that corrupters of divine truth ought to be restrained. And the more simplicity and attachment to the divine glory they possessed, the more difficult was it for them to discard the maxim, transfused into their minds from the ecclesiastical law of the papists, that whoever is adjudged an enemy of God, should be adjudged an enemy of his country.

§ 14. In the form of church government, the mode of worship, and other external regulations of our church, little or no change was made in most places. Yet many and great changes would have been made, if the princes had deemed it for the public good to regulate ecclesiastical matters according to the prescriptions of certain great and excellent men, who, near the close of the century, led on by Christian Thomasius, attempted a reformation of our system of ecclesiastical law. These famous jurists, in the first place, set up a new fundamental principle of church polity, namely, the supreme authority and power of the civil magistrate: and then, after establishing with great care and subtilty this basis, they founded upon it a great mass of precepts, which, in the judgment of many, were considered, and not without reason, as tending to this point, that the sovereign of a country is also sovereign of the religion of its citizens, or is their supreme pontiff; and that the ministers of religion are not to be accounted ambassadors of God, but vicegerents of the chief magistrates. They also weakened, not a little, the few prerogatives and advantages of the clergy, which were left of the vast number formerly possessed; and maintained that many of the maxims and regulations of our church, which had come down from our fathers, were relics of popish superstition. This afforded matter for long and pernicious feuds and contests between our theologians and our jurists. I leave others to inquire with what temper and designs, and with what success, these contests were managed on both sides. It will be sufficient for us to observe, what is acknowledged on all hands, that they have every where largely taken from the respect for the sacred order, as also from the dignity of religion itself, and from the prosperity and security of the whole Lutheran church, Wherefore, most unfortunately, such is the state of things among us, that those of honourable birth, or who are distinguished for strength of genius, or for noble and ingenuous feelings, look upon the study of theology as beneath them, there being neither honour nor much emolument attached to it; and every day the

number of wise and erudite theologians is becoming less. This is lamented by those who see in what a perilous state the Lutheran cause now is: and perhaps those who come after us will have cause to lament it still more.

§ 15. With the names of celebrated men among the Lutherans, who have promoted their own reputations and the interests of the church by their writings, we might fill up several pages. It will be sufficient for the young theologian to acquaint himself well with the merits and the labours of the following. Egidius and Nicholas Hunnius; Leonard Hutter; John and John Ernest Gerhard; George and Frederic Ulric Calixtus; the Mentzers; the Oleariuses; Frederic Baldwin; Albrecht Grawer; Matthias Hoe; the Carpzovs; John and Paul Tarnovius; John Affelmann; Eilh. Lubin; the Lysers; both the Michael Walthers; Joachim Hildebrand; John Val. Andrea; Solomon Glassius; Abraham Calovius; Theodore Hackspan; John Hülsemann ; James Weller; the brothers, Peter and John Musaus; John Conrad Danhauer; John George Dorschæus; John Arndt; Martin Geyer; John Adam Schertzer; Balthasar and John Meisner ; Augustus Pfeiffer; Henry and John Müller; Justus Christopher Schomer; Sebastian Schmid; Christian Kortholt; the Osianders; Philip James Spener; Gebhard Theodore Meyer; Friedemann Bechmann; and others.

For the lives and writings of these men, see, besides the common writers of literary history, Henry Witte, in his Memoria Theologorum, and his Diarium Biographicum; Henry Pipping, and George Henry Götze, in their Memoria Theologorum; and others. [The following brief notices are abridged from Schlegel and Von Einem. -Æg. Hunnius, born 1550, prof. of theology at Marpurg, 1576, and at Wittemberg, 1592, where he died 1603, was a great polemic divine. His Latin works, 5 vols. fol. were printed, 1607-1609.-- His son of the same name, superintendent at Altenburg, died 1642.-Nicholas Hunnius, prof. at Wittemb., and superintendent at Lubec, died 1643. He wrote against the catholics; and a plan for terminating religious controversies. — Hutter died a prof. at Wittemb. in 1616. He was a bitter polemic against the Reformed.-John Gerhard, born 1582, prof. at Coburg and Jena, died 1637. His Loci Communes enlarged by Cotta, are

still in repute. His Confessio Catholica confutes the catholic theology, by the fathers, councils, and schoolmen.-His son, Jo. Ernest Gerhard, prof. of theology at Jena, died 1668, and his grandson of the same name, prof. of theology at Giessen, died 1707.-Geo. Calixtus, an elegant scholar, and a learned theologian, prof. at Helmstadt, died 1656. His conflicts are afterwards mentioned by Dr. Mosheim. His son, Geo. Ulric Calixtus, trod in the steps of his father; but possessed less talent. Balthazar Mentzer, the father, prof. at Marpurg and Giessen, famous as a violent polemic against the Reformed, died 1627.— Balthazar Mentzer, the son, was prof. at Marpurg, Rinteln, and Giessen; and died 1679.-John Olearius (or Olschlager) who died 1628, prof. of Heb. at Helmst., and superintendent at Halle, was the parent of the others. - Jo. Godf. Olearius, his son, succeeded his father at Halle.-Jo. Olearius, the grandson of John, was prof. of Gr. at Leipsic, wrote

§ 16. No violence was publicly offered to the fundamental articles of religion, as professed by the Lutheran church: nor

De Stylo N. T., and died 1713.- Godfr. Olearius, son of the last, and great-grandson of the first John, was prof. of theology at Leipsic, and died 1715.- Fred. Baldwin was prof. of theology at Wittemb., wrote a Comment. on Paul's Epistles; Cases of Conscience, &c., and died 1627.- Grawer, prof. at Jena, and general superintendent at Weimar, an angry polemic, and denominated the shield and sword of Lutheranism, died 1617.- Hoe was nobly born at Vienna; was a court preacher, and a strenuous adversary of the Reformed; and died in 1645.-Jo. Bened. Carpzov, prof. of theology at Leipsic, wrote Isagoge in Libros Symbol., and died 1657.- His son, Jo. Bened. Carpzov, also prof. of theology at Leipsic, and famed for his Rabbinic learning, died 1699. His brother, Sam. Bened. Carpzov, court preacher at Dresden, died 1707.- Jo. Tarnovius, prof. of theology at Rostock, a good interpreter, died 1629.- Paul Tarnovius, a kinsman of the former, and a prof. at Rostock, also a biblical interpreter, died in 1633.- Affelmann (or von Affeln) was an acute but angry disputant, prof. of theology at Rostock, and died 1624.Lubin, professor, first of poetry, and then of theology, at Rostock, was an elegant scholar, and a good interpreter of Paul's Epistles; died 1621.-Polycarp Lyser, prof. of theology at Wittemberg, a zealous defender of Lutheranism, died 1610.- His son, Polycarp, prof. of theology at Leipsic, also an acute polemic, died 1633. The brother of the last, William Lyser, was prof. of theol. at Wittemb., and died in 1649.- Walther, the father, prof. of theol. at Helmst., and then general superintendent of East Friesland, died at Zelle, 1662.—Walther the son, was prof. of mathematics, and then of theology at Wittemberg, and died 1692. Hildebrand, prof. of theology and ecclesiastical antiquities at Helmstadt, and then upper superintendent at Luneburg, died 1671.-J. V. Andreæ, the son of John, and grandson of the famous chancellor James Andreæ of Tübingen, sustained various offices, court preacher, consistorial counsellor, &c. He was a great satirical genius, as well as profoundly learned; and was supposed to be the author of the Rosicrucian comedy; died 1654, aged 68.- Solomon

Glass, author of Philologia Sacra, was born 1593, became prof. of Hebrew and Greek, and then of theology, at Jena, and lastly, general superintendent at Gotha, where he died, 1656. He was very learned and pious.- Calovius, prof. at Königsberg, rector at Dantzig, and professor of theology at Wittemberg, died 1686, aged 74. He was a learned dogmatic theologian, and severe against dissentients from Lutheranism.- Hackspan, a learned orientalist, professor of the oriental languages, and then of theology, at Altorf, died 1659, aged 52.— Hülsemann, a scholastic divine, was prof. of theology, first at Wittemberg, and then at Leipsic, where he died, 1661, aged 59. He strenuously opposed all union with the Reformed.- Weller, author of a famous Gr. Grammar, was a good teacher of the oriental languages and theology at Wittemberg, and then court preacher at Dresden; died 1664, aged 62.- Peter Musæus, a learned and moderate man, prof. of theology at Rinteln, Helmstadt, and Kiel, where he died, 1674, aged 54.- John Musæus, a judicious divine, first a prof. of history and poetry, and then of theology, at Jena; died 1681, aged 68. Both these brothers were liberal-minded men.— Danhauer, a poet and professor of theology at Strasburg, died 1666, aged 63.- Dorschæus of Strasburg, a prof. of theology there, and at Rostock, where he died in 1659, aged 62; was very learned. Arndt, after various changes and persecutions, died general superintendent at Zelle, in 1621, aged 66; a very pious man, though mystical. See vol. iii. p. 319, note 8. Geyer, a preacher and professor at Leipsic, and court preacher at Dresden ; a devout man, a commentator on some books of the Old Testament, died 1680, aged 66.- Schertzer, professor of theology at Leipsic, a disciple of Hülsemann, author of a system of theology; died 1638, aged 55.-Balth. Meisner, of Dresden, prof. of theology at Wittemberg, a modest and liberal-minded man; died 1626, aged 39.-Jo. Meisner, prof. of theology at Wittemberg; much opposed by Calovius, for his liberal views; died 1681, aged 86.- Pfeiffer, a good orientalist and expositor, author of Dubia vexata and Critica sacra, was prof. of oriental languages and of theology, first

would any one easily have found toleration among the Lutheran doctors, if he had ventured to forsake, or to invalidate, the doctrines clearly defined and explained in what are called the Symbolical books. But in more modern times, from various causes, the high authority, once possessed by those rules of faith and doctrine, has, in many places, been much weakened and diminished. And hence arises the liberty, enjoyed by those who are not professed teachers in the church, of dissenting from the symbolical books; and of expressing that dissent at pleasure, both orally and in their writings. Formerly, such as opposed any article of the public religion, or disseminated new opinions among the people, were judicially arraigned; and could seldom escape without some loss of honour and emoluments, unless they would abjure their opinions. But no one feared any thing of this kind after the principle, which the Arminians first zealously propagated, had gradually made its way among the Lutheran churches in the latter part of the seventeenth century; namely, that every man is accountable to God only for his religious opinions; and that it is wrong for the state to punish any man for his erroneous faith, provided he does nothing to dis

at Wittemberg, and then at Leipsic, and superintendent at Lubec, where he died, 1698, aged 58.- Henry Müller, a friend of Spener, preacher and prof. at Rostock, known by his practical writings, died 1675, aged 44. Jo. Müller, a preacher at Hamburg, and bitter opposer of Henry Müller and Jac. Bochman, died 1672, aged 74.- Schomer of Lubec, professor of theology at Rostock, died 1693, aged 45; and was a man of general knowledge.-Schmid, a native of Alsace and prof. at Strasburg, was learned in the oriental languages, and distinguished as a biblical interpreter. His Lat. translation of the Bible, and comment. on several books, did him much credit: he died 1696, aged 79. Kortholt was professor of theology at Rostock, and then at Kiel, where he was vice-chancellor, and died 1694, aged 61. He advanced church history, and promoted piety and religious knowledge in the country around him.-Lucas Osiander, senior, (son of Andrew Osiander senior,) was court preacher, and consistorial counsellor at Stutgard, and employed in promoting the reception of the Formula of Concord. He abridged and continued the Magdeburg centuries;

and died 1604, aged 73.- Andrew Osiander (son of the former) became chancellor at Tübingen, and died 1617, aged 55, leaving nine children. He published a Latin Bible with notes. Lucas Osiander, junior, (son of Lucas Osiander, senior,) prof. of theology, and chancellor at Tübingen; a violent polemic, and particularly hostile to Menzer and Arndt; died 1638, aged 67.-John Adam Osiander, (son of Jo. Balthazar Osiander, superintendent of Vaihingen,) was court preacher at Stutgard, prof. of Greek, and then of theology, and finally chancellor at Tübingen; a polemic divine; died 1697, aged 75.- Phil. Jac. Spener, of Upper Alsace, preacher at Strasburg, Frankfort, and at the court of Dresden, and provost of Berlin, where he died 1705, aged 76. He was learned and eloquent, and a great promoter of piety; and will be noticed hereafter.- Meyer, well read in ecclesiastical antiquities, was professor of theology at Helmstadt, where he died, 1693. He wrote Commentar. de recondita Veteris Eccles. Theologia; and published Justell's Codex Canonum Ecclesiæ Universæ.-Bechmann was professor at Jena, and died in 1703. Tr.]

turb the public tranquillity. It were to be wished that this liberty of opinion (which every one will approve in proportion to his equity and his confidence in his own virtue) had not degenerated into the unbridled licentiousness of treating every thing sacred and salutary with utter contempt, and of attacking, with amazing wantonness, the honour both of religion and its ministers.

§ 17. The study of the sacred Scriptures was never intermitted among the Lutherans; nor were they at any time without skilful interpreters of them, or trusty guides to the commentaries produced. To say nothing of Tarnovius, Gerhard, Hackspan, Calixtus, Erasmus Schmid, and the many other famous expounders of the divine books, there was published at the very time which some tax with the greatest neglect of this kind of studies, the immortal work of Solomon Glassius, entitled Philologia Sacra; than which no work can be a more useful help for understanding the language of the divine Scriptures. Still it must be confessed, that during a large part of the century, most of the doctors in the universities were more occupied in explaining and defending with subtilty the dogmas and tenets of the church, than in expounding that volume whence all solid knowledge of them must be derived. Yet if in this there was any thing reprehensible, the subsequent theologians caused the interests of the Lutheran religion to derive little injury from it. For as soon as the commotions produced by the wars and controversies, particularly with the papists, had begun to subside, great numbers applied themselves to the exposition of the Scriptures; to which they were excited and quickened very much, if I do not misjudge, by the industry of those Dutch theologians, who followed after Cocceius. At the head of these later interpreters may be placed, perhaps, Sebastian Schmid; whom, at least, no one has exceeded in the number of his productions. Next to him, Abraham Calovius, Martin Geyer, Schomer, and others, most deserve to be mentioned." The Pietistic controversies, though otherwise most lamentable, were at last attended with this among other consequences, that greater numbers than before applied themselves to the careful reading of the holy Scriptures, and to meditation on their con

The reader may here consult Jo. Fran. Buddeus, Isagogue in Theologiam, lib. ii. cap. viii. p. 1686, &c.