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EXPLANATION OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS.

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= denotes equality, as 20s. = 1 pound.
addition, as 3+5=8.
subtraction, as 9-7 2.
multiplication, as 6×4=24.
division, as 21÷37.
proportion, as 8:10::24:30.
the square of 5 = 25.
the fourth power of 7=2401.
the square root of 25 = 5.

52

74

25 or √25 2163 or 3/216

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6|12|18|24|30|36|42|48| 54 60 66 72

7|14|21|28|35|42|49|56| 63 70 8|16|24|32|40|48|56|64|| 72 80 9|18|27|36|45|54|63|72

77 84

88 96

81 90 99 108

10 20 30 40|50|60|70|80| 90 100 110 120 11 22 33 44|55|66|77|88 99 110 121|132| 12 24 36 48 60 72 84|96|108|120|132 144

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8

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC.

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC teaches to calculate by numbers. Its fundamental principles are, NUMERATION, ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, and DIVISION.

NUMERATION.

Numeration teaches to express numbers by words and figures.

NUMERATION TABLES.

9 Units.

98 Tens.

9 87 Hundreds.

9 8 7 6 Thousands.

9 8 7 6 5 Tens of Thousands.

9 8 7 6 5 4 Hundreds of Thousands.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Millions.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Tens of Millions.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Hundreds of Millions.

Billions.

Millions.

Units.

.49 0 3 17, 2 5 8 3 60, 9 73 274

a C., M. of Millions.
X., M. of Millions.

∞ M. of Millions.

Millions.

C. of Millions.
X. of Millions.

C. of Thousands.

X. of Thousands.
Thousands,-M.

Units.
Hundreds,-C.
Tens,-X.

Billions.

-X. of Billions.

The above number is read thus :-Four hun

dred and ninety thousand three hundred and

a X., M. of Billions. C., M. of Billions.

M. of Billions.

C. of Billions.

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