Peschiera Petchora Peschiera (pes-ki-a'rå), a town and Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'sē), JOHANN fortress of Italy, 20 miles HEINRICH (1746-1827), northwest of Mantua, one of the four a Swiss philanthropist and educational strongholds which form the famous reformer. After a few years of successful 'Quadrilateral.' Pop. 2962. teaching in various places he opened a Peseta (pesa'ta), the Spanish money school in the Castle of Yverdun (canton unit, equivalent to a franc. Vaud), which the government had placed Peshawar (pa-shä'wur), a town of at his disposal. His novel Lienhardt and India, in the Punjab, cap- Gertrud (1781-89, 4 vols.) exerted a powital of the division of the same name, 12 erful moral influence, while his educamiles east of the eastern extremity of tional treatises have laid the foundation the Khyber Pass. It covers a large area, for the more rational system of elemenis surrounded by a mud wall, and com- tary instruction which now obtains in manded by the Bala Hissar, a fort which Europe. The grand principle that lay at crowns an eminence just outside the the basis of Pestalozzi's method was that walls. It has several good mosques, but of communicating all instruction by direct few architectural attractions. It is appeal to the senses and the understandfavorably situated for commerce, lying in ing, and forming the child by constantly the great route from Bokhara and Cabul calling all his powers into exercise. to India, and its proximity to the Khyber Pesth, or PEST. See Budapest. Pass makes it an important strategical near point of British India, hence a British Pestilence. See Plague. garrison is stationed here. The population, including the military cantonment 2 Petain (pe-tan'), HENRI PHILIPPE, miles w. of the city proper, is 95,147. French soldier, born The cantonment accommodates a large Calais in 1856. He graduated from the force, the population in it being about St. Cyr military school and in 1890 be20,000. The division or commissioner- came captain of the Chasseurs à Pied. ship comprises the districts of Peshawar, He was made a general of a division in Hazara, and Kohat, with the control of September, 1914, and soon after the openpart of the hill tribes inhabiting the ing of the great war he commanded the Khyber Pass. Area, 8381 square miles. 23d Army Corps, taking a brilliant part in the Allied offensive in Artois in May Peshito (pe-she'to), or PESHITTO and June, 1915. (that is, 'simple,' true,' His greatest fame is or according to some, explained'), is based upon his heroic defense of Verdun, the name given to a Syriac translation February to June, 1916, from the reof the Öld and New Testaments, peated assaults of the German armies. Neither the time of its appearance nor He succeeded General Nivelle as chief of its authorship are positively known. It staff. is extremely faithful, and possesses high Petal (pet'al), an appellation given to the leaves of the corolla of authority, especially in regard to the New Testament, of which it is probably plants, in distinction from those of the the first translation that was made. calyx, called sepals. Four of the catholic epistles and the Petalite (pet'a-lit), a rare mineral, a silicate of aluminum and Revelation of St. John are wanting. lithium, containing from 5 to 6 per cent Peso (pa'so), a silver coin and money of the latter. It occurs in masses of of account which is used in Mex- foliated structure; color white, occasionico and other parts of Spanish America. ally tinged with red, green, or blue. It is often considered equivalent to a dollar. Petaluma (pet-a-lö'ma), a city in Sonoma county, CaliforPessimism (pes'i-mizm), a modern nia, 42 miles w. by N. of San Francisco. term to denote the opin- It has manufacturing and shipping interests. Pop. 5880. ion or doctrine that maintains the most unfavorable view of everything in nature, and that the present state of things only Petard (pe-tard'), a bell-shaped matends to evil; that in human existence with from 9 to 20 lbs. of powder. It was chine of gun-metal, and loaded there is an enormous surplus of pain formerly employed to break down gates, over pleasure, and that humanity can bridges, barriers, etc., by its explosion. find real good only by abnegation and self-sacrifice. It is antithetical to opti- Petaurus. See Flying-phalanger. mism, and as a speculative theory is the work of Schopenhauer and Von Hart- Petchora (pet-chō'ra), a river of mann, though it is preluded in the meta- of the government of Perm, on the westRussia, rises in the north physics of Brahmanism and the philos- ern slope of the Ural Mountains, and ophy of Buddhism. Petechiæ after a cour of about 900 miles falls Petechie (pe-tek'i-8), in medicine, a THE Peter I appointed to the highest offices. He then married the beautiful Juana de Castro, but only to abandon her after a few months. Two revolts against him were unsuccessful. On the second occasion, however, in 1366, Peter filed, and was dethroned, but he was reinstated in 1367 by an English army led by Edward the Black Prince. Executions and confiscations naturally followed, but these fresh cruelties only helped to swell the ranks of his opponents, of whom the chief was his half-brother, Henry of Transtamara. In 1369 Henry gained a signal victory over Peter at Montiel, and the latter was slain in a sword combat with his brother. APOSTLE, commonly called Saint Peter, was a Galilean fisherman from Bethsaida, originally named Simon, the son of Jona, and brother of St. Andrew, who conducted him to Christ. Jesus greeted Simon with the significant words, Thou art Simon the son of Jona; thou shalt be called Cephas' (in Greek Petros, a stone, whence the name Peter). After the miraculous draught of fishes Peter be- Peter THE HERMIT, an enthusiastie came a regular and intimate disciple of monk of Amiens, whose preachour Lord. The impetuosity of his char- ing, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (end acter led Peter, especially in the early of the eleventh century), gave rise to the days of his apostleship, to commit many first Crusade. (See Crusades.) Peter faults which drew upon him the rebuke led the way through Hungary at the of his divine Master. His zeal and elo- head of an undisciplined multitude of quence made him often the speaker in nearly 100,000 men, a comparatively small behalf of his fellow-apostles on important number of whom survived to reach their occasions, and his opinions had great destination, and distinguished himself by influence in the Christian churches. On his personal courage at the storming of one memorable occasion he incurred the the holy city. On his return to his narebuke of the apostle Paul in conse- tive country he founded the abbey of Noirquence of his behavior towards the Gen- moutier, and died its first superior in tile Christians in regard to social inter- 1115. course. Nothing certain is known of his subsequent life, but it is almost beyond doubt that he was a joint-founder of the church at Rome, and that he suffered martyrdom there, most likely under Nero, about 64 A. D. The only written documents left by Peter are his two Epistles. The genuineness of the First Epistle is placed beyond all reasonable doubt, both the external and internal evidence being of the strongest description; that of the Second Epistle, however, has been disputed by numerous critics on what appears to be plausible grounds. Doubts of its genuineness already existed in the time of Eusebius, and it was not admitted into the New Testament canon till 393 A. D. Peter I (THE GREAT), ALEXEIEVITCH, Emperor of Russia, born in 1672, was the eldest son by his second wife of the Czar Alexis Mikhailovitch. His elder brothers, Fedor and Ivan, were Peter THE CRUEL, King of Castile and Leon, born 1334, succeeded his father Alfonso XI in 1350, and died in 1369. His reign was one long series of cruelties and despotic acts. The year following his coronation he put to death Eleanora de Guzman, his father's mistress. In 1353 he married, though contrary to his will, Blanche of Bourbon, one of the most accomplished princesses of the time, whom, however, he aban- feeble in constitution. Fedor succeeded doned two days after his marriage in order to rejoin his mistress, Maria Padilla. The queen was imprisoned and divorced, and his mistress's relations Peter the Great. his father in 1676, and died in 1682. Ivan renounced the crown, and Peter was declared czar, with his mother, the Czarina Natalia Kirilovna, as regent. PETER THE HERMIT, IN THE PRESENCE OF POPE URBAN II., PREACHING THE FIRST CRUSADE AT CLERMONT, IN AUVERGNE, "DEUS VULT, DEUS VULT." Peter II Sophia, third daughter of Alexis, ambi- teen years old. tious to govern, succeeded in having Ivan smallpox, and proclaimed czar jointly with Peter, and Ivanovna. Peterborough He died in 1730 of the was succeeded by Anna FEODOROVITCH, Emperor herself regent. Peter was relegated to Peter III, Russia, born in 1728, was the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great, and the Duke of Holstein. Peter III ascended the throne in January, 1762, but on account of his German proclivities and other causes a conspiracy broke out in July of the same year. He abdicated on the 10th, and was murdered on the 17th of the same month. private life, his education purposely neg- civilized nations. His journey to Hol episcopal city and and to place its people in the ranks of Peterborough (peter-bur-o), an land and England (1697-98), when he parliamentary borough of England, partly worked as an artisan in shipyards, is in Huntingdonshire, but chiefly in county familiar; and the knowledge he there Northampton, on the left bank of the gained was amply profited by on his re- Nen, 76 miles N. of London. It is an turn. Peter, however, not only created important railway and agricultural cena navy, but gave Russia a seaboard and ter. The principal building is its catheseaports by wresting the Baltic prov- dral, originally founded in 655, destroyed inces from Charles XII of Sweden. by the Danes in 870; rebuilt in 966, and Young Russian nobles were obliged to again partly destroyed by fire in 1116. travel; schools of navigation and mathe- It has its present form since the commatics were founded; agriculture was mencement of the sixteenth century. The improved by the introduction of imple- prevailing character of the building is ments, seeds, and superior breeds of cat- Norman, but it exhibits examples of the tle. Peter imported foreign artisans of transition, early English, decorated Engall kinds, established manufactories of lish, and perpendicular styles. Some arms, tools, and fabrics, and distributed alterations and restorations have recently metallurgists through the mining districts been carried out. The bishopric was of Russia; roads and canals were made founded by Henry VIII (1541), and his to foster internal commerce, and to ex- wife, Catharine of Aragon, was interred tend trade with Asia. In 1703 he laid in this cathedral. Peterborough received the foundation of St. Petersburg, and a municipal charter in 1874. Pop. twenty years later of its Academy of (1911) 33,578. Sciences. Laws and institutions which Peterborough, a flourishing town in any way interfered with his projects of Canada, province he either abolished or altered. In his of Ontario, on the river Otonabee, 26 zeal to do good he was too frequently miles north of Lake Ontario. It is well injudicious in choosing times and sea- built; has manufactures of machinery, sons, and the least show of opposition agricultural implements, etc., and being a irritated him into ferocity. He repudi- railway center has a good trade. Pop. ated his wife a few years after marriage (1911) 18.360. CHARLES MORDAUNT, for her reactionary leanings; for the Peterborough, EARL OF, born about same reason his son Alexis was ill treated, compelled to renounce the succession, and condemned to death, but died suddenly before sentence could be carried out. Peter died January 28, 1725, the immediate cause being inflammation, contracted while assisting in the rescue of some soldiers in Lake Ladoga. In 1707 he had married his mistress Catharine; this marriage was publicly celebrated in 1712; Catharine was crowned in 1724, and succeeded Peter after his death. See Catharine I. ALEXEIEVITCH, Emperor of 1658, succeeded his father, Lord Mordaunt, 1675, and his uncle in the earldom of Peterborough, 1697. William of Orange created him Earl of Monmouth, and appointed him first commissioner of the treasury for his services in connection with the dethronement of James II. He eminently distinguished himself in Spain as a commander in the Spanish Succession war, 1703, especially by the capture of Barcelona, and received the thanks of the British parliament. He also held several diplomatic posts; was Peter, Russia, grandson of Peter created a Knight of the Garter in 1718, the Great and son of Alexis, ascended the throne in consequence of the will of Catharine I, in 1727, when but thir general of the British marine forces in 1722, and died in 1735 on a voyage to Lisbon. |