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by jury and in a court of justice. "It is not consistent with the theory of our government," the court declare, "that the legislature should, after having defined an offense as an infamous crime, find the fact of guilt and adjudge the punishment by one of its own agents.'

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By the Railway Rate law of 1906 the Interstate Commerce Commission is authorized to issue various orders with reference to the conduct of their business by interstate carriers, and provision is made that violations of these orders shall be punishable by fines and forfeitures which may be recovered in civil suits in the name of the United States.

INDEX

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necessity a source of federal power, 62, 503.

administrative discretion, 885.

courts will not perform administrative functions, 1011.

administrative powers of the president, development of, 1158.

administrative appeals, 1161.

administrative decentralization in the States, 1163.

administrative integration, increasing federal, 1163.

administrative interpretations, 1164.

administrative regulations, 1164.

administrative acts, performance of, by the courts, 1274; judicial review
of, 1276

administrative agents, judicial powers of, 1277.

administrative determinations, conclusiveness of, 1278; land patents, 1281;
fraud orders, 1283; Chinese exclusion cases, 1286.

Administrative Orders

enforcement of, by mandamus, 1311.

[References are to pages.]

Administrative Ordinances

power to issue, 1318.

power to establish rates, 1323.

classification of, 1325.

army and navy regulations, 1326.
penal, 1327.

Admiralty Jurisdiction of United States
extent of, 1107.

navigability the test, 1108.

waters wholly within a State, 1110.
canals, 1112.

dry docks, 1112.

political jurisdiction not embraced within, 1113.
courts of, 1113.

state legislative powers, 1114.

federal legislative powers, 1117.

sphere of, a judicial question, 1118.

Admiralty Law

sources of, 1116.

federal legislative power, 1117.

Admission of States

procedure and power of, 320.

a source of power to annex territory, 531.

Ad Valorem Taxes

assessment of, 594.

hearing required, 622.

Advisory Opinions

force of, 13, n.

Agreements

between the States, when permitted, 236.
international, senatorial approval of, 467.

Alaska

annexation of, 324.

treaty provisions as to status of, 333, 419, n.
government of, 364.

an incorporated territory, 438.

Alienation of Territory

federal power as to, 342.

effect of, on citizenship of inhabitants, 443.
by treaty, 507.

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