Einrichten, to arrange, order. tory, factory. Fischchen, n. little fish. Gänschen, n. gosling. Gärtchen, little N. garden. Er traf ihn der'gestalt mit seinem Das Bübchen freut sich sehr über Lämmchen, n. lamb- Leistung, f. perform- ment. Leutchen, little people. pretty. Prophet', m. prophet. lican. Samstag, m. Saturday. Trieb, m. impulse, in- He struck him with his sword I will so arrange it, that I can In prosperity, as in affliction, EXERCISE 128. authority, used the same method in his "Elements of Composition," published A.D. 1812; and Mr. W. Forde, author of the "Art of Singing at Sight," follows their example. If other authorities are required, we would gladly leave our appeal with such men as Mr. Graham, of Edinburgh, the author of the article on "Music" in an early edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica; " Mr. Hogarth, distinguished as a writer on musical history; General Thompson, the profound writer on musical acoustics; Mr. Hickson, the father of English school music; and Mr. Lowell Mason, the eminent American composer and teacher. Ask ninety-nine persons out of a hundred, who can really sing at sight, how they came to do so, and they will tell you: "By measuring interval from the key-note, and keeping the key-note in the eye throughout the tune." Such persons will at once acknowledge the importance of having a distinct name (DOH) for that key-note, and of naming all the other notes by their relation to it. 6. "In teaching," says Mr. Hickson, "the art of sight-singing, an art rarely taught by Italian professors, whose fashionable pupils only sing to the harp or pianoforte, there is but one mode of using the solfeggio syllables in which they can be of the slightest use; that is, by adhering to the rule laid down by Rousseau, and followed by many of the best of our English choral teachers, of identifying them, not with the fixed sounds, expressed by the letters, but with the intervals of the diatonic scale, 'DOH' in every key representing the key-note; 'RE,' the second of the scale, etc. We have already shown that the art of reading music at sight depends upon the ability to recognise at a glance the intervals of the scale, in whatever key they may be written; that is to say, to distinguish at once, not which is A or B, but which is the key-note, which is the 3rd, 5th, 7th, etc. 1. Haben Sie dieses niedliche Gärtchen gesehen? 2. Nein, denn ich be It will therefore at once be seen that Forde, by adopting wunderte jenes hübsche Häuschen. 3. Es gehört zwei alten Leutchen, welche Rousseau's rule for using the solfeggio syllables, as names for ich kenne. 4. Was sind das für niedliche Thierchen? 5. Gs find in tem the intervals, converts them into a most profitable exercise, an Garten eine Menge ganz junger Lämmchen. 6. Dieses Mädchen frielt exercise which compels the pupil to study the intervals in every mit seinem Brüterchen. 7. Wollen Sie mir jenes Kitchen geben? 8. bar he sings, and to give up guessing.... Great confusion Wollen Sie dieses auf dem Tischchen haben? and perplexity are introduced by the opposite method. 9. Sehen Sie, welch ein hübsches Hütchen! 10. Das Kintchen hat große Freude an seinem Räbchen have pointed out the different properties of the fourth and the und an seinem Gänschen. 11. Richten Sie es so ein, daß Sie bis seventh, the one tending downwards and the other upwards; Samstag Morgen in meinem Hause sein können. 12. Machen wir es ber yet although [the pitch note] F may sometimes be the fourth gestalt, daß es für beide Zwecke brauchbar ist? 13. Er soll es so machen although F in the key of c differs half a tone from F in the key and at other times the seventh, according to the key, and daß er seine Bücher mitnehmen kann. 14. Ich richte es jedenfalls so ein, daß ich bis zehn Uhr bei Ihnen bin. 15. Wir machen es so, daß wir of G, it is always, we are told, to be called FA!" keinesfalls zu spät kommen. 16. Sagen Sie Ihrem Bruder, er möchte es dergestalt einrichten, daß es für Jedermann verständlich ist. 17. 3ch hoffe, Sie werden es so einrichten, daß Sie auf dem leßten Dampfschiffe ankommen. 18. Ein Prophet gilt nirgends weniger, als in seinem Vaterlande und in seinem Hause. 19. Seine Stimme gilt viel im Rathe. 20. Was gilt's, in zwanzig Jahren ist der größte Theil Europa's republikanisch ? 21. Der Trieb zum Bösen ist viel stärker in uns, als der zum Guten. 22. Die Anerkennung unserer Leistungen ist ein mächtiger Antrieb zum Fleiße. 23. Der Betrieb seiner Fabriken wird von Jahr zu Jahr größer. 24. Er richtete seine Augen in die Höhe. 25. Er sprang vor Freuden in die Höhe und klatschte in die Hände. 26. Die Kinter hüpften in die Höhe. EXERCISE 129. 1. Dear father, will you buy me the little lambkin? 2. No, my dear daughter, but I will buy you the gosling and the little fish. 3. Have you seen that pretty cottage? 4. No, I admired that beautiful little garden. 5. Mary plays with the pussy, and her little brother with the little fish. 6. Look, what a beautiful little chest this is. 7. Men should at all times direct their thoughts to God. 8. Arrange it so, that I may find you tomorrow at home. 9. I hope you will arrange it so, that you may arrive on Monday morning. 10. What is this garden worth? 11. It is worth more than you believe. 12. What were these books worth ten years ago? 13. What will you bet against this horse ? 14. There are five pounds at stake. We "We think it must be obvious," continues Mr. Hickson, "that the solfeggio syllables, thus employed, tend to mislead the pupil rather than assist him in learning the art of sightsinging. It is using words, as a lawyer would say, in the sense of a suggestio falsi.” Perhaps the most marked practical advantage of the tonic (or key-note) method of solfa-ing is that it establishes in the ear of the pupil a complete association of interval and syllable. So that the syllables become not only an unchanging language of interval, useful in connection with the whole study of music, however far it may be carried, but also a guide and prompter in the art of striking interval with accuracy and certainty. Thus, if the syllables ME, FAH are frequently sung to a "semitone," the mind soon learns to associate that interval with those syllables, so that the very attempt to pronounce the syllable shall call up into the mind the interval to which they have so often been sung. In this way our syllables become invaluable aids and interpreters. 7. We take this opportunity of giving our reason for accom-panying the established notation with a constant interpreter, in the new notation placed between the staves. The truth is that the old notation, being used perhaps chiefly in connection with instruments, sets forth the pitch of a note (the thing the ordinary instrumentalist wants) in a most clear, distinct, and pictorial manner, but leaves key-relationship (that which the vocalist requires to be the first and most obvious thing to meet the eye, and which is by far the most important thing in the science of music itself) but dimly expressed. Hence the vast variety of sol-fa systems, figure systems, tetrachordal systems, etc., which have sprung up, every good teacher feeling the necessity of marking the key-note and the notes related to it more visibly. The most successful modern teachers of sight-singing have adopted a similar plan. Thus the Rev. J. J. Waite, who taught some thousands of English people how to sing, did so by means of an interpreting notation of figures placed under the other notes, figure 1 standing for the key-note, 2 for the next, etc. We have watched Mr. Waite's pupils, and have found them singing, not from the crotchets and quavers on the staff, but from the figures below, which they find incomparably easier, because those figures are to them a notation of key-relationship. In Scotland, the well-known educational writer and publisher, Mr. Gall, of Edinburgh, has adopted a figure notation for many years; and in Ireland we find Dr. Bryce using both the figures and the sol-fa syllables, in his exercises, to set forth the rela tion of notes, while the old notation sets forth the pitch. For the present we shall do the same, but soon we shall teach our pupils to do without the syllables, and to use intelligently the established notation alone. Our pupils will now study with care the following exercises on the mental effects of DOH, ME, and SOн. Let them be as scrnpulous as ever in the self-discipline of learning the tune, piecemeal, by "heart" (or by "hear it," as Cobbett used to explain the word), until they can sol-fa it all by memory, pointing on the modulator the while. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XXIV. SECTION XLV.-CONVOLVULACEÆ. Characteristics: Calyx free, corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, regular; æstivation contorted; stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, their number equal to that of the lobes; ovary two to four celled; ovules solitary or twin, erect; fruit capsular or bacciform; seed dicotyledonous, curved, imbedded in mucilaginous albumen; radicle inferior. The Convolvulaceae derive their name from the property which most, although not all of them, have of climbing up other plants. They abound in the torrid zone, in low marshy situations, especially near the sea. In proportion as the distance from the equator diminishes, so do the Convolvulacea become more rare. In temperate climates only few species exist; out from the seed when it germinated in the ground dying away as soon as the stem has commenced to throw out rootlets. SECTION XLVI.-POLEMONIACEE, OR PHLOXWORTS. Characteristics: Corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, regular: stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, in number equal to its lobes, and alternate with them; ovary three to five celled; placenta parietal; fruit capsular; seeds erect or ascending dicotyledonous; straight in a fleshy albumen. The student cannot look at a member of this natural family without being cognisant of a general similarity between this natural order and Convolvulaceae. Not only is the general aspect of the flower similar, but there is also a certain similarity of anatomical structure. In both the flower is quinquepartite; but the Polemoniaceae differ in several points from and in the frigid zone they are altogether absent. The predominant medical quality of the Convolvulacea is that of purgative. Jalap and scammony are both derived from this natural order. Even the roots and tubers of our own native species are purgative, though, in consequence of the low price of jalap, they are at present never employed for this purpose. It is scarcely necessary to append an engraving for the purpose of giving the reader a general idea of the external characteristics presented by this natural order. Nevertheless, we do this that we may introduce three beautiful species, the Ipomoea tyrianthina (Fig. 185), or purple ipomaa, a stove evergreen climber, indigenous to Mexico, the Convolvulus tricolor (Fig. 186); and the Cuscuta, or dodder (Fig. 187). It should be said that although the dodders are generally referred to the order Convolculacea, by some botanists they are grouped into a small distinct order termed Cuscutacea. Like the Convolvulaceae they are climbing plants, but they differ from them in being leafless and parasitic, often causing great injury to crops of leguminous plants and flax, to the stalks of which the stem of the dodder attaches itself by small rootlets. the original root which had been sent 188, WHITE PHLOXWORT (POLEMONIUM ALBUM). 199 VIRGINIAN HYDROPHYL (HYDROPHYLLUM VIEGINICUM). a, COROLLA OF VIRGINIAN HYDROPET the Convolvulaceae, as will be seen from an inspection of Fig. 188, which is a representa tion of the leaf, bud, and blossom of the Polemonium album. SECTION XLVII.-HYDROPHYLLACER Characteristics: Calyx free; corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, regular; stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, in number equal to the divisions of the latter, and alternate with them; ovary unilocular or imperfectly bilocular; placenta parietal; ovules solitary of numerous on each side of the placentae; fruit capsular or almost fleshy; seeds few in number; seed dicotyledonous; embryo straight, imbedded in an abundant cartilaginous albumen. Members of this natural family, to which the genus Hydrophyllum lends its appellation, are herbs either annual or perer nial, possessing an aqueous juice; an angular stem considerably ramified; leaves alternate, especially towards the upper part of the vegetable, usually deprived of stipules; flowers complete. regular, disposed in corymbs or unilateral spikes, scorpioidal, or scorpion-like, simple, or dichotomous, rarely solitary; caly deeply fissured in five divisions, imbricated in aestivation, and persistent; corolla inserted externally to a ring surrounding the base of the ovary, campanulate or imperfectly rotate, occasionally funnel-shaped, its tube ordinarily furnished with tonguelike scales alternating with the stamens; limb five-partite, imbricated in æstivation; stamens to the number of five having their filaments bent inwards during æstivation; anthers introrse; ovary composed of two carpels (Fig. 189). The Hydrophyllacea are allied to the Polemoniaceae, differing from the plants of this order in the placental conformation. They are farther removed from the Boraginacea, although originally confounded with this natural order in consequence of a certain general resemblance of inflorescence. This family is exclusively American, where abundant species are found mingled with Polemoniaceae in the temperate regions on this 190. GERARD'S GESNERA (GESNERA GERARDIANA). 191. VERMILION ESCHINANTHUS (ESCHINANTHUS MINIATUS). side of the Tropic of Cancer, more especially towards the western coast. Between the tropics they are rare, and also beyond the Tropic of Capricorn. The pretty annuals known as nemophilas, the chief of which are the blue nemophila (Nemophila insignis) and the speckled nemophila (Nemophila maculata), belong to this natural order. One species, the Canadian hydrophyl (Hydrophyllum Canadense), a hardy herbaceous perennial, is em ployed in North America as a remedy for the bites of snakes, also for erysipelas caused by the contact of a poisonous North American plant, the sumach (Rhus pumila). Hydrophyllum Virginicum, a species now frequent in botanical gardens, has pinnatisect leaves, and white or blue corolla. SECTION XLVIII.-GESNERACEE, OR GESNERWORTS. Characteristics: Calyx free, more or less adherent to the Ovary; corolla monopetalous, irregular, inserted upon the 192. MANY-FLOWERED ACHIMENES (ACHIMENES MULTIFLORA). 193. SCARLET MITRARIA (MITRARIA COCCINEA). placenta parietal, opposed, one being on the right, the other on the left of the axis of the flower. Ovules reflexed; style simple. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds pendent or horizontal (Fig. 190). The Gesneraceae are, for the most part, inhabitants of the new continent, especially towards the equator. Some are epiphytes attaching themselves to the trunks of trees. A few of this natural order are found in tropical India, especially in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and on the southern slopes of the Himalaya Mountains. These two families, although considerable in the number of their species, offer but little of importance in respect of useful properties. Columnea scandens, a little shrub of India, bearing pretty blue flowers, is cultivated in our hot-houses. Many other species of Gesneracea are in favour amongst cultivators; for example, the Eschinanthus miniatus, or vermilion æschinanthus (Fig. 191), and the Chirita Moonii, or Moon's chirita, from Ceylon, |