DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 264. A Denominate Number is a concrete number in which the unit is a measure established by law or custom. Thus, 2 feet, 3 pounds, 5 quarts, are denominate numbers. 265. A Measure is a unit of value, length, area, volume, time, etc., by which the quantity of anything is estimated by the number of times it will contain the unit of measure. Thus, a dollar, a yard, an acre, a quart, a pound, are measures. 266. A Simple Denominate Number is a denominate number composed of units of only one denomination. Thus, 3 feet, 4 hours, 7 pounds, 5 pints, are simple denominate numbers. 267. A Compound Denominate Number is a denominate number composed of units of two or more related denominations. Thus, 2 pounds 5 ounces is a compound denominate number. So also is 5 yards 1 foot 3 inches. 268. A Standard Unit is a unit of measure from which other units of the same kind may be derived. Thus, the yard is the standard unit of length because the other units are derived from it. 269. Reduction of denominate numbers is the process of changing them from one denomination to another without altering their value. 270. Reduction Descending is the process of changing a denominate number to an equivalent number, or measure, or amount, of a lower denomination. Thus, the change of gallons to an equivalent in quarts, pints, or gills is reduction descending. 271. Reduction Ascending is the process of changing a denominate number to an equivalent number of a higher denomination. Thus, the change of gills to an equivalent in pints, quarts, gallons, or barrels is reduction ascending. 272. Denominate Numbers may be embraced under four distinct classes: Value, Weight, Extension, and Time. Some of these classes contain subdivisions of such importance that eight classes may be recognized: Value, Weight, Length, Surface, Volume, Capacity, Time, and Angles. MEASURES OF VALUE. 273. The Value of anything is its worth, or that property by virtue of which it is useful or estimable. 274. Value depends mainly upon cost of production, utility, and difficulty of attainment. 275. Money is the common measure of value. kinds, coin and paper money. It is of two 276. Coin or Specie is stamped pieces of metal having a value fixed by law. 277. Paper Money consists of notes or bills (promises to pay money) issued by Governments and banks, and authorized to be used as money. Currency (from currere, to run) is a term applied to money or to that which circulates as money. 278. Legal Tender is a term applied to all moneys which are required by law to be accepted in payment of debts. UNITED STATES MONEY. 279. United States Money is the lawful currency of the United States. 280. The denominations and scale of United States money are shown in the following 1. The unit of value is the dollar. Its standard weight in gold and alloy is 25.8 grains (pure gold, alloy). The dollar mark is probably & combination of U. S., the initials of United States. 2. The Coins of the United States are of gold, silver, nickel, and bronze. The gold coins are the double eagle, eagle, half-eagle, and the quartereagle piece. The silver coins are the dollar, half-dollar, quarter-dollar, and dime. The nichel coin is the five-cent piece. The bronze coin is the cent. There are various other coins of the United States in circulation but they are no longer coined. 3. The gold and silver coins consist of 9 parts by weight of pure metal and 1 part alloy. The alloy is used to toughen the metal so as to reduce the loss from use. The alloy of gold coins consists of part silver and copper. The alloy of silver coins is pure copper. The nickel coins consist of nickel and copper. The cent consists of copper and tin and zinc. 4. All gold coins are a legal tender for any amount. The currency silver dollars are also a full legal tender for all sums not otherwise provided for by contract. The smaller silver coins are legal tender for all sums not exceeding $10 in any one payment; and the nickel and bronze coins, for any amount not exceeding 25 cents in any one payment. No foreign coins are a legal tender in the United States. 281. All operations in United States money are performed the same as with common decimal expressions, and hence were considered under decimals in their proper connection. CANADA MONEY. 282. The Currency of Canada is nominally the same as that of the United States, the table and the denominations being the same. 1. The Coins consist of silver and copper. The silver coins are the fifty, twenty-five, and twenty cent pieces; also the dime and half dime. The copper coin is the cent. 2. Canadian coins are not received at their full face value in all parts of the United States. They are usually taken at # of their face value. ENGLISH OR STERLING MONEY. 283. English or Sterling Money is the legal currency of England. 1. The unit is the pound, represented by the sovereign and £1 bank note. Its value in U. S. money is $4.8665. 2. The Coins of Great Britain are of gold, silver, and copper. The gold coins are the sovereign and the half-sovereign. The silver coins are the crown (equal to 5 shillings), half-crown, florin (equal to 2 shillings), shilling, six-penny, and three-penny pieces. The copper coins are the penny and the half-penny. The guinea (equal to 21 shillings), and the half-guinea are in circulation but no longer coined. 3. Shillings and pence are sometimes expressed by writing them on opposite sides of an oblique line, and farthings are commonly expressed as fractions of a penny. Thus, 4s. 6d. 3 far. may be written 4/61. REDUCTION OF ENGLISH MONEY. 284. To reduce to lower denominations. 1. How many pence in £5 8s. 7d.? 20 12 5 8 7 20 108 12 1303 RULE. EXPLANATION.-In one pound there are 20 shillings, and in £5 there are 5 times 20 shillings, which increased by 8s., are 108 shillings. In one shilling there are 12 pence, and in 108s, there are 108 times 12 pence, which increased by 7d. are 1303 pence. Hence, £5 8s. 7d = 1303d. -Multiply by the units in the scale from the given to the required denomination, being careful to add the given units of each denomination. 14. Reduce of a pound to units of lower denominations. 23. Reduce .76 of a pound to units of lower denominations. 1. Reduce 3415 pence to units of higher denominations. 12) 3415d. 20) 2848. +7d. £14+48. EXPLANATION. -Since there are 12 pence in one shilling, in 3415d there are as many shillings as 12 is contained times in 3415, which are 284s. and 7d. Since there are 20 shillings in one pound, in 2848. there are as many pounds as 20 is contained times in 284, which are £14 and 4s. RULE.-Divide by the units in the scale from the given to the required denomination. 11. Reduce of a pence to a fraction of a pound. |