II.

exactly correct. Sarah has come, agreeable to You can come to-morrow. Your brother was promise. The Turks have not acted independent here yesterday. Do come if you can. I had of England and France. The teacher reads proyour money. The man had heard of the catas-perly, writes neat, and composes correct. He trophe before I could reach him. I am going conducted himself suitable to the occasion. into the country at Christmas. Did you see the procession? I did. You might have seen it if you had chosen. Joseph must call at the office to-morrow, as he may be wanted. Thou art learned, but I am illiterate.

1. Underline the adjectives governing infinitives, and doubly underline the infinitives.

That paper is too good to be used for such a purpose. Many boys think themselves too old to attend Sunday school. Charles is old enough to go to work to earn his own living. Your coat is not neat enough for you to wear on Sundays. The master is too severe to be loved. Richard is too fond of trifling to succeed in learning. He is said to be very learned; too learned to retain his present position. It is delightful to please him. 2. Make six sentences illustrating Rule 2. 3. Correct the following sentences:-Jesus went up into an exceeding high mountain. The people are miserable poor. The men behaved noble. He acts agreeable to his profession. James was extremely prodigal, therefore his property is now near exhausted. The clergyman speaks fluent, though he does not read

Junior Division.

Perform Exercise No. XIV., which will be
found in the May number for 1853, page 198.
Senior Division.
RULES.

1. Adjectives sometimes govern the infinitive mood.

2. When opposition is signified by a comparative adjective, it requires th an after it; when distinction is indicated, of is necessary.

3. Double comparatives and superlatives are improper.

4. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives.

MATHEMATICAL CLASS. QUESTIONS FOR SOLUTION.-XIII. (a) 26. Find the greatest common measure of 72,360,412 and 648.

(a) 27. Show that if the numerator and denominator of a fraction be multiplied or divided by the same number, its value is not altered.

(a) 28. What is the value of of of a pound | page 15 of the "Instructor;" read Exercise 9, and sterling?

The Societies' Section.

ADDRESS BY SIR EDWARD BULWER LYTTON.

Edinburgh University.-On Wednesday evening, January 18th, Sir E. B. Lytton, who was last year elected Honorary President of the associated societies of Edinburgh University, delivered an inaugural address on the occasion of his being inducted into that office, in the Queenstreet Hall. He was accompanied to the platform by the Lord Advocate, who, it had been arranged, should take the chair. Lord Kintore, Lord Robertson, Lord Curriehill, Lord Deas, the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, Sir Archibald Alison, Bart., Mr. Stirling, of Keir, Mr. Cowan, M.P., Rev. Dr. Guthrie, Dr. Schmitz, Rev. Dr. Grant, Captain Blackwood, Mr. Robert Chambers, Professors Gregory, Swinton, More, Menzies, Aytoun, Simpson, Syme, Pillans, Balfour, Bennet, Macdougal, Blackie, and Kelland; the Rev. Dr. Alexander, Dr. Robert Lee, and Bishop Terrot were present. The Lord Advocate introduced Sir Edward. Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton was greeted with prolonged applause, and after acknowledging the kindness with which he was received, and referring to his early interest in Scotland and Scottish writers, he went to sayGentlemen, when I turn to what the analogous custom of other universities renders my duty upon this occasion, and offer some suggestions that may serve as hints in your various studies, I feel literally overshadowed by the awe of the great names, all your own, which rise high around me in every department of human progress. It is not only the illustrious dead before whom I have to bow-your wonted fires do not live only in their ashes. The men of to-day are worthy the men of yesterday. A thousand rays of intellectual light are gathered and fused together in the various learning of your distinguished Principal. The chivalry of our glorious annals finds its new Tyrtæus in the vigorous rushing verse of Professor Aytoun. Your medical schools in all their branches-pathology, medical jurisprudence, surgery, anatomy, chemistryadvance more and more to fresh honours under the presiding names of Simpson, Alison, Christison, Goodsir, Trail, Syme, and Gregory. The general cause of education itself is identified with the wide repute of Professor Pillans. Nature has added the name of Forbes to the list of those who not only examined her laws, but discovered her secrets; while the comprehensive science of Sir William Hamilton still corrects and extends the sublime chart that defines the immaterial universe of ideas. And how can I forget the name of one man, whose character and whose works must have produced the most healthful influence over the youth of Scotland, combining, as they do, in the rarest union, all that is tender and fanciful with all that is hardy and masculine -the exquisite poet, the vigourous critic, the eloquent discourser, the joyous comrade, the minstrel of the Isle of Palms, the Christopher North of Maga! How I wish that the plaudits with which you receive this inadequate reference to one so loved and honoured might be carried to his ear, and assure him that, like those statues

of the great Roman fathers in the well-known passage of Tacitus, "If he be absent from the procession, he is still more remembered by the assembly." And since I see around me many who, though not connected with your college, are yet interested in the learned fame of your capital, permit me, on this neutral ground, to suspend all differences of party, and do homage to the great orator and author, whose luminous genius, whose scholastic attainments, whose independence of spirit, whose integrity of life, so worthily represent not only the capital, but the character of the people who claim their countrymen by descent in Macaulay. When I think of those names, and of many inore which I might cite, if time would allow me to make the catalogue of your living title-deeds to fame, I might well shrink from the task before me; but as every man assists to a general illumination by placing a single light at his own casement, so, perhaps, my individual experience may contribute its humble ray to the atmosphere which genius and learning have kindled into splendour. The honourable baronet then made some remarks upon those fundamental requisites which, no matter what be our peculiar studies, are essential to excellence in all of them-the two main ele ments of wisdom, to observe and to inquire. Dr. Arnold, the famous Rugby schoolmaster, said the difference between one boy and another was not so much in talent as in energy. It is with boys as with men; and perseverance is energy made habitual. But I forget that I am talking to Scotchmen; no need to preach energy and perseverance to them. These are their national characteristics. Is there a soil upon earth from which the Scotchman cannot wring some harvest for fortune, or one field of honourable contest on which he has not left some trophy of renown? He then referred to the objects and utilities of reading, recommending the perusal of books with a definite and earnest purpose. Referring to moral philosophy, he said, I need not remind those who boast the great name of Chalmers, or who heard the lectures of your Principal two years ago, that moral philosophy is the handmaid of divinity. She is also the sister of jurisprudence, and the presiding genius of that art in which you are so famous, and which, in order to heal the body, must often prescribe alteratives to the mind, more especially in these days, when half our diseases come from the neglect of the body in the overwork of the brain. And in order to prove my sense of the connexion between moral and metaphysical philosophy and practical pathology, and to pay a joint compliment to the two sciences for which your college is so pre-eminent, I here, as a personal favour to myself, crave permission of the heads and authorities of the university to offer the prize of a gold medal, for the current year, for the best essay by any student on some special subject implying the connexion I speak of, which may be selected, in concert with the various professors of your medical schools and the professors

He then

of metaphysics and moral philosophy. tombs of his ancestors, or relax one jot of his proceeded to impress on his hearers the import- love for his native soil. I say this not to flatter ance of classical studies. He concluded thus:-you-I say it not for Scotland alone. I say it I see an eventful and stirring age expand before for the sake of the empire. For sure I am, that the rising generation. In that grand contest if ever the step of the invader lands upon these between new ideas and extinct forms, which may kindred shores, there, wherever the national be still more keenly urged before this century spirit is the most strongly felt-there, where the expires, whatever your differences of political local affections most animate the heart-there opinion, I adjure you to hold fast the vital prin- will our defenders be the bravest. It would ill ciple of civilization. What is that principle? It become me to enter into special grounds of debate is the union of liberty with order. The art to now at issue. But permit me to remind you preserve this union has often baffled the wisest that, while pressing with your accustomed spirit statesmen in stormy times; but the task becomes for whatever you may deem to be equal rights, easy at once if the people whom they seek to you would be untrue to your own fame if you guide will but carry into public affairs the same did not feel that the true majesty of Scotland prudent consideration which commands pros-needs neither the pomp of courts nor the blazonry perity in private business. You have already of heralds. What though Holyrood be desolate? derived from your ancestors an immense capital What though no king holds revel in its halls? of political freedom; increase it if you will, but The empire of Scotland has but extended its by solid investments, not by hazardous specula- range, and, blended with England under the tions. You will hear much of the necessity of daughter of your ancient kings, peoples the progress, and truly, for where progress ends Australian wilds that lay beyond the chart of decline invariably begins; but remember that Columbus, and rules over the Indian realm that the healthful progress of society is like the eluded the grasp of Alexander. That empire natural life of man, it consists in the gradual does not suffice for you-it may decay, it may and harmonious development of all its consti- perish-more grand is the domain you have won tutional powers, all its component parts, and you over human thought, and identified with the introduce weakness and disease into the whole eternal progress of intellect and freedom. From system, whether you attempt to stint or to force the charter of that domain, no ceremonial can the growth. The old homely rule you prescribe displace the impression of your zeal. In the van to the individual is applicable to a state-Keep of that progress no blazon can flaunt before that the limbs warm by exercise, and the head cool old lion of Scotland (pointing to the flag susby temperance. I leave you to your own bold pended opposite). This is the empire that you research; you cannot be much misled if you will adorn in peace; this is the empire that, if remember the maxim, to observe with vigilance need be, you will defend in war. It is not here and inquire with conscientious care. Nor is it that I would provoke one difference in political necessary that I should admonish the youth of opinion; but surely you, the sons of Scotland, religious Scotland that the most daring specula- who hold both fame and power upon the same tion as to nature may be accompanied with the tenure as that which secures civilization from humblest faith in those sublime doctrines that lawless force, surely you are not the men who open heaven alike to the wisest philosopher and could contemplate with folded arms the return of the simplest peasant. I do not presume to arro- the dark ages, and quietly render up the haven gate the office of the preacher, but believe me, as that commands Asia on the one side, and a man of books, and a man of the world, that you threatens Europe on the other, to the barbaric inherit a religion which, in its most familiar ambition of some Alaric of the north. But, form, in the lowly prayer that you learned from whether in reluctant war or happier peace, I can your mother's lips, will save you from the temp- but bid you be mindful of your fathers; learn tations to which life is exposed more surely than from them how duties fulfilled in the world all which the pride of philosophy can teach. become honours after death; and in your various Nor can I believe that the man will ever go very callings continue to maintain for Scotland her far or very obstinately wrong who, by the mere sublime alliance with every power of mind that habit of thanksgiving and prayer, will be forced can defend or instruct, soothe or exalt humanity. to examine his conscience even but once a day, Sir Edward resumed his seat amid loud and and remember that the eye of the Almighty is continued applause. Lord Robertson proposed upon him. One word further. Nothing, to my a vote of thanks to Sir Edward for the " unrivalled mind, preserves a brave people, true and firm to harangue" which he had just concluded. The its hereditary virtues, more than a devout, though motion was received with every demonstration liberal spirit of nationality. And it is not because of enthusiasm. Sir E. B. Lytton returned Scotland is united with England that the Scotch- thanks, and the meeting then separated. man should forget the glories of his annals, the

Literature.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

With regard to the profit on works published a book which must have frequently met the eyes at a low price, but with a large sale, the following facts are adduced :

An American writer, Miss Warner, has written

of many of our readers. It is called " Queechy." Messrs. Nisbet, of Berners-street, published this book at 12s. Messrs. Routledge proposed to

works by Sir Walter Raleigh, Lydiat, Selden, and Sir W. Davenant; and it was from a prison that Cervantes wrote "Don Quixote," that Voltaire wrote his "Henriade," De Foe "Robinson Crusoe," and Bunyan, his " Pilgrim's Progress."

Messrs. Nisbet the publication of a cheap edition, Thoughts." From a prison also issued some of this volume, and undertook to allow a handsome royalty upon every copy sold. "Queechy was accordingly issued from Farringdon-street for 2s. and in the course of a comparatively short time no less a sum than £700 was paid over to Messrs. Nisbet by Messrs. Routledge by way of Some statistics have been published of the sale at 2s. of books in America. Of the octavo edition of the copyright. 62,000 copies of "Queechy have been sold, according to Messrs. Routledge's "Modern British Essayists," there have been sold statement. Mr. Colburn, when in business, pub- in five years not less than 80,000 volumes; of lished "The Romance of War," in four volumes," Macaulay's Miscellanies," 60,000 volumes; of at £2. 2s. He could not get rid of one edition. Miss Aguilar's writings the sale in two years had The author sold the copyright to Messrs. Rout- been 100,000 volumes. Of Alexander Smith's ledge, and 22,000 copies of the work have since (the Glasgow Poet's) poems 10,000 had been sold found their way into the world at 2s. each, leav- in a few months. The sale of Mr. Thackeray's ing a good margin of profit for the publisher. works in America is said to have quadrupled that "Give a man a taste for reading and the means in England; and that the works of Mr. Dickens of enjoying it," and you rescue him from the worst counts almost by millions of volumes. enemies with which his nature has to combat. "Bleak House" in all its various forms-in How shall you give these blessings, if publica- newspapers, magazines, and volumes-the sale tions are maintained at so high a price that those has already amounted to several hundred thouwho need information most are alone unable to sand copies. procure them? If men are to be good citizens, moral and religious men, they cannot, in these days, be left a prey to ignorance. Thanks to the cheap publishers, intellectual darkness must gradually be dispersed, and the light of reason eventually illuminate many a place of gloom.

A Conference was held last month at the resideuce of the Chevalier Bunsen, on the subject of a universal alphabet. The chevalier stated the object of the Conference, which was to consult as to the practicability of adopting a uniform system of expressing foreign alphabets by Roman cha

racters.

It is our painful duty to announce the death of the celebrated Silvio Pellico, which took place a few days ago at Turin. This eminent writer was born at Saluce, in Piedmont, in 1789. His "Francesca de Rimini," and his "Prisons," have made his poetical and literary genius and "his sufferings known to every country of Europe -few modern authors, indeed, have been more translated or more admired.

The unknown author of "Fleta," has recorded by its title that that learned law-book was written in the Fleet Prison. A prison formed also the study of Buchanan and of Grotius; also of Boethius, whose "Consolation" seemed as congenial to its birth-place as Dodd's "Prison

Of

There have been several works of importance published in Germany, of which the following deserve especial mention; viz., Dr. H. Ritter's "History of Philosophy," Vol. XII. The chief authors treated of in its pages are, Van Helmont, Leibnitz, Collier, Berkeley, Hume, Condillac, Helvetius, Holbach, Wolff, Reid, Burke.

Hemsterhim's Montesquieu and Rousseau. This volume completes the life work of the author, on which he has expended, we believe, upwards of twenty years of hard study.

Erdman's "Attempt at a Scientific Exhibition of the History of Modern Philosophy," Vol. III., p. 2, contains a learned and judicious sketch of "the development of German Speculation since the days of Kant."

Rinck's "Religion of the Hellenes," Vol. II. Dr. L. Noack's "Freethinkers in Religion" contains an account and criticism of English deists.

Dr. Spiegel, professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Erlangen is preparing an edi tion of the Zend-Avesta, with commentary.

"Rational Psychology," 1849; and, "A System of Moral Science, 1853;" two works by L. P. Hickok, D.D., one of the most philosophic writers of America, deserve the attention of all students of metaphysics.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Which was First? A Brief History of the Great
Egg Controversy; or, Science in Sport made
Christian Evidence in Earnest. By Anti-
Sceptic. London: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.
Price 6d.

It appears that the idea of this tractate occurred
to the author while he was preparing a "Sober
Treatise on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed

Religion-probably in competition for the Burnet
Prize. He introduces his story by a proem,
printed in black letter, in which he represents
Ignoramus as inquiring of two scribes-

"Whether was first, the egg or the hen? Tell me, I pray you, ye learned men." From this as his starting point, the writer commences a comic history of the discussion of one of the greatest subjects that ever engaged the attention of man-the creation and primeval condition of the world. In the prosecution of this task he shows great familiarity with history, while he displays a lively imagination and much ready wit. He, doubtless, will raise a smile on many a countenance; but we question if he will convey con viction to a single mind.