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21. Reduce 7s. 4 3. far. 12 6.75 d. 20 7.5625s. £.37817

6d. 3 far. to the decimal of a pound.

EXPLANATION.-There are 4 far. in 1d., hence, of the number of farthings equals the number of pence. of 3 equals.75, which with 6d. equals 6.75d. Since there are 12d. in 1s., of the number of pence equals the number of shillings. of 6.75 equals .5625, which with 7s., equals 7.5625s. Since there are 20s. in £1, of the number of shillings equals the number of pounds. of 7.5624 equals £.3782.

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286. To reduce English money to United States money.

1. Reduce £4 5s. 6d. 1 far. to dollars and cents.

SOLUTION.-£4 5s. 6d. 1 far.

£1

.. £4 278+

Find the value in U. S. Money:

=

=

£4.278+
$4.8665

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2. £6 58. 6d.

4. £30 8s. 3d.

3. £20 6s. 9d.

5. £45 9s. 6d.

6. £12 4s. 7d. 3 far. 7. £20 15s. 10d. 2 far.

287. To reduce United States Money to English money.

1. Find the value of $135.75 in English money.

SOLUTION.-$135.75 $4.8665

£27.89479+

=

£27.89479+

Find the values in English money :

£27 17s. 10d. 3 far.

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1. The unit is the franc. Its value in United States money is $0.193. 2. The Coins of France are of gold, silver, bronze, and copper. The gold coins are the hundred, forty, twenty, ten, and five franc pieces. The silver coins are the five, two, and one franc pieces. The bronze coins are the ten, five, two, and one centime pieces. There are also copper coins in ten and five centime pieces.

GERMAN MONEY.

289. German Money is the legal currency of the German Empire.

TABLE.

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1. The unit is the mark. Its value in United States money is $0.238. 2. The Coins of the German Empire are of gold, silver, nickel, and cop per. The gold coins are the twenty, ten, and five mark pieces. The silver coins are the two and one mark pieces. The nickel coins are the ten and five pfennig pieces. The copper coins are the two and one pfennig pieces.

NOTE. In effecting exchanges, money accomplishes two purposes. It is useful

1. As a means of payment. In the discharge of this function it takes the place of the barter equivalent formerly given by both parties to any trade. The invention of money greatly facilitated trade by affording a recognized medium of exchange.

2. As a measure of value. In this function money is simply a yard-stick, or accepted unit of measure. When a government stamps or coins a piece of metal, it thereby indicates the weight and fineness of the metal coined. The most interesting fact as to coin or real money (as distinguished from notes and bills or representatives of money) is that it has two values: 1st, Its nominal or face value in local exchanges or home trade—or that value authorized by the Government which issues the coin. This value is intended to remain stationary, regardless of the fluctuations in the value of the metal or metals coined. 2d, Its real or barter value in the exchanges of the world or international trade. This value has no regard for the value placed on the coin by the people among whom it is coined, but is determined by the quantity and quality of the metal contained in the coin.

It is on these principles that the values of foreign coins, as declared in the table n p. 12', are from time to time determined.

290. The following table shows the value of the standard coins of the world, in U. S. money, as proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury, in the latest official report:

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Gold-escudo (81.825), doub. loon ($3.65), and condor ($7 30); silver-peso and divisions.

Gold-2, 5, 10, and 20 colons; silver-5, 10, 25, and 50 centisimos.

Gold-doubloon (85.017); sil

ver-peso (60 cents). Gold-10 and 20 crowns.

Gold-10, 20, 50, and 100 piasters; silver-1, 2, 10, and 20 piasters.

Gold-10 and 20 marks ($1.93 and $3.859).

Gold-5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs; silver 5 francs. Gold-5, 10, and 20 marks. Gold-sovereign (pound sterling) and half sovereign. Gold-5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas; silver-5 drach

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Gold-sovereign (84.8665); silver-rupee and divisions. Gold-5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lire; silver-5 lire.

Gold-1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen.

Gold-10 florins; silver-, 1, and 2% florins.

Gold-$2 ($2.027).

Gold-libra ($4.8665); silver

-sol and divisions.

Gold-1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. Gold-imperial ($7.718) and imperial (83.80); silver14, , and 1 ruble.

Gold 25 pesetas; silver-5

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Turkey.....

Gold...... Piaster.....

.044

Gold-25, 50, 100, 200, and 500

piasters.

Uruguay

Gold...... Peso.....

1.034

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Venezuela.

Gold......

Bolivar.

.193

Gold-5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 boli

vars; silver-5 bolivars.

EXAMPLES.

291. 1. How many dollars in 200 francs?

2. How many francs in $337.75?

3. How many dollars in 485.57 francs?

4. How many francs would be received in exchange for $500? 5. How many dollars in 150 marks?

6. How many marks should be given in exchange for $241.32? 7. How many crowns of Denmark are worth $40.20?

8. How many gold roubles of Russia are worth $20.60?

9. How many piasters of Turkey are worth $44?

10. What is the value of 5000 florins of the Netherlands? Of 5000 English florins?

11. How many dollars in 264 marks, 25 pfennigs?

12. A lady bought 10 yards of alpaca, in London, for which she paid 58. 3d. a yard. How much did it cost in U. S. money?

13. What is the value in U. S. money of 56 yards of merino at 7s. 6d. a yard?

14. How many dollars in 1000 drachmas of Greece?

15. A merchant returning from Europe, had 20 sovereigns, 5 crowns (Gt. Britain), 40 francs, and 10 marks (Germany). What was their total value in U. S. money?

MEASURES OF WEIGHT.

292. Weight is the measure of the force by which bodies are naturally drawn toward the earth.

293. The kinds of weight in common use are Troy Weight, Apothecaries' Weight, and Avoirdupois Weight.

TROY WEIGHT.

294. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, and also in philosophical experiments.

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1. The standard unit of weight is the Troy pound. It is equal to the weight of 22.794377 cubic inches of pure (distilled) water, at its greatest density (temperature 39.83°F., barometer at 30 inches), and is identical with the imperial Troy pound of Great Britain.

2. The grains of the other weights are the same as the Troy grains.

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

295. Apothecaries' Weight is used by apothecaries and physicians in weighing medicines for prescriptions.

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1. The unit is the pound, which is identical with the Troy pound, as are also the ounce and the grain, though the ounce is differently divided.

2. Drugs and medicines are bought and sold in large quantities by Avoirdupois weight.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

296. Avoirdupois Weight is the common weight of commerce, and is used for weighing almost everything except jewels and precious metals.

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1. The unit is the pound. It is derived from the Troy pound, and contains 7000 grains.

2. In great Britain 28 lb. equal 1 qr., 112 lb. equal 1 cwt., and 2240 lb. equal 1 ton. These are called the long hundred and the long ton, or shipping ton of the United States. It is used at the U. S. Custom House in invoices of English goods, and by wholesale dealers in iron and coal. Retail dealers in coal usually sell by the hundred.

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