gold and pearls, as inflamed their countrymen with desire of engaging in similar enterprises.1 The mutineers at Hispaniola not daring to go to Spain, a new contract was made with Roldan, by virtue of which he was reinstated in his former of fice; and his followers, amounting to one hundred and two, were restored to whatever they had enjoyed before their revolt. In consequence of this agreement, lands were allotted to the mutineers in different parts of the island; and the Indians, settled in each district, were appointed to cultivate a prescribed portion of ground for their new masters. This service was substituted for the tribute, formerly imposed; and it introduced among the Span- Repartid iards the Repartiamentos, or distributions of In- mentos indians in all their settlements, which subjected that troduced wretched people to the most grievous oppression. mola. 4 1500. into Hispa Vincent Yanez Pinzon having, în connexion with Voyage Ariez Pinzon, built four caravels, sailed from Palos of the Pin for America. He stood boldly toward the south, and was the first Spaniard, who ventured to cross the equinoctial line." In February he discovered a cape, in eight degrees south latitude, and called but it has since been Here he landed, but could obtain no interview with the natives. Sail 8 historians remember, and it ought not to be forgotten, that the CABOTS were the first discoverers of the Continent of America. See A. D. 1497. 1 Robertson, i. book ii. 2 Herrera, i. 211. 3 Robertson, i. book ii. 4 Prince [Chron. Introd, 81.] says, he sailed from Palos 13 November, 1499; and Herrera [i. 232.], that he left the Cape Verd islands 13 Janu ary, 1500. 5 Robertson, i. book ii. 6 Herrera, i. 231. 7 Purchas, i. 828. Prince, ut supra. 8 P. Martyr, 81-83. Robertson [i. book ii.] says, that Pinzon "seems to have landed on no part of the coast beyond the mouth of the Maragnon, or river of the Amazons." But I rely on P. Martyr, who says, that the Spaniards landed at the Cape; that in the neighbourhood of it 32 of the natives, armed with bows and arrows, came forth to meet them, fol 1500. ing northwestwardly, he discovered and named the river of the Amazons. Having sailed along the coast to Trinidad, he returned to Spain.* Cabral dis sil. The fertile district of country, "on the confines of which Pinzon stopt short," was very soon more fully discovered. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, sent by Emanuel, king of Portugal, with thirteen ships, on a voyage from Lisbon to the East Indies, in order to avoid the calms on the Guinea shore, fetchApril 23. ed a compass so far westwardly, as, by accident, covers Bra- to discover land in the tenth degree south of the equinoctial line. Proceeding along the coast several days, he was led from its extent to believe, that it must be a part of some great continent; and, on account of a cross, that he erected there with much ceremony, he called it, The Land of the Holy Cross; but it was afterward called Brasil. 3 Hav ing taken possession of it for the crown of Portugal, he dispatched a ship to Lisbon with an account of this important discovery, and pursued his voyage. + 4 The Portuguese king, on receiving the intelligence, sent ships, to discover the whole country, and found it to be the land of America. A controversy hence arose between him and the king of Spain but they being kinsmen and near friends, it was ultimately agreed, that the king of Portugal should hold all the country that he had discovered, lowed by others, armed in the same manner; that the Spaniards endea voured to allure them by gifts, but in vain; for, in the dead of night, they fled from the places which they had occupied. "Omnem sermonem rejiciunt, parati semper ad pugnam. Nocte intempesta aufugiunt." 1 Vega (Commentaries of Peru 339.] says, the Pinzons gave the river this name, "because they observed, that the women fought with as much courage in defence of those parts as the men." 2 Prince, ut supra. 3 From a certain wood, which dies red, a name previously to this period known to the Arabians. Forster's Voyages, 263. 4 Herrera, i. 235. Purchas. i. 835. Robertson, i. book ii. Forster, 263. Prince, Intred. 81. Biblioth. Americana, p. 50. 25 which was from the river of Maragnon, or Ama- 1500. zons, to the river of Plate.' The implacable enemies of Columbus renewing their complaints against him, the king and queen of Spain sent Bovadilla as a judge, with power to inquire into his conduct; and with authority, if he should find the accusations proved, to send him into Spain, and to remain himself, as governor. Bov- Aug. 23. adilla, on his arrival at Hispaniola, thoroughly ex- ernor arecuted his commission. He assumed the govern- rives at ment of the colony, and sent Columbus home in and in Occhains. 2 A new gov Hispaniola, tober sends lumbus in Portugal, at that time still in her glory, disre- home Cogarding the donation made by the Pope, and the chains compromise for half the world, to which she had reluctantly agreed, viewed all the discoveries, made by Spain in the New World, as so many encroachments on her own rights and property. Under the influence of this national jealousy, Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese, of respectable family, inspired with the resolution of discovering new countries, and a new route to India, sailed from Lisbon, with two Cortereal's ships, at his own cost. In the course of his nav- voyage to igation, he arrived at Newfoundland, at a bay, land; which he named Conception Bay; explored the 1 Purchas, v. 1437 2 Life of Columbus, c. lxxxv, lxxxvi. Herrera, i. 235-243. Belknap Disc. on Discovery of America, 115. The captain of the vessel, in which Columbus sailed, touched with respect for his years and merit, offered to take off the irons; but he did not allow it. "manded, that I should obey his governor, he shall find me as obedient Since the king has com"to this, as I have been to all his other orders. Nothing, but his com"mands, shall release me. If twelve years hardship and fatigue; if con"tinual dangers, and frequent famine; if the ocean, first opened, and five ❝times passed and repassed, to add a new world, abounding with wealth, "to the Spanish monarchy; and if an infirm and premature old age, "brought on by those services, deserve these chains as a reward; it is "very fit I should wear them to Spain, and keep them by me as memo"rials to the end of my life." Europ. Settlements, i. 43-45. He accordingly kept them until his death. room," says his son Ferdinand," which he ordered to be buried with "I always saw those irons in his his body." Life of Columbus, c. lxxxvi. Herrera, i. 242. 3 Herrera [i. 314-] says, they were Caravels. Newfound Proceeds to Terra Verde, and Labra dor. whole eastern coast of the island; and proceeded to the mouth of the great river of Canada. He af discovers terwards discovered a land, which he, at first, named Terra Verde, but which, in remembrance of the since called discoverer, was afterwards called Terra de Corte Terra de real. That part of it, which, being on the south Cortereal; side of the fiftieth degree of north latitude, he judg ed to be fit for cultivation, he named, Terra de Labrador. Returning, and communicating the news of his discovery to his native country, he hastened. back, to visit the coast of Labrador, and to go to India through the straights of Anian, which he im turn to this magined he had just discovered. Nothing, howev country, he er, was afterward heard of him. It is presumed that he was either murdered by the Esquimaux sav ages, or perished among the ice. On this disas trous event, a brother of Cortereal undertook the same voyage, with two ships; but probably met with a similar fate; for he was heard of no more. On his re is lost. de Bastidas. 1501. Voyage of Roderigo de Bastidas, in partnership with John Roderigo de la Cosa, fitted out two ships from Cadiz. Sailing toward the western continent, he arrived on the coast of Paria; and, proceeding to the west, dis covered all the coast of the province, since known by the name of Terra Firma, from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien." Second voyage of Ojeda. Not long after, Ojeda, with his former associate Amerigo Vespucci, set out on a second voyage, and, being unacquainted with the destination of Basti das, held the same course, and touched at the same places. These voyages tended to increase the ar dour of discovery.3 I Forster Voy. 460, 461. Harris Voy. i.270. Venegas California, i. 118. but Galvano, cited by Harris, puts this voyage in 1502. 3 Robertson, i. book ii. Josselyn Voyages, 230. In Bibliotheca Amer 1502. 27 Columbus exhibited so many charges at the court of Spain against Bovadilla, demanding justice at the same time for the injuries, which he had done him, that their Catholic majesties resolved to send another governor to Hispaniola. Nicholas de Ovando, knight of the order of Alcantara, being appointed to this office, he sailed on the thirteenth of February for America, with thirty two ships, in A new which two thousand five hundred persons embark- Spanish goed, with the intention of settling in the country to America This was the most respectable armament, hitherto with 2500 fitted out for the New World. On the arrival of persons. this new governor, Bovadilla, whose imprudent administration threatened the settlement with ruin, resigned his charge; and was commanded to return instantly to Spain, to answer for his conduct." Ovando was particularly charged by the queen, that the Indians of Hispaniola should be free from servitude, and protected, like the subjects of Spain; and that they should be carefully instructed in the Christian faith. By command of their majesties, both Spaniards and Indians were to pay tythes; none were to live in the Indies, but natives of Castile; none to go on discoveries, without leave from their highnesses; no Jews, Moors, nor new converts, to be tolerated in the Indies; and all, that had been taken from the admiral and his brothers, was to be restored to them.* In the large fleet, that now arrived, came over ten Franciscan Friars; and these were the first ecclesiastics of that order, who came to settle in the Indies, 3 icana is preserved the following title of a book: "Americi Vesputii Navi gatio tertia a Lisbonæ portu cum tribus Conservantiæ Navibus ad Novum Orbem ulterius detegendum, die Maii decima 1501." 1 Herrera, i. 247-253. Robertson, i. 188, 189. · à Herrera, i. 248, 250. 3. Ibid. i. 249. Feb. 13. vernor sails |