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parts of the tune are repeated, so that it is not so long as it looks. If you find the "second" part of the tune low for your voice, pitch the key-note a little higher. Be careful to point on the modulator from memory. Remember that every tune, thus thoroughly learnt, becomes a power by which others will be more easily mastered. You need not attempt the words yet. When you do, let those printed in CAPITALS be sung with increased force and loudness of voice, and those in italics with increased softness. [The square note is used to indicate the place of Doн at the beginning of the staff, but it is not to be sung. The place of Dон, being thus once marked, is not afterwards indicated by a square note as in previous exercises. The pupil must learn to keep the place of Doн in his mind. The notes with a tail to the stem are to be sung half as long as those without the tail.]

LESSONS IN FRENCH.-XIV. SECTION XXIX-USE OF THE ARTICLE (§ 77) (continued). MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Modesty is amiable.

La modestie est aimable. Le courage est indispensable au Courage is indispensable to the général. general.

Les fleurs sont l'ornement des Flowers are the ornament of gardens. jardins.

Les fleurs des jardins de ce châ- The flowers of the gardens of this teau. villa.

Avez-vous l'intention de visiter Do you intend visiting France?
la France ?

J'ai l'intention de visiter l'Italie.
Le capitaine Dumont est-il ici ?
Le major Guillaume est chez lui,
Voyez-vous Madame votre mère ?
Je vois Monsieur votre frère.
Mon frère n'aime pas les louanges.

I intend visiting Italy.
Is captain Dumont here?
Major William is at home.
Do you see your mother?
I see your brother.

My brother is not fond of praises.

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1. Aimez-vous le pain ou la viande? 2. J'aime le pain, la viande et le fruit. 3. Avons-nous des pêches dans notre jar din ? 4. Nous y avons des pêches, des fraises, des framboises et des cerises. 5. Monsieur votre frère aime-t-il les cerises? 6. Il n'aime guère les cerises, il préfère les prunes. 7. Avezvous des légumes? 8. Je n'aime point les légumes. 9. Nous n'avons ni légumes ni fruits [Sect. 6. 3, 4]. 10. Nous n'aimons ni les légumes ni les fruits. 11. Allez-vous tous les jours dans le bois de Monsieur votre frère ? 12. Je n'y vais pas tous les jours. 13. Votre sœur apporte-t-elle les fleurs? 14. Elle les apporte. 15. Madame votre mère apporte-t-elle des fleurs? 16. Elle en apporte tous les lundis. 17. Voyez-vous le général Bertrand? 18. Je ne le vois pas, je vois le caporal Duchêne. 19. Mesdemoiselles vos soeurs sont-elles fatiguées? 20. Mes sœurs sont fatiguées d'étudier. 21. Monsieur le président estil chez lui? 22. Non, Monsieur, il est chez Monsieur le colonel Dumont. 23. Demeure-t-il loin d'ici ? 24. Il ne demeure pas loin d'ici. 25. Où demeure-t-il? 26. Il demeure chez Monsieur le capitaine Lebrun.

EXERCISE 54.

1. Does your sister like flowers? 2. My sister likes flowers, and my brother is fond of books. 3. Is he wrong to like books ? 4. No, Sir, he is right to like books and flowers. 5. Have you many flowers in your garden? 6. We have many flowers and much fruit. 7. Is your cousin fond of raspberries? 8. My cousin is fond of raspberries and * strawberries. 9. Is the captain fond of praises? 10. He is not fond of praises. 11. Has the gardener brought your vegetables? 12. He has brought me vegetables and fruit.* 13. Is he ashamed to bring

*The student must not forget that the article is repeated before every noun.

you vegetables? 14. He is neither ashamed nor afraid to sell vegetables. 15. Is your mother tired? 16. My mother is not tired. 17. Is your brother at colonel D.'s? 18. He lives at colonel D.'s, but he is not at home at present (à présent). 19. How many peaches have you? 20. I have not many peaches, but I have many plums. 21. Does Capt. B. like peaches? 22. He likes peaches,* plums, raspberries, and strawberries. 23. Are you going into (dans) your brother's wood? 24. I go there every morning. 25. Is General L. here? 26. No, Sir, he is not here, he is at your cousin's. 27. Does your friend General H. live far from here? 28. He does not live far from here, he lives at his brother's. 29. Have you fine flowers in your garden? 30. We have very fine flowers; we are fond of flowers, 31. Do you give them to him? 32. give them to you. 33. I give you some. 34. I give them some. 35. Give us some. 36. Do not give us any.

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2. After the verb parler, the article must be omitted before an adjective of nationality used substantively :— Votre frère parle espagnol et por- Your brother speaks Spanish and tugais. Portuguese,

3. The article is not used in French before the number which follows the name of a sovereign. This number (unless it be first) must be the cardinal, and not the ordinal [§ 27 (2)]:

Vous avez l'histoire de Henri You have the history of Henry the Fourth. quatre.

4. A noun placed in apposition with a noun or pronoun is not in French preceded by un, une, a or an, unless it be quali fied by an adjective or determined by the following part of the sentence.

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1. Connaissez-vous ce Monsieur ? 2. Oui, Madame, je le connais fort bien. 3. Savez-vous de quel pays il est ? 4. I est hongrois. 5. Parle-t-il allemand? 6. Il parle allemand, polonais, russe, suédois et danois. 7. N'est-il pas médecin ? 8. Non, Monsieur, avant la révolution il était capitaine. 9. Avez-vous envie d'apprendre le russe? 10. J'ai envie d'apprendre le russe et le grec moderne. 11. Connaissez-vous les messieurs qui parlent à votre sœur ? 12. Je ne les connais pas. 13. Savez-vous où ils demeurent ? 14. Ils demeurent chez le tapissier de votre frère. 15. N'avez-vous pas l'histoire de Louis quatorze, dans votre bibliothèque ? 16. Je n'ai 17. ni celle de Louis quatorze, ni celle de Henri quatre. Avez-vous tort d'apprendre le chinois ? 18. Je n'ai pas tort d'apprendre le chinois. 19. Vos compagnons apprennent-ils les langues anciennes ? 20. Ils savent plusieurs langues anciennes et modernes. 21. Parlez-vous anglais ? 22. Je sais l'anglais et je le parle. 23. Connaissez-vous l'Anglais que nous voyons ? 24. Je ne le connais pas. 25. Il ne me connaît pas et je ne le

connais pas.

EXERCISE 56.

1. Does our physician know French? 2. He knows French, English, and German. 3. Does he know the French physician ? 4. He knows him very well. 5. Are you acquainted with that lady? 6. I am not acquainted with her. 7. Is she a German or a Swede? 8. She is neither a German nor a Swede, she is a Russian. 9. Do you intend to speak to her? 10. I intend to speak to her in (en) English. 11. Does she know English? 12. She knows several languages; she speaks English, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian. 13. Is your brother a colonel ? 14. No, Sir, he is a captain. 15. Is your upholsterer a Dane? 16. He is not a Dane, he is a Swede. 17. Are you a Frenchman ? 18. No, Sir, I am a Hungarian. 20. I know Chinese, Russian, 19. Do you know Chinese ? and modern Greek. 21. Are you wrong to learn languages? 22. I am not wrong to learn languages. 23. Do you know the Englishman who lives at your brother's ? 24. I am acquainted with him. 25. I am not acquainted with him. 26. Do you like books? 27. I am fond of books. 28. Have you a desire to learn Russian ? 29. I have no desire to learn Russian. 30. Have you no time? 31. I have but little time. 32. What do you learn? 33. We learn Latin, Greek, French, and German, 34. Do you not learn Spanish? 35. We do not

learn it.

SECTION XXXI.—RELATIVE PRONOUNS (§ 38).

1. Qui, used as nominative, and having an antecedent, may relate to persons or to things ::

Les fleurs qui sont dans votre The flowers which are in your jardin. garden.

2. Qui, having an antecedent, is used as indirect object, i.e. with a preposition, but only in reference to persons :

Je connais le monsieur à qui vous I know the gentleman to whom you venez de parler. have just spoken.

3. Without antecedent, qui is used only in reference to persons, as subject and as object, with and without preposition :Qui est là ?

Nous ne savons qui est arrivé.
Je sais de qui vous parlez.
Je consulterai qui je voudrai.
Qui votre frère voit-il ?

De qui parlez-vous ce matin?

Who is there?

We do not know who has arrived.
I know of whom you are speaking.
I shall consult whom I like.
Whom does your brother see?
Of whom do you speak this morning?

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Que pensez-vous de cela ?

7. Quoi is generally preceded and relates only to things:De quoi voulez-vous parler ? A quoi pensez-vous ?

Quoi de plus aimable que la vertu ?

What do you think of that? or followed by a preposition,

Of what do you wish to speak?
Of what do you think?

What is more amiable than virtue ?

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Did

LEAVES, properly so called, only exist on plants which bear flowers. The reader may test this by his own experience. he ever see a leaf on a mushroom, or a moss, or any other cryptogamic plant? Probably he may say, "Yes, I have seen them on ferns, and these are cryptogamic plants." Well, we have already stated that the leaf-like expansions on ferns are not leaves, but fronds, and we have explained the distinction between a leaf and a frond. It only remains to be said, in connection with this subject, that the little stem to which thes leaf, is denominated a stipes, from the Latin stipes, the trunk of fronds are attached, and which corresponds to a petiole in a real a tree. In the next page is a representation of one of the treeferns of tropical climates, the trunk of which is denominated a caudex, from the Latin caudex, a stem.

In past ages these tree-ferns must have been amongst the most numerous of vegetable productions. Coal, we need hardly say, is well known to be nothing more than the remains of vegetable substances, so long buried under great pressure in the earth that they have changed to the condition in which we at present find them. Notwithstanding the change of quality, yet in many cases the original shape of the vegetable has not undergone alteration. So that a person sufficiently acquainted with Botany can readily tell the kind of plant from which any specimen of coal under consideration has been formed.

Although fronds are the substitutes for leaves in ferns and several other cryptogamic plants, nevertheless these organs are not the universal substitutes; but the general complexity of cryptogamic plants, the microscopic nature of these organs, and the comparatively limited acquaintance with this division of the vegetable world, render it undesirable to state much concerning them in a series of papers like these, in which so many tribes of flowering plants claim our notice.

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look at and agreeable to smell, the botanist is obliged frequently to destroy them before he can make himself acquainted with the peculiarities of their structure; that is to say, he is obliged to cut or pull their various organs from their attachments; this operation is termed dissection. Presently, then, we shall have to dissect a flower and learn its various parts. As a preliminary to this examination, however, it will be necessary that the learner should make himself acquainted with some general terms employed in this department of Botany.

First of all, then, the manner in which flowers are arranged upon any plant is termed the inflorescence of that plant. By this term botanists understand not merely the flower itself, but various appendages to the flower; in short, the term inflorescence has a very wide signification.

SECTION XIV.-MANNER IN WHICH FLOWERS ARE
ATTACHED.

The attachment of flowers to the parent stem usually takes place through the intervention of a little branch-like appendage, to which the term peduncle, or occasionally pedicel, is applied. The reader will therefore remember that a peduncle or pedicel

is also called the primary aris of inflorescence, and the flower-stalks ng which spring from it are called the secondary, tertiary, etc., azes. These pedicels or flower-stalks are arranged on various plants in different ways, and thus give rise to various terms indicative of the na ture of inflorescence. The word peduncle is derived from the low Latin pedunculus, a little foot, while pedicel is derived from the Latin pediculus, which has the same meaning. Both words are diminutives of the Latin pes, a foot.

Having written what is necessary concerning the nutritive stands to a flower in the same relation as a petiole to a leaf. parts of plants, we shall now describe their reproductive members, the flower and its appendages. It would be folly, indeed, to describe formally what is meant by a flower, but the purposes to which a flower is designed in the economy of vegetable nature will require our attentive consideration. Without flowers there could be no fruit; without fruit there can be no seed; and without the latter the greater number of vegetables could not be multiplied. The reason, then, for denominating flowers the reproductive organs of plants will be manifest. To state this fact, that flowers are the reproductive portions of a plant, is very easy. To demonstrate, however, the elaborate means by which the functions of reproduction are discharged is very difficult. Indeed, the laws affecting the multiplication of animals and vegetables are so similar in many respects, that many of the terms employed in this department of Botany are borrowed from the sister studies of animal anatomy and physiology; and without some preliminary knowledge of these sciences it would be next to impossible to make the reader comprehend the intricacies of vegetable reproductions. We therefore shall not attempt to deal with these intricacies, but shall content ourselves by saying that all plants most probably, certainly all evidently-flowering or phænogamous plants, possess sexes, and these sexes are usually in the same plant, in the same flower of the plant. Occasionally, however, the two plants. We may, therefore, popularly say, that the greater

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59. TREE FERN.

sexes are on different flowers, and sometimes on different

number of flowers contain both gentlemen and ladies; but occasionally, on some plants, the gentlemen and ladies have flowers, each sex to itself; and occasionally, again, the gentlemen monopolise all the flowers on one plant, and the ladies all the flowers on the other. When the two sexes reside in two sets of flowers on one plant, then such a plant is said to be monacious, from two Greek words, povos (pronounced mon'-os) and oikos (pronounced

oi-kos), signifying "one house;" the plant, we suppose, being

regarded as a house, and the flowers as chambers in the same. When, however, the males all reside in the flowers of one plant, and the females in all the flowers of another, then such plants

The inflorescence, or mode of flowering, is said to be definite or terminal when the primary axis is terminated by a flower. When the original stem goes on growing in a straight line, giving off as it pro ceeds little flower-shoots or secondary axes of various degrees on either side, but does not terminate in a flower, then the term indefinite inflorescence is applied; the propriety of which term will be obvious. The term axillary is some times given to this condition of inflorescence. If the reader glance for an instant at Fig. 60 in the opposite page, he will be at no loss to comprehend what is meant by indefinite or axillary inflorescence. The reader will here please to observe the little leaf-like things from the axilla (or junctions with the primary axis) of which the flower-peduncles spring in this example. Such leaf-like appendages are frequently to be seen attached to the peduncles of many flowers. They are called bracts, from the Latin bractea, a thin plate of metal, and although their usual appearance is green like a leaf, yet they sometimes undergo very strange modifications. Thus, the pineapple, which we discovered long ago to be no fruit, is, in reality, nothing more than an assemblage of fleshy bracts, and the scale of the fir-cone is nothing more than hard leathery bracts. In proportion as bracts are developed nearer to a flower, so dond their natural green colour give place to the colour of the flower itself. Occasionally the flower actually springs from

the upper

(Fig. 61).

linden

we find it in the

and on the same plane, as, for example, Sometimes bracts unite at the base of each group of flowers, are said to be diacious, or "two-housed," the reason of which carrot. This association of bracts gives rise to what botanists

will be obvious.

SECT. XIII.-ANATOMICAL EXAMINATION OF A FLOWER.
Pleasing objects of contemplation as flowers are, beautiful to

term the involucrum, a Latin word, which is derived from volvo, to wrap or roll, and which means anything that serves to wrap

or cover.

Under the classification indefinite inflorescence

are compre

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60. AXILLARY INFLORESCENCE. 61. FLOWER OF THE LINDEN TREE-BRACT CONSOLIDATED WITH THE PEDUNCLE. 62. RACEME OF THE CURRANT. 63. COMPOUND RACEME OF THE HORSE CHESTNUT. 64. CORYMB OF THE MAHALEB CHERRY. 65. SIMPLE UMBEL OF THE COMMON CHERRY. 66. COMPOUND UMBEL OF THE CONMON FENNEL. 67. DICHOTOMOUS CYME. 68. CORYM BOUS CAPITULUM OF GROUNDSEL. 69. COMPOUND SPAD OF WHEAT. 70. SIMPLE SPIKE OF THE VERVAIN. 71. CAPITULUM OF THE SCABIOUS. 72 CORYMBOUS CYME OF THE HAWTHORN

73. FASCICULE OF THE MALLOW. 74. UMBELLAR CYME OF THE CELANDINE.

hended the raceme, the panicle, the corymb, the umbel, the spike, the capitulum, and the cyme, all of which we shall now proceed to describe.

The raceme, from the Latin racemus, a cluster, is that kind of inflorescence in which the pedicels or secondary axes are almost equal in length, and arise immediately from the primary axis or stem. Of this kind of inflorescence the black, white, and red currant-trees offer familiar examples (Fig. 62).

The panicle (from the Latin panicula, anything of a little round swollen figure, the diminutive of panus, a woof about the quill in a shuttle), sometimes called a compound raceme, is a form of inflorescence in which the secondary axes or pedicels, springing from the primary axis or stem, do not at once bear each a terminal flower, but ramify a third, and sometimes even a fourth time. Of this description is the inflorescence of the horse-chestnut (Fig. 63).

The corymb, from the Greek кoрvußos (pronounced kor-um'-bos), a branch, is that kind of inflorescence in which the lower pedicels, much longer than the upper ones, terminate, in consequence of this difference of length, at the same level, or nearly so, as the latter. An example of this is afforded by the Mahaleb cherry, of whose inflorescence a diagram is appended (Fig. 64).

The umbel, from the Latin umbella, a little shade, the diminutive of umbra, a shade, is an inflorescence in which the pedicels or secondary axes, being equal in length amongst themselves, spring from the same level, rise to the same height, and diverge like the ribs of an umbrella or parasol. An umbel is simple when each pedicel terminates at once in a flower, as, for example, in the common cherry (Fig. 65); and compound when the pedicels, instead of terminating at once each in its own flower, severally give off other pedicels on which the flowers are arranged. An example of this is seen in the common fennel (Fig. 66).

The spike, from the Latin spica, a point, may be either simple or compound. The compound spike is that form of inflorescence in which the pedicels are completely, or almost completely wanting, and the flowers accordingly are sessile, as may be seen in the vervain (Fig. 70). The compound spike is that form in which the secondary axes, instead of terminating in a flower, emit each a little flower-bearing pedicel. Of this description is the inflorescence of wheat (Fig. 69).

The capitulum, from the Latin caput, a head, is the form of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are collected upon the thickened head, called torus, of a peduncle. This torus may be flat, as we see it in the marigold and the scabious (Fig. 71), or concave, as in the fig. It appears, then, that the capitulum is that form of inflorescence to which the fig belongs.

The cyme, from the Greek kuua (pronounced ku'-ma), a wave, is a definite inflorescence which imitates by turns several of the indefinite kinds of inflorescence, from all of which it essentially differs in the circumstance that the primary axis is itself terminated by a flower which appears before the others; each of the subsidiary axes also terminates in a flower, but the secondary axes flourish before the tertiary ones, tertiary axes before quaternary ones, and so on in like manner for the rest. The chief varieties of the cyme are the racemous cyme, as in the campanula or blue-bell; the dichotomous, or divided, cyme (Fig. 67), from the Greek dixa, apart, and reμvw (pronounced tem-no), to cut; the corymbous cyme (Fig. 72); the umbellar cyme (Fig. 74); the scorpioidal, or scorpion-like, cyme, as in the myosotis or forget-me-not; and the contracted cyme, in which the flowers are crowded together through the extreme shortness of the axes. The fascicule, from the Latin fasciculus, a little bundle, is an inflorescence in which the axes preserve a certain length and an irregular distribution, as in the sweet-william.

Mixed inflorescence is that which partakes of the characters of both definite and indefinite inflorescence. In the dead-nettle the general inflorescence is indefinite, whilst the partial inflorescence consists of true cymes or fascicules. In the mallow there is a similar arrangement (Fig. 73). In the groundsel (Fig. 68) and the chrysanthemum the general inflorescence is a definite corymb, but the partial inflorescences are capitulous. In the family of plants called umbelliferous, and to which the carrot, the fennel, angelica, etc., belong, each umbel in itself is indefinite, but the aggregate of umbels is definite; frequently, indeed, the axis of an umbel bears a little central umbel of its own.

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Banished from Rome! what's banished, but set free from daily contact of the things I loathe ? "Tried and convicted traitor”— Who says this? Who'll prove it, at his peril, on my head? "Banished ?"-I thank you for 't. It breaks my chain! I held some slack allegiance till this hour-but now my sword's my own.

Young Blount his armour did unlace, and, gazing on his ghastly face, said,-"By St. George, he's gone! that spear-wound has our master sped; and see the deep cut on his head! Good night to Marmion !"-" Unnurtured Blount! thy brawling cease; he opes his eyes," said Eustace, "peace!"

A celebrated modern writer says, "Take care of the minutes, and the hours will take care of themselves." This is an admirable remark, and might be very seasonably recollected when we begin to be weary in well-doing," from the thought of having much to do.

I've seen the moon gild the mountain's brow; I've watched the mist o'er the river stealing; but ne'er did I feel in my breast, till now, so deep, so calm, and so holy a feeling; 'tis soft as the thrill which memory throws athwart the soul in the hour of repose. But thou, who Heaven's just vengeance dar'st defy, this deed, with fruitless tears, shalt soon deplore.

For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, "To THE UNKNOWN GOD." Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you.

XIV. THE ASTERISK, OBELISK, DOUBLE OBELISK, SECTION PARALLEL, PARAGRAPH, INDEX, CARET, BREVE, AND

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* In this lesson, as well as in some of the preceding lessons, there are several sentences of poetry, which are not divided into poetical lines. The object of printing these lines without regard to this division was to prevent the student from falling into that "sing song utterance into which he is too apt to fall in reading verse. to be observed here, that abbreviations and contractions, such as occur in poetical sentences in this lesson and others, which appear in the form of prose, are not allowable in prose itself.

It remains

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