EXERCISE 31.

1. Find the difference in the following pairs of decimals: 1. 3'405 and 2'179.

2. 9 and 79999.

3. 456 0516 and 364 3123. 4. 1400 39 and 32 756218,

5. 21.67 and 682349.

6. 81-6823401 and 9.163.

7. 100 536 and 19-36723. 8.

076345 and 009623478.

9. 1 and 99.

10. 10 and 000001.

11. 65 00001 and 9682347.

12. 329 and 999.

13. 10 and 0000001.

14. 9 and 999999.

15. 4636 and '4654.

16. 25 6050 and 567 392.
17. 76 278 and 29 81234.
18. 0006001 and 0001.

19.

0000004 and 00004:

20. 32 and 00032.
21. 24681 and 87623.
22. 25 and 25

23.
24.

00045 and 45.
00000099 and 99.

of fallen angels. Their deliberations are described in the second book. It is agreed that Satan shall set forth to attempt to ascertain the truth of the prophecy, and this he does. The third book opens in Heaven, where the Deity, foreseeing and willing all that is to happen, accepts the sacrifice of the Son, and foretells His incarnation and exaltation. Meanwhile, Satan continues his journey, and deceiving Uriel, the "regent" of the sun, learns from him the way to the earth, and finally alights on the summit of Mount Niphates. In the fourth book his further journey to Eden is narrated. Satan learns, by overhearing a conversation of Adam and Eve, the prohibition of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. During the night, in the form of a toad, he whispers temptations into the ear of the sleeping Eve. He is discovered by the emissaries of

2. Subtract the less from the greater of the following Gabriel (whose charge it is to watch the garden), and driven forth.

numbers:

1. 7 hundred and 7 hundredths.

2. 46 hundredths and 46 thousandths.

3. 95 thousandths and 909 ten thousandths.

4. 1 billionth and 1 trillionth.

5. 1 thousandth and 1 millionth.

7. 256 millions and 256 thousandths.

6. 29 thousand and 92 thousandths.

8. 2874 millionths and 211 billionths.

9. 6231 hundred thousandths and 154 millionths. 3. Find the value of 34.203-0049 +175 4. Find the value of 356-001

In the next book we are told how Raphael is sent from Heaven to warn Adam, at whose request he narrates the history of Satan's revolt (book vi.) and the creation of the world (book vii.). In book eight Adam in his turn relates that which has happened to him since his creation, after which the angel departs. In the next book Satan, finding Adam and Eve apart, prevails on the woman to eat of the forbidden fruit. Adam, on learning her crime, determines to perish with her, and likewise eats. In book tenth we are told how man's transgression is known in 17.5. Heaven, and judgment-though judgment tempered with mercy 219.1230305+1·00007.-is pronounced against him. Satan in the meantime returns to Pandemonium, where, as he boasts to his assembled peers of the success of his plot, the whole assemblage is suddenly changed into hissing serpents. Adam and Eve in Paradise bemoan the evil doom announced to them (book xi.) by Michael. They are to be driven from Paradise. Michael shows Adam what will happen to the Flood. In the last book the angel continues his narration, and comforts Adam by the promise of better things. He then leads them out of Paradise. They, looking back, see the gate of their once happy seat

GREAT BOOKS.—I.

PARADISE LOST.

AT one point of his literary history Milton meditated an
epic poem of which King Arthur was to be the hero. At
that time the untrustworthiness of these early stories was
not so well known as it is now, but Milton became convinced
that the legends were only legends, and therefore he dis-
carded the theme. But the England of his day was a pro-
foundly religious country, and he was a profoundly religious
man. Thus, he was naturally led to select a Biblical subject,
and what subject could have a profounder interest about it
than the story of the fall of man-of "Paradise Lost," in other
words? Having thus been led to the choice of a subject, he next
addressed himself to the question of its treatment. He was at
first inclined to present his work in a dramatic form, after the
fashion of the ancient tragedians, with whose writings he was
intimately acquainted. But mature reflection convinced him
that the epic shape was still the best into which the matter
could be thrown; and we find him in 1641, in a work entitled
"Reason of Church Government," expressing a confident hope
that in a few years he would have finished the great project
of which he was thinking out the plan. But it was not to be
so. Already" the noise of battle hurtled in the air" and the
next year the Civil War (1642-1646) broke out. Then came the
execution of Charles I. (1649), and the English Commonwealth
(1649-1660) with Milton as Latin secretary. During all this
busy time the great poet was engaged, besides his official duties,
in writing in defence of the new state of things-in producing
what are known as his chief prose works. Then the tide turned:
England again became loyal. The Restoration took place, and
Milton withdrew into obscurity. It is to this period (1658-1665)
'that we owe "Paradise Lost." Every particular about that great
work is interesting, and it is therefore worth while mentioning
that its author composed it in passages of from ten to twenty lines
in length at one time, and then dictated them to an amanuensis,
usually some attached friend. It was published in 1667 by one
Samuel Simmons, and a second edition was put forth by the
same publisher in 1674. For these two editions Milton received
£10 (about £35 of our present money) and his widow £8 more.
The poem even in that age was not unappreciated; but to the
criticisms of Addison in the Spectator (1711-1712) (defective as
these are in many respects) is due the credit of having clearly
pointed out the greatness of the work, and assigned it its true
place in English literature.

The great epic is divided into twelve books, and the course of events described may be summarised as follows:-The scene opens in Hell, where Satan and his angels are represented as struck down by Almighty wrath after their impious attempts to bring about a revolution in Heaven. Satan, partially recovering himself from his despair, marshals his legions

LESSONS IN DRAWING.—VII.

To draw Fig. 51, proceed as follows:-Draw the horizontal line HL, arrange the P 8, and place the point a where the corner of the wall crosses the horizontal line; next, the points d and e, with the perpendiculars passing through them. As the arch is semicircular, its centre will be at h, perpendicular to i, found by the intersection of the diagonal lines ƒ k and b m; the point h is then the radiating point for the points of the stones forming the arch. If the arch were lower, as Fig. 52, draw the chord a b; from the centre d mark the required height c d, draw c a and c b, bisect a c and eb by the lines ƒ e and g e, e will then be the centre of the circle of which a cb is a segment; the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., will radiate at e. To bisect a line, as c b in Fig. 52, from c and b, with the same distance in the compasses make arcs to cut one another in p and s; through these points p and s draw a straight line, which will bisect the line c b, that, it will divide it into two equal parts.

It will be seen that the heights of many kinds of arches are regulated by their diameters; the two pointed arches, Figs. 53 and 54, will exemplify this. Let the diameter of the pointed horse-shoe arch, Fig. 53, be a b, bisect it in e, and draw to any length ef; bisect ae in c, and e b in d; from c, with the radius cb (or distance of c b taken with the compasses) describe the arc bf; also from d, with the same radius, describe the arc a f. The higher-pointed arch, called the early English, Fig. 54, radiates from a and b, with the distance a b producing the arcs a d and b d.

The semi-elliptical arch, Fig. 55. Let a b be the diameter; bisect a b in e by the line cd; bisect e b and e a in the points f and g; from f, with the radius ƒ g, draw the arc g h, and from g, with the same radius, draw the arc fh; draw from h, through

*

the plural, three cases are alike in nouns ending in um. These three cases are the nominative, the accusative, and the vocativą, which in the singular end in um, and in the plural in a.

I subjoin an instance of each of the four terminations, thus:hortus, a garden, has the first termination; puer, a boy, the second; vir, a man, the third; bellum, war, the fourth.

Cases.

N.

G.
D.
Ac.

V.
Ab.

Cases.

Singular. puer, a boy. pueri, of a boy. puero, to a boy. puerum, a boy. puer, O boy! puero, by a boy. Plural.

vir, a man.
viri, of a man.
viro, to a man.
virum, a man.
vir, O man!
viro, by a man,

N.
G.

D.

Ac.

V.

Ab.

f, the line hm, and through g the line hn; from f, with the
radius fb, draw the arc bi; from g, with the radius g a, draw the
arc ak; and from h, with the radius hi, draw the arc ik;
akib will be the arch required. It will be noticed that the
radiation of the joints of the stones composing these various
arches, is to the centres from which the arcs themselves are drawn.
We give these few instances of the principles upon which arches
are constructed, in order to assist the pupil when drawing a
building from the object, or from a copy where these facts are
not indicated by additional lines, to understand at once how he
is to proceed in free-hand drawing, when placing his points of
direction or arrangement. We shall have frequent occasion to
seek for help in Geometrical Problems, as they so materially
assist us in our explanations, and we hope the pupil also in
comprehending them; we desire, therefore, that the pupil will
practically go through the few problems given, in order to fix
the principles of construction permanently in his mind. To
draw an arch in perspective-that is, in a retiring position-the
points of the arch and the points which help us in the construc-
tion must all be used, as they are when the arch (like Figs. 51
to 55) is in a parallel position. We will first give an example
of a single retiring arch (Fig. 56), and then a group of them
under different arrangements. Draw the horizontal line H L, and
the line a b; from a draw a line to the VP; this will determine
the length of the line cd; these are the perpendicular heights
from which the arch springs. To find the centre, e, draw cb and
a d, draw eg, and mark ƒ, the height of the arch. The difficulty
will be to find the point p in the curve fa, this curve not being
so straight as fc; through f draw the line mk from the vanish-
ing point; continue dc to m, and ba to k; draw the curve fc,
observing its distance from the line (or chord) cf; draw mi,
cutting the curve fc in r, draw ik; through r from the v P draw
the line on, cutting ki in p; fp a will be then the course of the
curve to form the remainder of the arch; the outer edge of the
arch, t mg kl, can be understood from the drawing; all the
joints of the arch will radiate, as in Fig. 54, those from a to g
in c, and those from c to g in a; the horizontal lines of the
wall will vanish, as previously explained, at the point v p. If
the arch had been a semi-circular one, the joints of the arch
would then have radiated in the perspective centre i. So the Ac.
pupil will see that to accomplish the difficulties of a retiring V.
arch, he must first dot in that which may be termed the scaffold-
ing or perspective, and build his arch upon it.

Fig. 57 represents the interior of a tower having recesses crowned by pointed arches. After the instructions given for the single arches, it will not be difficult to understand the principles of drawing these.

(object) O! by, etc.

Ac. ōs,
V. I,
Ab.

ǎ, ǎ,

(object)
O!

V. ě, ěr, ir, um,
Ab.
ō,

is by, with or from. A few remarks will make the meaning of the above table clear. First, let us speak of the singular. In the nominative there are four terminations. The arrangement is meant to show that of all these four i is the genitive-ending, and o the dative-ending. In the nominative plural, there are two terminations. The arrangement is meant to show that of both these orum is the genitive-ending, and is the dative-ending. The dative-ending and the ablative-ending is the same, being in the singular o, and in the plural is. In both the singular and

men.

viris, to men.
viros, men.
viri, O men!

bella, vers of bellorum, of

wars.

bellis, to wars,

bella, wars.

bella, 0 eur!

Thus,

In ager, a field, and some other nouns, the e is rejected in all the cases except the nominative and vocative singular. ager makes in the genitive singular agri :—

VOCABULARY.

Malum bellum.

Amica, -, f., a female Epistola, -æ, f., a letter. | Multi, many.

friend.
Amicus,-i, m., a friend.
Aper, apri, m., a boar.
Britannia, Britain.
Caper, capri, m.,
goat.
Discipulus, -i, m., a

scholar.

a

EXERCISE 21.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Boni viri bonos pueros amant. 2. Boni pueri amantur a bonis viris. 3. Bonus puer scholam amat. 4. Boni magistri bonorum puerorum amantur. 5. Estne tibi bonus magister? 6. Funestum est bellum. 7. Est mihi bona amica. 8. Pueri sunt in schola, 2. Nonne sunt pueri in scholâ ? 10. Peregrini multi in Britanniam navigant. 11. Aper amici mei est magnus. 12. Est ludus in ripâ. 13. Discipuli epistolas amant. 14. Ranæ sunt in ripis. 15. Caper est 16. Bella funesta sunt in insulà,

magnus.

EXERCISE 22.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. I love good scholars. 2. Good scholars are loved by good men. 3. Dost thou love a friend? 4. I have a boar. 5. Thou hast a goat. 6. The goats are on the river's bank. 7. A great and deadly war is in the island. 8. Many fields are in Britain. 9. Boars are often deadly. 10. O men, do you love the boys? 11. My friends do not love strangers. 12. Boys love play. 13. Do boys love play? 14. Have you a female friend? 15. I have not a large boar. 16. The letter of my female friend is in the garden.

We are now in a condition to decline and study adjectives of what are called three terminations; as, amplus, ampla, amplum, large or spacious. Amplus, you see, is like hortus; ampla is like mensa; and amplum is like bellum. In fact, amplus is of

Ab. diis.

ERRATUM.-In the first Vocabulary, page 71, for Vincio, I conquer, read, Vincio, I bind,

the masouline gender, and is declined like a noun masculine it is thus declined: N. dit, G. deorum, D. diis, Ac. deos, V. dii, of the second declension; ampla is of the feminine gender, and is declined like a noun feminine of the first declension; and amplum is of the neuter gender, and is declined like a noun neuter of the second declension. I subjoin the full declension of amplus, a, um. Like it are declined all adjectives ending in us, a, um; which are said to have three terminations from the fact that such three terminations, us, a, um, etc., they really have.

N. amplus

ampla

amplum

G. ampli

ample

ampli

D. amplo

ample

amplo

Ac. amplum

amplam

amplum

M.

Plural
F.

N.

ampli ample ampla amplorum amplarum amplorum amplis amplis amplis amplos amplas ampla ampli ampla ampla amplis amplis amplis This form and other similar forms I advise you to learn by heart in three ways; first, vertically, that is, from top to bottom; you will thus see the identity in form of the adjective with the corresponding noun. Then learn it from the left hand to the right; thus, amplus, ampla, amplum; learning the singular first, and then the plural. Finally, learn the caseondings in the same two ways; thus:-

Colo, 3, I cultivate, I
honour, or, I worship.
Committo, 3, I intmust.
Curro, 3, I run.
Celeriter, swiftly.
Equus, -i, m., a horse.
Fecundus, -a, -um,
fruitful.

VOCABULARY.
Frumentum, -i, n., corn.
Granum, -i, n., a grain.
Hinnio, 4, I neigh.
Juba, -, f., a mane.
Longus, -a, -um, long.
Musca, -æ, f., a Ay.
Molestus, -a, -um,
troublesome.

Rego, 3, I guide, or, I

rule. Templum, -i, n., a temple.

Varius, -a, -um, various. Vireo, 2, I become green, or, I become strong.

EXERCISE 23.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Equus hinnit. 2. Juba equi est pulchra. 3. Musca sunt molesta. 4. Suntne musca molesta? 5. Boni discipuli non sunt molesti. 6. Longa bella sunt molesta. 7. Equi celeriter currunt. 8. Vir regit equum. 9, Equus regitur a viro. 10. Equo pulchro delector. 11. Agri sunt fecundi. 12. Herba agrorum sunt variæ. 13. Agricola committit agris grana frumenti. 14. Agricola colit agros, 15. Quam pulchre virentur agri! 16. In agris florent varise EXERCISE 24.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

herbæ.

1. The field is fruitful. 2. Are the fields fruitful ? 3. Wars are 4. Fields are cultivated. 5. You honour (worship) the not fruitful. gods. 8. The gods are honoured by Tully (Tullius). 7. The horse and the mare are guided by the man. 8. Boars run swiftly. 9. Do goats run swiftly? 10. Flies are (there are flies) in the beautiful garden. 11. Thou intrustest the horse to the field. 12. Good scholars are honoured. 13. O my son, temples are intrusted to the gods and goddesses. 14. O Antony, the gods and goddesses are worshipped in temples. 15. O good God! thou art worshipped in the fruitful fields. 16. Good men are honoured by their sons and their

D. AC. V. AB. us, į, 0, um, 0, 0, You cannot bestow too much pains in making yourself perfectly familiar with each declension, each example, each form, daughters. as you go forward. There is a good Latin maxim which says, "festina lente," literally, hasten slowly, or as the English proverb says, "slow, but sure." In grammatical studies the observance of the proverb is very serviceable.

The

The adjective liber, free, is declined like the noun puer. adjective pulcher, fair or beautiful, is declined like the noun ager. Liber in the feminine gender is libera, and libera is declined like mensa. In the neuter gender, it is liberum, and liberum is declined like bellum. I will give you the forms in full of both liber, libera, liberum, and pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.

ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.—VI.
EXERCISE 15.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. The frog croaks. 2. The frog is often (sæpe) the prey of the stork. 3. A stork injures a frog; or, the stork injures the frog. 4. The stork devours the frog. 5. O frog, thou croakest. 6. The water is disturbed by the frog. 7. Plants (or the plants) flourish. 8. The earth is clothed with an abundance of plants. 9. Storms injure (nocent) plants. 10. The earth produces plants. 11. O plants, how beautifully you adorn the earth! 12. The earth is clothed with plants.

EXERCISE 16.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Plantæ florent. 2. Procella nocet plantæ. 3, Planta nocentur procellà. 4. Ranæ devorantur a ciconiâ. 5. Terra gignit plantas. 6. Plants gignuntur terrå. 7. O plantæ, quam pulchre gignimini terrå! 8. Copiam aquæ laudo, 9. Procella movet aquas. 10. Aque procellâ moventur.

EXERCISE 17.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I have a beautiful lark. 2. Hast thou (estne tibi) a beautiful lark? 3. My lark is beautiful. 4. Is my lark beautiful? 5. Is not thy lark beautiful? 6. Thy pigeon is very beautiful. 7. I have a good maid-servant. 8. My maid-servant is beautiful. 9. Julia is sacred (augusta).. 10. Sacred Julia is beautiful. 11. Is not sacred Julia beautiful? 12. The lark of my maid-servant is beautiful. 13. Thy table is not square. 14. The island is great.

EXERCISE 18.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Est mihi columba. 2. Est tibi bona puella. 3. Estne tibi bona puella ? 4. Non est mihi bona puella. 5. Alauda tua est pulchra. 6. Nonne magna est insula? 7. Magna non est insula. 8. Estne tibi bona ancilla ? 9. Non est mihi bona ancilla. 10. Puelle alauda est pulchra.

EXERCISE 19.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I have a deserter of Jugurtha. 2. Thou hast a bad deserter. 3. I praise a good poet. 4. A good poet is praised. 5. The mare is praised by the charioteer. 6. The sailors sail to the island. 7. Good sailors praise their country. 8. The eagle is often praised by poets. 9. Husbandmen greatly delight in plants. 10. Thou errest, O sailor! 11. Do you not err, O charioteers ? 12. I have the sadness of good men ride through the wood.

Filius, a son, makes in the vocative singular fili, and meus in the vocative singular makes mi, as, O mi fili! O my son ! but filis, a daughter, makes in the vocative singular filia, and poets. 13. I greatly love the shades of the groves. 14. The husbandmeum in the neuter makes meum, as, O mea filia! O my daughter! O meum officium! O my duty!

Proper names ending in ius have i in the vocative singular, as, Tullius, O Tulli; Virgilius, O Virgili; Mercurius, O Mercuri; Antonius, O Antoni.

Deus, God, has in the vocative singular deus; in the plural

EXERCISE 20.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Estne tibi perfuga? 2. Malus estne perfuga? 3. Boni poeta laudantur. 4. Poetas bonos laudo. 5. Boni agricolæ patriam laudant. 6. Bonorum poetarum patria laudatur. 7. Per sylvam equitat pirata. 8. Ad insulam navigat nauta. 9. Buna est equa aurigæ boni.