Explanation of Characters used in this book. Equal to, as 12d. = 1s. signifies that 12 pence are equal to 1 shilling. More, the sign of addition, as 5+7=12, signifies that 5 and 7 added together, are equal to 12. Minus, or less, the sign of subtraction, as 6-2 = 4, signifies that 2 subtracted from 6, leaves 4. × Multiply, or with the sign of Multiplication; as 4 X 3=12 signifies that 4 multiplied by 5, is equal to 12. The sign of division; as 8 ÷ 2 = 4, signifies that 8 divided by 2, is equal to 4; or thus, =4, each of which signifies the same thing. :: Four points set in the middle of four numbers, denote them to be proportional to one another, by the rule of three; as 2 : 4 :: 8 : 16 ; that is, as 2 is to 4, so is 8 to 16. Prefixed to any number, supposes that the squre root of that number is required. ✔ Prefixed to any number, supposes the cube root of that number is required.. Denotes the biquadrate root, or fourth power, &c. To learn this table: Find your multiplier in the left hand column, and the multiplicand a-top, and in the common angle of meeting, or against your multiplier, along at the right hand, and under your multiplicand, you will find the product, or answer. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 penny-weight, marked 20 penny-weights, 1 ounce, 3. Avoirdupois Weight. 12 ounces, 1 pound, 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce, 16 ounces, 1 pound, I hundred weight, 28 pounds, 1 quarter of a hundred weight, 1 ton, By this weight are weighed all coarse and drossy goods, grocery wares, and all metals except gold and silver. 3 pipes, applied to grain, beaps, flak-seed, salt, roots All brandies, spirits, mead, vinegar, oil, &c. are measured by wine measure. Note.-231 solid inches, make a gallon. 3 barley corus (b. c.) make 1 inch, marked 12 inches, 3 feet, 54 yards, 40 rods, 8 furlongs, 3 miles, 694 statute miles, 360 degrees, the circumference of the earth. TABLI WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The use of long measure is to measure the distance of places, or any other thing, where length is considered, without regard to breadth. N. B. In measuring the height of horses, 4 inches make I hand. In measuring depths, 6 feet make 1 fathom, or French toise. Distances are measured by a chain, four rods long, containing one hundred links. 8. Land or Square Measure. inches make 144 square 304 square yards, or 3724 square feet, 40 square rods, 4 square roods, 640 square acres, 9 Solid or Cubic Measure. 1728 solid inches make 40 feet of round timber, or 1 square foot. 50 feet of hewn timber, 128 solid feet, or 8 feet long, 4 wide, and 4 high, I cord of wood. All solids, or things that have length, breadth and depth, are N. B The wine gallon contains 231 solid or cubic inches, and the beer gallon, 232. measured by this measure. contains 2150,42 solid inches A bushel 13 months, 1 day, and 6 hours, 1 Julian year yr. Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November, February twenty-eight alone, all the rest have thirty-one. N. B. In bissextile or leap-year, February bath 29 chays. 11 Circular motion. 60 second's (") make 1 minute, marked 60 minutes, 30 degrees 1 degree, S. 12 signs, or 360 degrees, the whole great circle of the Zodiac. Is S THE Science of Numbers, and exhibits the method, or art of computing by them it is divided into five parts, viz. Notation, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division. NOTATION. NOTATION teaches how to read and write numbers represented by the following characters, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0; each of which has a simple value, and also a local value, according to the order of their combination, as in the following table. Hundreds of Thousands of Trillions. Thousands of Trillions. Hundreds of Trillions. Tens of Trillions. Trillions. Hundreds of Thousands of Millions. To know the value of any number of figures, RULE. Numerate from the right hand figure to the left as in the table, and to the simple value of each figure apply its local value, according as it is removed from the place of units towards the right. EXAMPLES. Read the following numbers. 75 Seventy five. 937 Nine hundred and thirty seven. 4617 Four thousand six hundred and seventeen. 59000028 Fifty nine millions and twenty eight. 679244321 Six hundred and seventy nine millions two hundred and forty four thousand three hundred and twenty one. To write numbers. RULE. Beginning on the right hand, write unites in their place, tens in the tens place, and so on towards the left hand, writing each figure according to its value in numeration, and supplying those places of the natural order with cyphers, which are omitted in the question. EXAMPLES.TOA Write down the following numbers. Three hundred and five Seven thousand and ninety Eight millions and eight 24 305, 7090 800000$ SIMPLE ADDITION. Is the uniting into one number several smaller ones of the same denomination. RULE. Write the numbers distinctly, units under units, tens under tens, &c. Then reckon the amount of the right hand column. If it be less than ten, write it down. If it exceed ten, write the units only and carry the tens to the next place. In like manner carry the tens of each column to the next, observing to write down the full sum of the left hand column. METHOD OF PROOF. 1. Draw a line between the first and second lines of figures to cut off the first number. 2. Add the other numbers together and set their sum under the sum of all the numbers. |