valve, g, is pressed down, as before stated, the water dashes momentarily on to the cock and fills the same, passing the cup-leather, m, and filling the cylinder, k, and, upon the pressure on the stem, h, being removed, the cup-leather expands by the slight rise of the stem, and would retain the valve, g, open were the cylinder, k, water-tight, and, therefore, the closing of said valve will be regulated According to the extent of leakage provided in said chamber, k, and for this purpose the leakage at the washer, 4, around the stem, h, may in some cases

be sufficient; but I propose to use a screw, 9, entered through the cap, n, with a head next the washer, 4, and part of one side of the screw filed away, so as to adjust the amount of leakage and regulate the time during which the water* will run into the closet. * * * I am also aware that a given amount of water leakage has been used to prevent a sudden motion in cocks, balances, meters, and a variety of other instruments; therefore, I do not claim the same, but I am not aware that a cup-leather has ever before been so fitted and applied with a valve as to allow the water to pass the said cup-leather freely in the chamber in which it moves, and then act, when the power is relieved from the valve, upon the water in said chamber and gradually allow the valve to close."

The third claim of the Carr reissue is as follows: "Third. I claim, in a valve for water-closets, a cup-leather for controlling the motion of said valve in closing gradually, substantially as specified, said cup-leather moving freely

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in one direction, and closing against the containing cylinder in the other direction, and the leakage of water in said cylinder allowing the movement of said cup-leather as set forth."

In the Carr apparatus, the valve is combined with a containing cylinder and a cup-leather, in such manner that the valve is caused to close slowly, because the action of the cup-leather as a tight packing prevents the passage of water while the valve is closing, and the valve can open rapidly, because, as it opens, the cup-leather does not act as a packing, but permits the passage of water outside of it. In the containing cylinder there is a piston which has on it centrally a cup-leather, and is provided with a small aperture, which permits the gradual escape of water from it. When the cylinder is filled with water, the valve is held to its seat by a spiral spring. When the valve-stem is depressed, the valve opens rapidly, because the cup-leather permits the water to pass freely outside of it. When the force which depressed the valve-stem is removed, the spring acts to shut the valve, but it shuts slowly, because the cup-leather acts as a tight packing, being forced outward against the in

ner wall of the cylinder by the pressure of the water. Therefore, the water escapes slowly from the cylinder through the small aperture, and the valve cannot move faster, in shutting, than it is allowed to move by the escape of the water through the small aperture.

20 *The apparatus alleged to infringe the two patents is the same in all of the suits. It has a brass casting, and is thus described by the plaintiff's expert: "This brass casting of the defendants has at its lower part a cavity whose walls partially bound the variable chamber. This cavity is a cup-shaped piece of brass screwed to the bottom of the casting. A cylindrical brass plunger enters this cavity, and the upper end of it is formed into a valve. This brass plunger is packed to the top of the cavity by a cup-leather, which is secured between the upper part of the brass cup and an internal flange on the brass casting. The stem of the plunger and valve is surrounded by a coiled brass spring, which always tends to lift the plunger and shut the valve. The plunger has, also, a small nick or groove cut in its periphery, and extending from the top to the bottom of the plunger. When this contrivance is ready for operation, all parts of the cavity in the brass casting, including the variable chainber, are filled with water, and the valve is held on its seat by the spiral spring, the plunger then being in its highest position. When it is desired to open the valve, force is applied to depress the valve-stem; this force compresses the spring, depresses the plunger, and opens the valve quickly, owing to the fact that the water can escape rapidly from the variable chamber, such rapid escape being due to the operation of the cup-leather, which now ceases to hug the plunger and acts as a valve, permitting the water to escape freely from the variable chamber. When the force which was applied to depress the stem and open the valve is removed, then the spring strives to shut the valve and elevate the plunger, and as soon as it commences to elevate the plunger the pressure of water causes the cup-leather to hug the plunger tightly, so that it ceases to act as a valve, and becomes a tight packing. As soon as this occurs water can only enter the chamber through the small groove in the periphery of the plunger, and the valve can shut no faster than this small flow of water permits it to shut."

It is shown by the evidence that cup-leathers had been used in the central valves of the plungers of pumps, the cup-leather contracting on the downstroke and allowing the water to pass by, and spreading out on the up-stroke and raising the water; and that it was not new to employ a variable chamber to effect, by the gradual escape of water from it, the slow and gradual closing of a valve.

In George Hulme's English patent No. 8,971, of November, 1841, is shown a device for "keeping a valve open for any required length of time for the supply of water to the basins of water-closets generally." The specification says: "To regulate the length of time that the valve, F, may be kept open for the flow of water from the reservoir to the basin of the closet, after the pan or valve has closed, the barrel, A, A, is furnished with the openings, N, N, communicating from the under to the upper side of the bucket, D, and fitted with a cock, O. Now, by turning the cock, O, in such a position that the water-way through the cock, O, will be diminished, more time will be required for the bucket to displace the contents of the barrel, and vice versa. The bucket, D, does not have a cup-leather, but has a central valve, E, to allow the water to pass.

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The defendants have substantially the Hulme construction, using a cupleather centrally, instead of the Hulme central valve. A central valve being old, and a cup-leather being old, and a central valve and cup-leather combined being old, and a plunger with a central valve and a means of regulating the escape of the water from above it being old, and the device for the escape of the water, used by the defendants, being the same as in Hulme, it must be held that, for the purpose of securing the free passage of water in one direc

tion, and preventing its escape in the other direction, otherwise than gradually, the defendants have used nothing which they did not have a right to use, and have not appropriated any patentable invention which Carr had a right to cover, as against the defendant's structure, by the third claim of his reissue. If Carr had made the defendants' form of structure, when he made his own, he would not, in view of the state of the art, have made anything having patentable novelty in it; and, therefore, what he has claimed in claim 3 of his reissue, has no patentable feature which the defendants' form of structure infringes. The action of the cup-leather in Carr's structure and ing the defendants', to admit the free passage of the water while the valve is moving in one direction, and to prevent such passage while the valve is moving in the other direction, is due to the flexibility of the leather, and to the pressure of the water on its different sides alternately, and to its position with reference to the wall of the chamber, and is the same as in the old central valve of a pump-plunger, which was furnished with a cup-leather. The effect resulting from allowing the water, which cannot return through the passage by which it entered, to escape by a small orifice and gradually, and thus cause a gradual movement in a valve attached to the central stem, is due to the small orifice. All that Carr did, if anything, was to add his form of orifice to the valve and cup-leather of the pump-plunger. But the idea of having openings extending from one side to the other of a bucket, and thus regulating the closing of a water-valve by the slow escape of the water from the upper side of the bucket, through such openings, was fully exhibited in the apparatus of Hulme.

Claim 3 of Carr's reissue speaks of the cup-leather as "moving freely in one direction and closing against the containing cylinder in the other direction." This action existed in the cup-leather of the old pump-plunger. The claim also says, "the leakage of water in said cylinder allowing the movement of said cup-leather, as set forth." This means that the greater or less extent of the leakage allows a faster or slower movement of the cup-leather, and a faster or slower closing of the valve. The claim involves, therefore, as an element in it, the means of leakage set forth. It says that the use of the cup-leather is "for controlling the motion of said valve in closing gradually, substantially as specified." But it is the gradual escape of the water through the small orifice which controls the motion of the valve. The cup-leather does not control such motion. The only action of the cup-leather is the same which it had in the old pump-plunger: to hold up a column of water and act as a packing to prevent the return passage of the water. In this condition of things it would seem that the only point of invention, if it could be dignified by that name, was the special means of leakage shown by Carr, of having a screw through the cap, with part of the screw filed away; and which is not used by the defendants, who use the same means of leakage as Hulme did.

The provision of the constitution (article 1, § 8, subd. 8) is that congress shall have power "to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." The beneficiary must be an inventor and he must have made a discovery. The statute has always carried out this idea. Under the act of July 4, 1836, (5 St. 119, § 6,) in force when these patents were granted, the patentee was required to be a person who had "discovered or invented" a "new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter," or a "new and useful improvement in any art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter." In the act of July 8, 1870, (16 St. 201, § 24,) the patentee was required to be a person who had "invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof;" and that language is reproduced in section 4886 of the Revised Statutes. So, it is not enough that a thing shall be new, in the sense that in the shape or form in which it

is produced it shall not have been before known, and that it shall be useful, but it must, under the constitution and the statute, amount to an invention or discovery.

To refer only to some more recent cases, adjudged since these suits were decided below, this principle was applied in Vinton v. Hamilton, 104 U. S. 485, where, a cupola-furnace being old, and a cinder-notch being old, and the use of a cinder-notch to draw off cinders from a blast-furnace being old, and the cinder-notch, in drawing off the cinder from a cupola-furnace, performing the same function as in the blast-furnace, it was held that the application of the cinder-notch to the cupola-furnace would occur to any practical man, and that there was nothing patentable in such application.

In Hall v. Macneale, 107 U. S. 90; S. C. 2 SUP. CT. REP. 73, a cored conical bolt, in a safe, with a screw-thread on it, having existed before, and also a solid conical bolt, it was held to be no invention to add the screw-thread to the solid conical bolt.

*In Atlantic Works v. Brady, 107 U. S. 192, 200; S. C. 2 SUP. CT. REP. 225, it was said, that it is not the object of the patent laws to grant a monopoly for every trifling device which would naturally and spontaneously occur to any skilled mechanic or operator in the ordinary progress of manufactures; and this doctrine was applied in Slawson v. Grand St. R. Co. 107 U. S. 649; S. C. 2 SUP. CT. REP. 663; in King v. Gallun, 109 U. S. 99; S. C. 3 SUP. CT. REP. 85; in Double-pointed Tack Co. v. Two Rivers Manuf'g Co. 109 U. S. 117; S. C. 3 SUP. CT. REP. 105; in Estey v. Burdett, 109 U. S. 633; S. C. 3 SUP. CT. REP. 531; in Bussey v. Excelsior Manuf'g Co. 110 U. S. 131; S. C. 4 SUP. CT. REP. 38; in Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Locomotive, etc., Truck Co. 110 U. S. 490; S. C. 4 Sup. CT. REP. 220; in Phillips v. City of Detroit, 111 U. S. 604; S. C. 4 SUP. CT. REP. 580; in Morris v. McMillin, 112 U. S. 244; S. C. 5 SUP. CT. REP. 218; and in Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manuf'g Co. 113 U. S. 59; S. C. 5 SUP. CT. REP. 717.

In the case last cited the thing claimed was new, in the sense that it had not been anticipated by any previous invention, and it was shown to have superior utility, yet it was held not to be such an improvement as was entitled to be regarded, in the patent law, as an invention. The claim was “A stamp, the body of which is made of paper or other material, and having a removable slip of metal or other material, displaying thereon a serial number, or other specific identifying mark, corresponding with a similar mark upon the stub, and so attached that the removal of such slip must mutilate or destroy the stamp." The part designed to become a stub when the stamp proper was separated therefrom, and displaying a serial number, was well known; and so was the constituent part of the stamp proper designed to be permanently attached to a barrel. The third element, namely, a constituent part of the stamp proper displaying the same identifying serial number as the stub, which part, after the stamp proper had been affixed to the barrel, bore such relation to the permanent part, that it could be removed therefrom so as to retain its own integrity, but to mutilate, and thereby cancel, the stamp, by its removal, was not new, so far as the contents of such constituent part were identical with those on the stub. But the question turned on that feature of the third element whereby a removable part of the stamp proper, the contents of which identified the stamp with the stub after the stamp had been attached, could be so removed as to retain its own integrity, but mutilate, and thereby cancel, the stamp, by its removal. This was held not to be a patentable inven tion; and "not to spring from that intuitive faculty of the mind put forth in the search for new results, or new methods, creating what had not before existed, or bringing to light what lay hidden from vision;" but to be only "the display of the expected skill of the calling," and involving "only the exercise of the ordinary faculties of reasoning upon the materials supplied by a special knowledge, and the faculty of manipulation which results from its

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