Port and is held by them. Port Elizabeth in 1905 as a result of war with Russia, Port Arthur, Jefferson Co., Texas, a city and seaport of on Sabine Lake, 12 miles from the Gulf Port, the name given to the left side of a ship (looking towards the prow), as distinguished from the star board or right side. Formerly larboard was used instead of port. Port Adelaide (port ad'e-lad), a of Mexico, which is reached through a seaport of South ship canal 270 feet wide and 27 feet deep. Australia, the port of the city of Adelaide, It is an oil center and shipping point. with which it is connected by a railway Pop. 13.204. a city and harbor at of 7 miles. It is on the estuary of the Port Arthur, the northwestern ex Torrens, which enters the Gulf of St. Vincent, and is the chief port of S. Aus- tremity of Lake Superior, Ontario, Cantralia. The harbor accommodation has ada, on the Canadian Pacific and Canbeen recently greatly improved, extensive adian Northern railways. It has mining wharves, piers, etc., have been provided, and lumbering interests and a large shipbut the entrance is still partly obstructed ping trade. Pop. (1913) 18,000. by bars. Pop. 24,015. Port-au-Prince (por-to-praps), capPortadown (port-a-doun'), a market ital of the Republic town, Ireland, in the of Hayti, on the western side of the county and 9 miles northeast of Armagh, island, at the southeast extremity of the on the Bann, which is navigable to ves- bay of the same name. It is built in a sels of 90 tons. Pop. 10,092. low and unhealthy spot, consists chiefly Portage (port'aj), a city, capital of of wooden houses, and contains an unColumbia Co., Wisconsin, on gainly palace, a senate-house, a Roman the Wisconsin River, at head of naviga- Catholic church, a custom-house, mint, tion, 30 miles N. of Madison. It is on a hospital, lyceum, etc. The chief exthe ship canal that connects the Wis- ports are mahogany and red-wood, coffee, consin and Fox Rivers, and has hosiery and cocoanuts. Pop. about 60,000. and knitting mills, plow' factory, etc., and Portage, summer resort of Port Chester, Westchester Co., New considerable trade. Pop. 5440. a term applied in the United York, on Long Island Sound, 26 miles States and Canada to a N. E. of New York city. It has large break in a chain of water communica- planing mills, laundries, shirt and sheet tion, over which goods, boats, etc., have factories, and stove and iron bolt works. to be carried, as from one lake, river, Pop. 12,809. or canal to another; or, along the banks Portcullis of rivers, round waterfalls, rapids, etc. Portage la Prairie, a town of Manitoba, Canada, 56 m. w. of Winnipeg. It has railroad shops, grain elevators. Pop. 5892. (port-kul'is), a strong grating of timber or iron, resembling a harrow, made to slide in vertical grooves in the jambs of the entrance-gate of a fortified place, to protect the gate in case of assault. Portal Circulation, a subordinate Port Darwin (där'win), part of the venous circulation, belonging to the liver, in which the blood makes an additional circuit before it joins the rest of the venous blood. The term is also applied to an analogous system of vessels in the kidney. Port Arthur, an inlet on the northern coast of Australia, the chief harbor of the Northern Territory of South Australia, about 2000 miles from Adelaide. The port town is Palmerston. Port Durnford (durn'ford), a good harbor on the east coast of Equatorial Africa, in lat. 1° 13′ S., at the mouth of the Wabuski River. Porte (port), OTTOMAN, or SUBLIME PORTE, the common term for the Turkish government. The chief office of the Ottoman Empire is styled Babi Ali, lit. the High Gate, from the gate (bab) of the palace at which justice was administered; and the French translation of the term being Sublime Porte, this has come into common use. a seaport in the to Russia, which country fortified it and Port Elizabeth, east of Cape Col made it a great naval station, and the chief terminus of the Transsiberian Rail- ony, on Algoa Bay. It contains many way. Though apparently well-nigh im- fine buildings, including a town-house, pregnable, it was taken by the Japanese custom-house, hospitals, etc,, and is the Porter great emporium of trade for the eastern portion of the colony as well as for a great part of the interior, being the terminus of railways that connect it with Kimberley and other important inland towns. It is now a greater center of trade than Cape Town, Pop. 32,959. Porter (port'er), ANNA MARIA, was born about 1781. She produced a number of novels, which enjoyed considerable popularity in their day. Died in 1832. Porter, DAVID, naval officer, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1780. Entering the navy, he was put ip command of the frigate Essex in 1813, and captured the British war vessel Alert and a number of merchantmen. In 1813 he cruised in the Pacific and took a large number of prizes. In March, 1814, the Esser was attacked at Valparaiso by two British war vessels and was captured after a long and desperate resistance. He was naval commissioner 1815-23, chargé d'affaires at Constantinople in 1831, and minister in 1839. He died in 1843. Porter, DAVID DIXON, naval officer, son of the preceding, was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1813. He entered the United States navy as midshipman in 1829. He served during the Mexican war, and was in every action on the coast. At the beginning of the Civil war he was placed in command of the steam-frigate Powhatan. In command of a mortar fleet he took an active part in the reduction of Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the Mississippi; also aided in the capture of Vicksburg and Arkansas Post. For these services he was made rear-admiral. In 1865 he aided General Terry in the capture of Fort Fisher. In 1866 he was promoted vice-admiral, and in 1870 appointed admiral, the highest rank in the navy. He died in 1891.- His brother, WILLIAM D. (1809-64), also served in the navy in the Civil war, destroyed the iron-clad ram Port Hope and he was found not guilty and was reinstated as colonel in 1886. He was police commissioner of New York in 1884-88, and held other positions there, dying in 1901. Porter, JANE, an English novelist, was born at Durham in 1776; died in 1850. Her Thaddeus of Warsaw and Scottish Chiefs were long popular. Porter, NOAH, philosopher and writer, born at Farmington, Connecticut, in 1811. Graduating at Yale College in 1831, he was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church, New Milford, Conn., in 1836, and in 1843 settled at Springfield, Mass. Returning to Yale in 1846 as professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy, he was elected president in 1871, and continued to hold that position till 1886. Among his works are Historical Discourses, The_Human Intellect, Books and Reading, The Science of Nature versus the Science of Man, The Elements of Intellectual Philosophy, The Elements of Moral Science, etc. also edited an edition of Webster's Dictionary. He died in 1892. He Porter, SIR ROBERT KER, artist and traveler, born at Durham about 1775; died at St. Petersburg in 1842. He was brother to Jane and Anna Maria Porter, became a student at the Royal Academy, painted several large battle-pieces, and in 1804 was invited to Russia by the emperor, who made him his historical painter. In 1808 he joined the British forces under Sir John Moore, whom he accompanied to Spain. Subsequently he returned to Russia and married the Princess Sherbatoff. In 1813 he obtained the honor of knighthood. (pseudonym Porter, WILLIAM SYDNEY (Ps on you Greensboro, N. C., in 1867; died in 1910. He became a journalist and later a short story writer for magazines and newspapers. In this field he was very prolific and highly capable, and his stories grew widely popular. Arkansas in 1862, and was promoted Port-Glasgow (glas'ko), a seaport commodore. Porter, FITZ-JOHN, soldier, was born in New Hampshire, and was graduated from West Point in 1845. He became a captain in 1856 and a colonel in 1861. For his courage at the battles of Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill in 1862 he was appointed major-general of volunteers. Though present with his corps at the second battle of Bull Run, he took no part in the contest, and was accused of delinquency by General Pope, tried by court-martial, and dismissed from the service. The charges against him were re-examined under President Hayes of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, on the southern bank of the estuary of the Clyde above Greenock. When the Clyde was deepened so as to enable large vessels to sail up to Glasgow, the trade of Port-Glasgow rapidly diminished. Recently, however, it has somewhat revived. The staple industries are shipbuilding and marine engineering; and there are manufactures of sailcloth, ropes, etc. Pop. 16,840. Port Hope, the northern shore of Lake Ontario, 63 miles N. E. of Toronto by the Grand Trunk Railway. The town a town of Canada, on Port Huron is beautifully situated at the base and on the declivity of the hills overlooking the lake. It has active industries, and a good trade in timber, grain and flour. Pop. (1911) 5089. Portland Beds Portland being the terminus of three important railways. The harbor is easy of access, capacious, deep enough for the largest vessels, and never obstructed with ice. Shipbuilding is largely carried on, Port Huron (hu'run), a city of and it has a valuable foreign trade, esMichigan, capital of pecially with London, Liverpool and St. Clair Co., on the St. Clair River, at Glasgow, and a large coastwise trade. It the southern extremity of Lake Huron is also extensively engaged in the cod and opposite Sarnia, Canada, with which and mackerel fisheries. Its industries init is connected by a tunnel under the clude extensive canning and packing river. It is a railroad terminus, and has works, oil refining, engine and stove daily steamship connections with Detroit, works, car and locomotive shops, heavy 62 miles distant. It is an important iron forgings, and other manufactures. grain and wool market, and has extensive Portland is an old town, the site being pipeworks, agricultural implements and first settled in 1632. Pop. 65,000. other factories, shipyards, dry docks, Portland, a city, capital of Jay Co. large elevators, etc. Under the city is Indiana, on the Salamonia a deposit of salt, also oil and natural River, 30 miles N. E. of Muncie. It has gas. Pop. 18,863. oil wells, lumber and flour mills and Portici (por'ti-che), a town in South- wood-working industries. Pop. 5130. ern Italy, on the Gulf of Portland, and capital of Multnomah the chief city of Oregon, Naples, at the base of Vesuvius. It is about 5 miles east from the city of Co., situated on the Willamette River, Naples, but is connected with it by the about 12 miles from its confluence with long village of S. Giovanni a Teduccio. the Columbia and at the head of naviga(See plan at Naples.) It is delightfully tion. It is the jobbing and financial situated, has many elegant villas, and is center of the Pacific Northwest and is surrounded by fine country seats. It pos- an important commercial and shipping sesses a royal palace, now the property of point, having regular steamship connecthe municipality of Naples. An active tion with San Francisco and other coast fishery is carried on. Pop. 14,239. cities, also with Asiatic ports. It is exPortico (por'ti-kō), in architecture, a tensively engaged in slaughtering and kind of porch before the en- packing, in ship and boat building, and trance of a building fronted with col- has numerous manufactures. Its exports umns, and either projecting in front of include wheat, lumber, fruit, flour, wool, the building or receding within it. Por- salmon, etc. The city is attractively ticoes are styled tetrastyle, hexastyle, built, and was the seat of the Lewis octostyle, decastyle, according as the col- and Clark exhibition of 1905. Pop. umas number four, six, eight, or ten. 265,000. and extensive inlet on the east coast of Australia in New South Wales, forming a well-sheltered harbor on the south shore of which Sydney stands. See Sydney. Port Jervis (jér'vis), a town and summer resort of Orange Co., New York, on the Delaware River, above the mouth of the Neversink, 88 miles N. w. of New York. It is surrounded by attractive scenery, and has extensive railroad shops, iron foundries, glassworks, glove and shoe factories, silkmills, etc. Pep. 9564. Portland (port'land), a seaport of Maine, capital of Cumberland Co., on a peninsula at the western by I. of Boston. It is a picturesque and extremity of Casco Bay, 108 miles N. Port Jackson (jak's'n), a beautiful Portland, ISLE OF, a peninsula, supposed to have been formerly an island in the county of Dorset, 50 miles w. 8. w. of Southampton, in the British Channel. It is attached to the mainland by a long ridge of shingle, called the Chesil Bank, and it consists chiefly of the well-known Portland stone (which see), which is chiefly worked by convicts, and is exported in large quantities. One of the most prominent objects in the island is the convict prison, situated on the top of a hill. It contains about 1500 convicts. The south extremity of the island is called the Bill of Portland, and between it and a bank called the Sham bles is a dangerous current called the Race of Portland. See also Portland Portland Beds, sion of the Upper Breakwater. Oölites occurring between the Purbeck Beds and the Kimmeridge Clay, consisting of beds of hard oölitic limestone and freestone interstratified with clays and well-built city, with handsome public buildings, and abundance of trees in many of its streets. This has given it the name of Forest City.' The trade, both maritime and inland, is extensive, in geology, a divi Portland Breakwater Porto Alegre resting on light-colored sands which con- cinerary urn or vase, of the third century tain fossils, chiefly mollusca and fish, with a few reptiles. They are named from the rocks of the group forming the isle of Portland in Dorsetshire, from whence they may be traced through Wiltshire as far as Oxfordshire. Portland Breakwater, the great after Christ, found in the tomb of the Emperor Alexander Severus. It is of transparent, dark-blue glass, coated with opaque, white glass, which has been cut down in the manner of a cameo, so as to give on each side groups of figures deli cately executed in relief, representing the est work marriage of Peleus and Thetis. In 1810 of the kind in Britain, runs from the the Duke of Portland, its owner, allowed northeast shoulder of the Isle of Port- it to be placed in the British Museum, land (which see) in a northeasterly direc- where it remained intact till the year tion, with a bend towards the English 1845, when it was maliciously broken. Channel, and forms a complete protection The pieces were carefully collected and to a large expanse of water between it very successfully reunited. and Weymouth, thus forming an im portant harbor of refuge. It consists of a sea-wall 100 feet high from the bottom of the sea, 300 feet thick at the base, and narrowing to the summit, and consists of two portions, one connected with the shore, 1900 feet in length, and another of 6200 feet in length, separated from the former by an opening 400 feet wide, through which ships can pass straight to sea with a northerly wind. It is protected by two circular forts, the principal at the north end of the longer portion. The work, which was carried out by government, occupied a period of nearly twenty-five years, ending with 1872. It is constructed of Portland stone. well-known Port Louis (lö'is), the capital of the island of Mauritius, on the northwest coast, beautifully situated in a cove formed by a series of basaltic hills, partially wooded, varying in height from 1058 to 2639 feet. The site is rather unhealthy. The streets, though rather narrow, are laid out at right angles and adorned with acacias. A mountain stream traverses the town, and an open space like a racecourse lies behind it. There are barracks, theater, public library, botanic garden, hospital, etc., but no buildings of architectural importance. The town and harbor are protected by batteries. Pop. 53,978. Port Lyttelton. See Lyttelton. Portland Cement, and largely Port Mahon (ma-on'), the capital used cement, which derives its name from its near resemblance in color to Portland stone. It is made from chalk and clay or mud in definite proportions. These materials are intimately mixed with water, and formed into a sludge. This is dried, and when caked is roasted in a kiln till it becomes hard. It is afterwards ground to a fine powder, in which of the island of Minorca, situated on a narrow inlet in the S. E. of the island. The harbor, protected by three forts, is one of the finest in the Mediterranean, and is capable of accommodating a large fleet of ships of the heaviest tonnage. Pop. 17,975. Port Natal. See Durban. state it is ready for market. This ce- Porto. Same as Oporto. ment is much employed along with gravel or shivers for making artificial stone. A Porto Alegre in Brazil, capital of (å-la'gre), a town month after it is set it forms a substance so hard as to emit a sound when struck. the province of Rio Grande do Sul, near is an oölitic lime- the northwest extremity of Lake Patos, Portland Stone, stone occurring in 150 miles N. N. w. of Rio Grande. It is great abundance in the Isle of Portland, well and regularly built. The harbor is England. (See Portland.) much visited by merchant vessels, and it Portland Vase (or BARBERINI), a has an important trade Pop. about celebrated ancient 100,000. Portobello Portobello (por'to-bel'lō), a parliamentary burgh (Leith district) of Scotland, 3 miles east of the city of Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth, much frequented as a summer resort. Pop. 9200. Porto Bello, a seaport of Panamá, on the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles N. N. w. of Panama. Formerly of some importance, it is now a poor and miserable place, although its fine harbor still attracts some trade. Porto Cabello (ka-ba'yō), a town of Venezuela, on the Caribbean Sea. It has a capacious and safe harbor. Pop., with district surround ing, about 14,000. Port Royal ucts are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cotton, tobacco, hides, live stock, dyewoods, timber, rice, etc. There are extensive phosphate deposits along the south coast. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and was settled by the Spaniards in 1510, who soon exterminated the natives. Invaded by the United States, July, 1898, it was ceded by Spain to that government by the treaty of peace. Since its occupation by the United States a good school system has been introduced, attendance being made compulsory, and various steps have been taken for the advancement of the people, including the establishment of a legislative assembly and trade advantages which have led to a large commerce with this country. Pop. 1,118,012. Porto Rico, SAN JUAN DE, the capital and principal sea Porto Ferrajo (fer-räyō), chief town of the island of Elba, on the north coast. Pop. 4222. Napoleon I resided here from May 5, port of the above island, on its north 1814, to February 26, 1815. coast, stands upon a small island con Port of Spain, the chief town of nected with the mainland by a bridge, the island of Trini- is surrounded by strong fortifications, and dad. It is a pleasant, well-built town; is the seat of the government. Pop. has two cathedrals, government house, 48,716. town-hall, courthouse, theater, barracks, Port Phillip, an active trade. It is a port of call for Port Royal bourne. See Mel Australia. (roi'al), a fortified town on the southeast coast of Jamaica, on a tongue of land, forming the south side of the harbor of Kingston. Its harbor is a station for British ships of war, and it contains the naval arsenal, hospital, etc. It has been often damaged by earthquakes. Pop. 14,000. a Cistercian convent in It is a naval station of the United States, Port Royal, France, which played an with a very large dry dock, 600 feet long by 75 wide, and capable of holding vessels with a draught of 30 feet. Pop. 682. Porto Rico (por to re'ko; Sp., Puerto Rico), formerly one of the Spanish West Indian Islands, the fourth in size of the Antilles, east of Hayti; area, with subordinate isles, 3596 square miles. The island is beautiful and very fertile. A range of mountains, covered with wood, traverses it from east to west, averaging about 1500 feet in height, but with one peak 3678 feet high. In the interior are extensive savannahs; and along the coast tracts of fertile land, from 5 to 10 miles wide. The streams are numerous, and some of the rivers can be ascended by ships to the foot of the mountains. There are numerous bays and creeks. The chief harbor is that of the capital, San Juan de Porto Rico; others are Mayaguez, Ponce, and Arecibo. The climate is rather healthy except during the rainy season (Sept.March). Gold is found in the mountain streams. Copper, iron, lead, and coal have also been found; and there are saline or salt ponds. The chief prod important part in the Jansenist controversy. It was situated near Chevreuse (department of Seine-et-Oise), about 15 miles s. w. of Paris, and was founded in 1204 by Matthieu de Montmorency, under the rule of St. Bernard. Port Royal, like many other religious houses, had fallen into degenerate habits, when in 1609 the abbess Jacqueline Marie Angélique Arnauld undertook its reform. The number of nuns increased considerably under her rule, and in 1625 they amounted to eighty. The building thus became too small, and the insalubrity of the situation induced them to seek another site. The mother of the abbess purchased the house of Cluny, in the Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris, to which a body of the nuns removed. The two sections of the convent were now distinguished as Port Royal des Champs and Port Royal de Paris. About 1636 a group of eminent literary men of decided religious tendencies took up their residence at Les Granges, near Port Royal des Champs, where they devoted themselves to religious exercises, the edu cation of youth, etc. These were re |