§ 52. As there is little to be said of the changes or enlargement of the Romish ceremonies in this century, except that Urban VIII. published a Bull, in 1643, for diminishing the number of feast days', I shall conclude the chapter with a list of those who were canonized and enrolled among the saints by the pontiffs during the century. Clement VIII. pronounced worthy of this highest honour, in 1601, Raymond of Pennafort, the noted collector of the Decretals; in 1608, Francisca de Pontianis, a Benedictine nun; and in 1610, Charles Borromeo, one of the most illustrious among the prelates of Milan. Gregory XV., in the year 1622, gave Theresia, a Carmelite nun of Avila, in Spain, a place in this society. By the authority of Urban VIII., in 1623, Philip Neri, founder of the Fathers of the Oratory in Italy, Ignatius Loyola, the father of the Jesuits, and Francis Xavier, one of Loyola's first disciples, and the apostle of the Indies, were elevated to this high rank. Alexander VII., in 1658, added Thomas de Villanueva, a Spanish Augustinian, and in 1665, Francis de Sales, bishop of Geneva, to the intercessors with God. Clement X. joined with them, in 1670, Peter de Alcantara, a Franciscan, and Maria Magdalena de Pactiis, a Florentine Carmelite nun; and the next year, 1671, Rose, an American nun of the third order of Dominicans, and Lewis Bertrand, a Spanish Dominican, who had been a missionary in America; and death alone prevented him from adding to these Cajetan Thienaus, a Regular Clerk of Vicenza. He was therefore enrolled among the saints, in 1691, by Innocent XII., who also, in the same year, publicly decreed saintship to John of Leon, in Spain, an Eremite of St. Augustine, Paschal Baylonias, a Franciscan friar of Aragon, and John de Dieu (de Deo), a

The

bishops is remarkable, as containing
censures of the Jesuits and their doc-
trines; and not merely of their doctrine
of philosophical sin, but also of their
procedure in China; indeed, they say,
that Sfondratus had taught worse doc-
trine than even the Molinists.
opinions of Sfondratus are neatly stated,
and compared with those of Augustine,
by Jac. Basnage, Histoire de l'Eglise,
livr. xii. cap. iii. § 11, p. 713, &c.
[He taught, 1. That God sincerely and
strongly desires the salvation of all
men.-2. That he gives to all men gra-
cious aid, not only sufficient, but even

more than sufficient for its attainment.3. That God does not withhold his grace from the worst and most obstinate sinners; but sets before them incipient aid, by using which they might easily obtain the more powerful grace of God.— 4. That still there remains something dark and unfathomable in the doctrine of election. Schl.]

This memorable bull of Urban, is extant in the Nouvelle Bibliothèque, tom, xv. p. 88, &c. [and in the Magnum Bullarium Cherubini, tom. v. p. 378, dated on the Ides of September, 1642. Tr.]

Portuguese, of the order of the Brethren Hospitaliers; for all of whom this honour had been designed before by Alexander VIII.2

CHAPTER II.

HISTORY OF THE GREEK AND ORIENTAL CHURCHES,

§ 1. State of the Greek church. -§ 2. Cyrillus Lucaris. Hope of a union of the Greeks and Latins disappointed. -§ 3. Whether the latter corrupted the religion of the former.—§ 4. The Russian church. The Roskolski. — § 5. Revolution in it. § 6. State of the Monophysites.-§ 7. The Armenians.—§ 8. The Nestorians.

-

§ 1. MANY things perhaps occurred among the Greek and other Oriental Christians which are neither uninteresting nor unimportant; but what happens in those countries reaches us but rarely, and more rarely still undisguised by party spirit, or popular credulity. We have, therefore, not much to say here. The Greek church, in this century, as in the preceding, was in a miserable state, afflicted, uncultivated, and destitute of the means of acquiring a sound knowledge of religious subjects. This, however, is true only of the Greeks in general, or as a body. For who will have the folly to deny, that among an immense multitude of people, some of whom often visit Sicily, Venice, Rome, England, Holland, and Germany, and many carry on a successful commerce, and some are advanced to the highest employments in the Turkish court, there can be found

The bulls of the pontiffs, by which these men and women were enrolled in the class of saints, are mentioned and retailed in their order, by Justus Fontaninus, in the Coder Constitutionum, quas summi Pontifices ediderunt in solemni Canonizatione Sanctorum, p. 260, &c. Rome, 1729, fol. [And all of them, except that of Alexander VII. for the canonization of Francis de Sales, are given at large, in the Magnum Bullarium Cherubini, tom. iii. p. 126. 262. 287. 465; tom. iv. p. 12, and append.

p.1; tom. vi. p. 76. 288. 347, and append. p. 3. 17; tom. vii. p. 115. 120. 125; tom. xi. p. 1; tom. xii. p. 78. Tr.] As they recite the ground on which the persons were judged worthy of canonization, these bulls afford very ample matter for the discussion of a sagacious person. Nor would it be a vain or useless labour for such a one to examine, without superstition, yet with candour, into the justice, the piety, and the truth of those grounds.

individuals here and there who are neither poor nor unintelligent, nor wholly illiterate, nor destitute of refinement, nor, in short, overwhelmed with superstition, vice, and profligacy?1 Their inveterate hatred of the Latins could by no contrivance or pains be dislodged from the minds of the people, nor even moderated, although the Roman pontiffs, and their numerous missionaries to the Greeks, spared neither ingenuity nor treasure to gain that nation's confidence and affections.2 Latin teachers have, indeed, collected some small and poor congregations in certain islands of the Archipelago; but neither Greeks nor Turks, the masters of the Greeks, allow them the power of attempting any thing more.

§ 2. In the pontificate of Urban VIII. the Latins conceived great hopes that they should find the Greek and Oriental Christians more tractable in future. The pontiff made it one of his most assiduous cares to effect the difficult design of subjecting the Oriental Christians, and especially the Greeks, to

This remark is made, on account of Alexander Helladius, and others who think with him. There is extant, a book of Helladius, entitled the Present State of the Greek Church, printed in 1714, 8vo, in which he bitterly declaims against the most meritorious and learned writers on Grecian affairs; and maintains, that his countrymen are much more pious, learned, wise, and happy, than is commonly supposed. We by no means envy the Greeks the portion of happiness they may enjoy; nay, we wish them far more than they possess. Yet we could show, if it were necessary, from the very statements which Helladius gives us, that the condition of the Greeks is no better than it is generally supposed to be; although all persons and places are not equally sunk in barbarism, superstition, and knavery. See the remarks above, on the History of the Oriental church, in the sixteenth century.

2 What number of missions there are in Greece, and the other countries subject to the Turkish government, and what is their present condition, is fully stated by the Jesuit Tarrillon, in his letter to Ponchartrain, sur l'Etat présent des Missions des Pères Jésuites dans la Grèce; which is extant in the Nouveaux Mémoires des Missions de la Compagnie de Jésus, tom. i. p. 1125. On the state of

the Romish religion in the islands of the Archipelago, see Jac. Xavier Portier, in a letter printed in the Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des Missions étrangères, tom. x. p. 328. The high colouring of these statements may be easily corrected by the many accounts of Romish and other writers, in our own age, respecting the affairs of the Greeks. See, above all others, Richard Simon, or Sainiore's Bibliothèque Critique, tom. i. cap. xxiii. p. 340, who, in p. 346, well confirms, among other things, that which we have observed from Urban Cerri; namely, that none oppose and resist the Latins, with more vehemence, than the Greeks who have been educated at Rome, or trained in other schools of the Latins. He says: "Ils sont les premiers à crier contre et à médire du Pape et des Latins. pélerins Orienteaux, qui viennent chez nous, fourbent et abusent de notre crédulité pour acheter un bénéfice et tourmenter les Missionaires Latins," &c. The most recent and most full testimony to the invincible hatred of the Greeks against the Latins, is given by John Cowell, Account of the Present Greek Church, preface, p. 9, &c. Cambridge, 1722, folio.

Ces

3 See Jo. Morin's Life, prefixed to his Antiquitates Ecclesia Orientalis, p. 37-46.

the dominion of the Romish see; and he called in the aid of men, who were best acquainted with the opinions of the Greeks and the eastern Christians, to point out to him the plainest and shortest method of accomplishing the object. The wisest of these were of opinion, that those Christians should be allowed to retain nearly all their long-established peculiarities both of rites and usages, and of doctrine; which the Latin doctors had formerly deemed insufferable: for rites and usages, they said, do not pertain to the essence of religion; and their doctrines should be explained and understood, so as to appear to differ as little as possible from the opinions and institutions of the Latins; because those Christians would feel less repugnance to union, if they could be persuaded that they had long been Romanists, and that the pontiffs did not require them to abandon the principles of their fathers, but only to understand them correctly. Hence arose those erudite works, composed however with little ingenuousness, published by Leo Allatius, John Morin, Clement Galanus, Lucas Holstenius, Abraham Echellensis, and others, in which they undertook to prove that there was little or no difference between the religion of the Greeks, Armenians, and Nestorians, and that of the Romans, provided we set aside a few rites and certain unusual words. and phrases adopted by those foreign Christians. This project of uniting the Greeks with the Latins was by no one more firmly resisted than by Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch of Constantinople, a learned man, who had travelled over a great part of

The work of Leo Allatius, de Concordia Ecclesia Orientalis et Occidentalis, is well known; and the most learned men, among both the Lutherans and the reformed, with the greatest justice, charge it with bad faith. He also published his Gracia Orthodoxa, Rome, 1652 and 1659, 4to, which contains the tracts of the Greeks that favoured the Latins. From the pen of Lucas Holstenius, who was far superior to Aliatius in learning and ingenuousness, we have only two dissertations, de Ministro et Forma Sacramenti Confirmationis apud Græcos; which were published after his death, Rome, 1666, 8vo. The very learned works of John Morin, de Pœnitentia, and de Ordinationibus, are well known by the learned; and every one that peruses them can see, that the author aims to evince that there is a wonderful

agreement on these subjects, between the Christians of the east and the Latins, provided the thorny subtilties of the scholastics are kept out of sight. Clemens Galanus, in a prolix and elaborate work, published at Rome, 1650, [1690, 2 vols.] folio, laboured to prove, that the Armenians differ but little from the Latins. Abraham Echellensis, both elsewhere, and in his notes to Hebed Jesu, Catalogus Librorum Chaldaicorum, maintains, that all the Christians throughout Asia and Africa, coincide with the Latin church. Other writers on this subject are passed over. [Among these were Fred. Spanheim's Diss. de Ecclesiæ Græcæ et Orientalis a Romana Papali perpetua dissensione, in his Opp. tom. ii. p. 485, &c. and Ja. Elsner's Latest Account of the Greek Christians in Turkey, ch. v. (in German.) Schl.]

Europe. For he signified clearly, indeed more clearly than was prudent, that his mind was inclined towards the religious opinions of the English and the Dutch, and that he contemplated a reformation of the ancient religion of the Greeks. The Jesuits, aided by the influence of the French ambassador, and by the knavery of certain perfidious Greeks, vigorously opposed this powerful adversary for a long time, and in various ways, and at length vanquished him. For they caused him to be accused before the Turkish emperor of the crimes of treason and rebellion on which charge he was strangled in the year 1638.5 He was succeeded by the Greek who had been the