which they had accommodated the Mormons, the anti-Mormons fled everywhere before the sheriff; some to Iowa and Missouri, others to the neighboring counties in Illinois. The anti-Mormons having left, by their flight, the sheriff and his Mormon friends undisputed masters of the country, the Mormons, whose houses had been burnt, sallied forth in their turn, destroying the habitations of their adversaries, laying waste the country with fire ard sword, and plundering and carrying off, whatever admitted of any transportation. Upon receiving intelligence of these proceedings, the Governor hastened to Jacksonville, where, in a conference with Gen. Hardin, Major Warren, Judge Douglass, and Attorney-General McDougall, it was agreed, that these gentlemen should proceed to Hancock with whatever forces had been raised, to restore order in that distracted county. Having raised about 400 volunteers, Gen. Hardin lost no time in getting to Carthage, where he dispersed the Mormon garrison and put an end to the ravages of the Mormons, recalling the anti-Mormons, and prohibiting the assemblage of parties above four in number, either of Mormons or antiMormons.

The twelve apostles and the other leaders of the Mormons, satisfied by this time, that it would not do for the Mormons to remain any longer in the State, made arrangements with their enemies, through the intervention of the Governor and Gen. Hardin, for the unmolested removal of their people in the spring of 1846. The force of Gen. Hardin was diminished to 100 men, and Major W. B. Warren appointed their commander; he managed this force with such efficiency and skill as to render both parties afraid to set the laws at defiance during the winter.

In the meantime, the Mormons made the most enormous efforts for removal; all the houses in Nauvoo, not even excepting the temple, having been converted into workshops, so that before spring more than 12,000 wagons were in readiness for removing their families and effects. By the middle of May, about 16,000 Mormons had crossed the Mississippi on their march to California, leaving but a thousand of their number behind in Nauvoo, such as, having no money, or property which they might convert into money, were without the means of removing.

During the same month, the President called for four regiments of

volunteers from Illinois for the Mexican war; this was no sooner known in Illinois, than nine regiments, numbering 8370 men, answered the call, though only four of them, amounting to 3720 men, could be taken. These regiments, as well as their officers, were everywhere foremost in the American ranks, and distinguished themselves by their matchless valor in the bloodiest battles fought throughout the campaign. Gen. Hardin, at the battle of Buena Vista, attacked and routed a body of Mexican infantry and lancers five times the number of his own, deciding, by his gallant charge, the victory for the Americans, which was won at the expense of his own life and that of many of his bravest men. At the same battle, Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, with his men, during the whole day stood the fire of the Mexican artillery, without being allowed to advance near enough to return it. Warren, Trail, Bissel, and Morrison, distinguished themselves by their intrepid valor at the same battle; Shields, Baker, Harris, and Coffey, are illustrious names, indissolubly connected with the glorious capture of Vera Cruz, and the not less famous storming of Cerro Gordo. In this latter action, when, after the valiant Gen. Shields had been placed hors du combat, the command of his force, consisting of two Illinois and one New York regiment, devolved upon Col. Baker, this officer with his men stormed with unheard-of prowess the last stronghold of the Mexicans, sweeping everything before them, and scattering the Mexican forces to the four winds. Such, indeed, was the intrepid valor and daring courage exhibited by the Illinoisian volunteers during the Mexican war, that their deeds will live in the memory of their countrymen until those latest times, when the very name of America shall have been forgotten.

After this slight digression, due to the memory of the Illinoisian heroes in the Mexican war, we return again to the Mormons. Although after June, 1846, but few of that people remained behind, their enemies, fearing, that enough of them had been left to control the elections, commenced again harassing and annoying them, until they had extorted the promise from the Mormon leaders, that their people should not vote at the next election. When this election, however, came off (August, 1846), the Mormons, without exception, voted the democratic ticket, which act terribly enraged the people against them. An outbreak of hostilities being looked for as una

voidable, whilst both parties were collecting their forces, the trustees of Nauvoo, belonging to the number of the new citizens, who had purchased the houses and property of the Mormons, who had removed, applied to the Governor for a force to protect them. A force of militia was raised, and Mayor Parker appointed their commander; but the abuse heaped upon this officer by the whig party, rendered it impossible for him to assist them effectually. As this force was about to march into the city, information reached the Governor, that the new citizens of Nauvoo were divided in two parties, one of which was friendly to the Mormons, whilst the other, being hostile to them, had been threatened with death by them, if they did not join in the defence of the city. The Governor lost no time, but sent M. Brayman, Esq., a distinguished citizen of Springfield, to Nauvoo, with strict orders, forbidding the Mormons to force the new citizens to join them against their will. Mr. Brayman went to Nauvoo, where it was agreed between him and the Mormons, that the latter should leave the State in two months, their arms to remain in custody of the State during the meantime, which treaty was agreed to by Gen. Singleton, Col. Chittenden, and others, on the part of the anti-Mormon forces, and Mayor Parker and some Mormon leaders, on the other side. Byt when the treaty was submitted to the anti-Mormon forces for ratification, it was rejected by them, whereupon Gen. Singleton and Col. Chittenden immediately retired from the command, which was at once assumed by Thomas S. Brockman, an ignorant, rough and uncouth Campbellite preacher, who was bitterly opposed to the Mormons, on account of their immoral practices; although he fully equalled, if he did not eclipse them in these, having been defaulter to a large amount, while collector of taxes, and having committed various other rogueries. With a force of 800 men, and five cannon, belonging to the State, he proceeded to Nauvoo, where an engagement in the suburbs was fought between his troops and about 150 Mormons, together with some of the new citizens, as their allies; in which, owing to the very safe distance at which both parties kept from each other, but one man was killed, and some three or four wounded on either side, although the battle raged with unabated fury the whole day, 9000 cannon-balls and an infinite number of bullets being fired on each side.

After this sanguinary battle, through the intervention of an antiMormon committee from Quincy, the remaining Mormons at last agreed to remove from the State. In the midst of the sickly season they were hurried in the boats and thrown upon the Iowa shore, without shelter or provisions; in consequence whereof, great numbers of them miserably perished. The new citizens, who had joined the Mormons in their defence of the city, were many of them ducked and "baptized" in the river, and the rest of them driven, at the point of the bayonet, across the river, by the horde of armed scoundrels under the command of the villanous Campbellite preacher, the professed servant of the meek and lowly Jesus.

Some of the new citizens returned several times to look after their property, but were brutally driven off each time. A reaction now took place, however, in the minds of the people, in favor of the oppressed; which the Governor no sooner perceived, than he started with about 200 men, raised in Springfield, to Hancock, in order to reinstate sixty families of the unfortunate new citizens in their homes, which had been unmercifully plundered in the meantime. Having succeeded in this, and having made diligent, but unsuccessful search, for the five pieces of cannon belonging to the State, he disbanded the principal part of his force, leaving Major Jackson and Capt. Connelly, with a force of 50 men, to stay in the county until the 15th of December, 1846, by which time the cold of winter was expected to put an end to the anti-Mormon disturbances; which expectation was realized.

While this bloody war was waged in Hancock county, between the followers of the prophet and their adversaries, an equally violent rebellion, though upon a smaller scale, broke out in the county of Massac, on the Ohio, the ancient settlement of horse-thieves, robbers, and counterfeiters, who had again become so numerous and well organized as to set the laws at defiance, by committing horrible murders and depredations. The honest portion of the people formed themselves into companies of regulators, and were about to order the rogues from the country, when the latter, in the election for county officers, which came off in August, 1846, voted all one way, thereby causing the election of a sheriff and other officers, who at once arrayed

themselves in open hostility to the regulators, allowing some of the rogues, who had already been arrested, to escape from jail; wherefore, they were ordered by the regulators to leave the country at

once.

In this state of things, the Governor issued an order to BrigadierGeneral John T. Davis, to examine into the disturbances and the causes thereof, calling out the militia, if order could not be restored by peaceable means. Gen. Davis proceeded to Massac, assembling the parties and settling their differences, as he supposed; he had, however, no sooner left the county, than new disturbances broke out, many of the regulators coming, this time, as far as from Kentucky, expelling the sheriff, with other officers, and some of the rogues; and summarily punishing every one, whether rogue or honest man, who dared to interfere with their violent proceedings.

Judge Scates, at the Circuit Court, not long afterwards held in Massac county, strongly urged the grand jury to inquire into the outrageous conduct of the regulators, whereupon indictments were found and warrants issued against a number of them, who were arrested by the sheriff and committed to jail. The regulators assembled from Kentucky and the neighboring counties of Illinois, threatening to lynch Judge Scates, if he ever returned to hold a court, and liberating their friends confined in the jail, expelling the sheriff and his friends from the country. The sheriff went to the Governor, then at Nauvoo, to apply to him for aid and protection. But the Governor, whose term of office was about to expire, refused to meddle with the affair, contenting himself with charging Dr. William J. Gibbs to call out the militia for the protection of the sheriff and other county officers, and the honest portion of the community. The militia, however, refused to turn out, and the regulators exercising uncontested sway over the county, caught a number of suspicious characters and tried them by committee, whipping and tarring and feathering those, who had been convicted, and taking many of them away as prisoners, of whom several were afterwards reported to "have gone to Arkansas:" by which was understood, that they had been drowned in the Ohio, and left to swim with the current of that river in the direction of Arkansas. On the 23d of December, 1846, a convention of regulators