Red-bird

book containing the

Red-book, a names of all the persons

Redeemable Rights

es

Red-bird,
the popular name of sev- 1890, he and his followers stampeded to
eral birds in the United the hills. In his later years he was kept
States, as the Tanagra æstiva or sum- at the Pine Ridge Agency, where he died
mer red-bird, the Tanagra rubra, and the December 10, 1909, about 90 years of age.
Baltimore oriole or hang-nest.
Red Coral (Corallium rubrum), an
important genus of sclero-
basic corals belonging to the order Alcy-
in the service of the English government, onaria. Red coral is highly valued for
The red-book of the exchequer is an an- the manufacture of jewelry, and is ob-
cient English record in which are regis- tained from the coasts of Sicily, Italy, and
tered the names of all that held lands per other parts of the Mediterranean.
baroniam in the time of Henry II. Red Cross Societies, benevolent as-
sociations
or ROBIN REDBREAST
Redbreast,
(Erythacus rubecõla), a tablished immediately after the Geneva
species of bird belonging to the Den- Convention of 1863 for the purpose of
tirostral section of the Insessores, and to assisting the wounded in time of war.
The A central international committee main-
the family Sylviadæ, or warblers.
red breast of the male is the distinguish- tains the connection between the various
The distinctive badge of the
ing feature of these well-known birds, the societies.
female possessing the breast of a duller societies is a red Greek cross on a white
Since their institution they
yellowish-brown color. The young are of ground.
a dull yellowish-green color, and want the have done much to alleviate the horrors
characteristic breast-coloring of the adult. of war and have lent their aid in dis-
(See Geneva
In Britain the redbreast is a permanent asters of various kinds.
resident, but in more northern countries Convention.) An association bearing the
it appears to be migratory, flying south- title of the American National Red Cross
wards in winter. It is a permanent bird was incorporated by Congress in 1901, on
in all the temperate parts of Europe, and the lines of the Geneva Red Cross Society
During the European war
it also occurs in Asia Minor and in North of 1863.
Africa. The nest is made of moss and (q. v.) the American branch of this or-
leaves, and is lined internally with ganization became marvelously active,
feathers. The eggs number five or six, bringing relief to every nation engaged in
and are white, spotted with pale brown. warlike operations. Before the entry of
The robin redbreast of America is a the United States into the war money and
thrush, the Merula migratoria, congeneric supplies valued at $4,000,000 had been
with the British blackbird; and one of the contributed for this work and within six
bluebirds, the Sialia sialis, is usually months thereafter an additional fund of
called the blue robin. The species of the over $100,000.000 had been raised.
Australian genus Petraca, allied to the membership, 280,000 on Dec. 1, 1916, had
wheatears, and remarkable for their become more than 3,500,000 in Sept.,
1917, while 12,000 nurses were enrolled.
bright plumage, are called 'robins.
species of juniper The headquarters of the society were at
Red Cedar, a
(Juniperus virginiana), Washington, with Woodrow Wilson as
found in the United States and the West president and William H. Taft as vice-
Indies; the heartwood is of a bright red, president, but in every town and village of
smooth, and moderately soft, and is in the United States materials for the use of
much request for the wooden covering of the society were being diligently prepared,
black-lead pencils. The demand for this while throughout the warring countries of
purpose is so great that the tree is be- Europe the agents of the society were
everywhere engaged in the work of relief.
coming very scarce.
Red Currant (Ribes rubrum), a
deciduous shrub much
cultivated for its fruit, indigenous in the
northern portions of Europe and America.
The juice of the fruit is used for making
jelly, and a well-known fermented liquor
called currant wine.

Red Chalk. See Reddle.
Red Cloud,
a noted chief of the
Sioux Indians, born about
1820, and the last of the famous chiefs
of the Sioux nation. He first came into
notice as the leader in the Fetterman
massacre of 1866 in Wyoming, when 100 Red-deer.
men commanded by Captain Fetterman

were surrounded and all killed. Made Redditch

See Stag.

The

(red'dich), a town of England, county of Worcester, leader of the Sioux warriors, he became a terror to the whites in the region 12% miles s. s. w. of Birmingham. It is where he ruled, making frequent raids irregularly but generally well built, and and committing many depredations. has manufactures of needles, hooks and After the battle of Wounded Knee, in eyes, and fishing-tackle. Pop. 15,463.

Redemption

Redondillas

Redemption (re-dem'shun), in the Red Hand, in heraldry, originally the arms of the province of

ology, the purchase of God's favor by the sufferings and death of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law by the atonement of Christ.

Redemption, EQUITY OF. See Equity.

Ulster, but granted to baronets as their
distinguishing badge on the institution
of the order in 1611. It consists of a
sinister (or left) hand, open, erect, show-
ing the palm.
See Indians.

Red Indians.

Redemptorists (re-demptor-istz). Redlands, a city in San Bernardino Co., California, 8 miles

a religious congregation founded in Naples by Liguori in 1732. They devote themselves to the education of youth and the spread of Roman Catholicism. They style themselves members of the congregation of the Holy Redeemer. By the law of 1872 they were expelled from Germany, and in the year 1880 France treated them in the same manner. They are also called Liguorists.

s. E. of San Bernardino. It is in the
center of the orange country and has
canning and packing industries, etc.
Also a health resort. Pop. 10,449.
Red-lead (PbO.), an oxide of lead
produced by heating the
protoxide in contact with air. It is much
used as a pigment, and is commonly
known as Minium.
IMPROVED ORDER OF, a

Red-fish, a species of fish (Sebastes Red-Men, social and benevolent or

marinus) found on the Atlantic coast of North America, a large red fish caught in considerable numbers for food. A smaller species (S. vivipărus) receives the same name, and is called also Red-perch, Rose-fish, etc. The bergylt (which see) is closely akin.

ganization founded in the United States in 1763, and again in 1834. It is based on the customs of the American aborigines and is the oldest society of its kind founded in the United States. The order is composed of subordinate bodies called tribes, officered by sachems, sagamores, prophets, etc. There are over 5200 of these tribes, with a membership of nearly 500,000.

Redmond, JOHN EDWARD, Irish states

Redgrave (red'grav), RICHARD, born in London in 1804; became a student of the Royal Academy in 1826; his first notable picture was Gulliver at the Farmer's Table; in 1840, man, born at Waterford in when he exhibited The Reduced Gentle- 1851, became a barrister at Gray's Inn man's Daughter, he was elected an As- 1886, and in Ireland 1887. He was a sociate, and in 1851 became a Royal member of Parliament from New Ross, Academician. He produced other valu- 1881-85; North Wexford, 1885-91, and able paintings and from being head- Waterford since 1891. He was leader of master of the Government School of the Irish Nationalist party and under his Design he became inspector-general of leadership the Home Rule Bill was passed art schools, and arranged the Museum of in 1914. Redmond agreed to the postArt at South Kensington. He was joint author with his brother of A Century of Painters (1866.) Among his later pictures were Sermons in Stones (1871); The Oak of the Mill Head (1876); Friday Street, Wotton (1878); and Hidden Among the Hills (1881). He died Dec. 14, 1888.- His brother SAMUEL, born 1802; died 1876, is chiefly known for his Dictionary of Artists of the British School.

He

As

ponement of the bill during the war. died March 6, 1918, John Dillon succeeding him as Nationalist leader. His brother, Major William Hoey Redmond, was killed in action in France in 1917. Red Ochre, a name common to a variety of pigments, rather than designating an individual color, and comprehending Indian red, light red. Venetian red, scarlet ochre, Indian ochre, reddle, bole, and other oxides of iron. a mineral it designates a soft earthy variety of hæmatite. Redondillas (red-on-dil'yas), the name given to a spesouth of Europe, consisting of a union cies of versification formerly used in the of which generally the first rhymed with of verses of four, six, and eight syllables, Red Gum-tree, an Eucalypti Eu- At a later period verses of six and eight one of the Austra- the fourth and the second with the third. calyptus resinifera), yielding a gum-resin Portuguese poetry, were called redondilsyllables in general, in Spanish and valued for medicinal uses,

Red Gum, the popular name of a florid eruption usually occurring in infants before and during first dentition, and appearing on the most exposed parts, as the face, neck, arms, and hands. It is almost always an innocent disease, and seldom lasts over a month.

Red Orpiment

Red Sea

las, whether they made perfect rhymes or length is 665 miles, 525 of which are in assonances only. the United States. In Manitoba it restream, at its junction with which stands

a settlement form

Red Orpiment. Same as Realgar. ceives the Assiniboine, another large Redout (re-dout'), in fortification. a the town of Winnipeg. general name for nearly every Red River Settlement, class of works wholly inclosed and undefended by reëntering or flanking an- ed in 1812 in Canada by the Earl gles. The word is, however, most gen- of Selkirk on the banks of the above erally used for a small inclosed work of various form-polygonal, square, triangular, or even circular, and used mainly as a temporary field work.

Red-pole, RED-POLL, a name given to

river; repurchased by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1836; finally transferred to the Canadian government in 1870, and now made part of the province of Manitoba.

Red Root, a name given to several

Red Pine, a species of pine (Pinus rubra), also called Norway Pine. Its wood is very resinous plants, one of them Ceaand durable, and is much used in house nothus Americānus, natural order Rhamand ship-building. It produces turpen- naceæ. It has simple alternate leaves tine, tar, pitch, resin, and lampblack. and large red roots, and is found in North America, where the leaves are used sometimes to make an infusion of tea. Redruth (red'ruth), a market town of England, county of Cornwall, 9 miles northwest of Falmouth. The inhabitants are principally employed in the tin and copper mines of the neighborhood. Pop. (1911) 10,815. Red Sea, or ARABIAN GULF, a branch

several species of linnets. The greater redpole is the Linōta cannabina, the mealy red-pole is the L. borealis or canescens; and the little redpole is the L. linaria. The same name is given to the Sylvicola petechia of America, also called the red-headed warbler and yellow red-pole.

Red River, a large river of the

United States, the southernmost of the great tributaries of the Mississippi. It rises in northern Texas, and has several sources, the chief, besides the main stream, being called the North and South Forks, which unite with it on the boundary line between Texas and eastern Oklahoma. The stream then flows E. S. E., forming the boundary between Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas; cuts off a corner of the latter state, and then flowing through Louisiana, falls into the Mississippi, 125 miles northwest of New Orleans; total course estimated at 1550 miles; chief affluents the Washita, which joins it in Louisiana. and the False Washita, which it receives in Oklahoma. Much of its course is through rich prairies. About 1200 miles of the river are useful for navigation, but its mouth at low water can be entered only by boats drawing 2 feet.

or SONG-KA,

a large

of the Indian Ocean, communicating with it by the Strait of Babel-Mandeb, stretching in a N. N. W. direction between Arabia on the east, Abyssinia, Nubia, and Egypt on the west, and connected with the Mediterranean on the north by the Suez Canal. It forms a long and narrow expanse, stretching for 1450 miles, with a breadth which averages about 180 miles, but diminishes gradually at its extremities. At the northern end it divides into two branches, one of which, forming the Gulf of Akaba, penetrates into Arabia for about 100 miles, with an average breadth of about 15 miles; while the other, forming the Gulf of Suez, penetrates between Arabia and Egypt for about 200 miles, with an average breadth of about 20 miles. The shores consist generally of a low, sandy tract, varying in width from 10 to 30 miles, and suddenly terminated by the abutments of a lofty table-land of

Red River, fiver of Tonquin, formed 3000 feet to 6000 feet high. Occupying

by the junction of the Leteën and Songshai, the former rising in China, the latter in Laos. It flows S. E., passes Hanoi, and falls by several mouths into the Gulf of Tonquin.

a long deep valley this water expanse has gradually been divided into three channels formed by coral reefs and islands. In the main channel the depth reaches in one place 1054 fathoms, but river diminishes towards the extremities to 40

Red River of the North, a North fathoms, while in the harbor of Suez it

America, which rises in Elbow Lake, in Minnesota, flows south and southwest, and then nearly north, crossing from the United States into Manitoba, where it falls into Lake Winnipeg. Its entire

amounts to only 3 fathoms. From October to May, when the wind sets steadily from the south, a strong current flows in from the Strait of Bab-elMandeb: while from May to October. the

Redshank

north wind continues to blow, which Red-top, gives the current a southern direction.

Red-wood

a well-known species of bent-grass, the Agrostis The result of this is to raise the sea- vulgāris, highly valued in United States level by several feet north and south for pasturage and hay for cattle. Called alternately. The atmosphere is exces- also English Grass and Herd's-grass. Isively hot in the warm season. The prin- Reductio ad absurdum, a spe

cipal harbors of the Red Sea are, on the African coast, Suez, Kosseir, Suakin, and Massowa; and on the Arabian coast, Jedda (the port of Mecca), Hodeida, and Mocha. The cross trade consists chiefly of slaves from Africa and pilgrims to Mecca, but the through traffic has been immensely increased by the Suez Canal. The Israelites are supposed to

cies of argument much used in geometry, which proves not the thing asserted, but the absurdity of everything which contradicts it. In this way the proposition is not proved in a direct manner by principles before laid down, but it is shown that the contrary is absurd or impossible. Reduction (re-duk'shun), in arithhave crossed the Red Sea at its northern metic, the bringing of extremity in the Gulf of Suez, and near numbers of one denomination into anthe town of that name, but opinions other, as farthings to shillings, or shilvary as to the precise spot. lings to farthings; pounds, ounces, pennyweights, and grains to grains, or grains to pounds. Red-water,

a disease of cattle, and occasionally of sheep, in which the appetite and rumination become irregular, the bowels speedily be come constipated, and the urine reddened with broken-down red globules of blood. It is caused by eating coarse, indigestible, innutritive food, by continued exposure to inclement weather, and other causes

Redshank, a bird of the genus Toanus, the T. calidris, so called from its red legs. It is about 11 inches long, and is known as a summer bird of passage in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, occurring in winter as far south as India. The spotted redshank (T. fuscus) visits Northern Europe in its spring and autumn migrations. Red-snow. See Protococcus. Redstart, a bird (Ruticilla phoeni- which lead to a deteriorated state of the cura) belonging to the blood. Called also Bloody Urine, Hamafamily Sylviadæ, nearly allied to the turia, and Moor-ill. redbreast, but having a more slender Redwing, a species of thrush (Turdus iliacus), well known as a winter bird of passage. It spends the summer in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, its winter range extending to the Mediterranean. It is about equal to the song thrush in size, congregates in large flocks, and has an exquisite song.

form and a more slender bill. It is
found in almost all parts of Britain as
a summer bird of passage, and has a soft
sweet song.
The tail is red, whence the

Redstart (Ruticilla phoenicuūra).

name, start being Anglo-Saxon steort, a tail. The forehead is white, the throat black, the upper parts lead-gray or brown. The black redstart (Phoenicura tithys) is distinguished from the common redstart by being sooty black on the breast and belly where the other is reddish brown. The American redstart is a small bird of the family Musicapidæ or fly-catchers, common in most parts of North America.

Redwing, hue Co., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River at the upper end of Lake Pepin, 41 miles s. E. of St. Paul. It is an important market for wheat, and has manufactures of flour, stoneware, iron, sewer-pipe, boats, furniture, etc. Pop. 9048.

a city, the capital of Good

Red-wood, the name of various sorts

of wood of a red color, as an Indian dyewood, the produce of Pterocarpus santalinus; the wood of Gordonia Hæmatoxylon, the red-wood of Jamaica; that of Pterocarpus dalbergioides, or Andaman wood; that of Ceano thus colubrinus, the red-wood of the Bahamas; that of Sequoia sempervirens, a coniferous tree of California, the redwood of the timber trade; that of Soymida febrifuga, of which the bark is used in India for fevers, and has been employed successfully in Europe for tynhus. The Californian red-wood is the

Ree

best known. The tree reaches a very great size, and forms forests in the coast mountains of California. It is closely related to the giant trees of California. The red-wood trees range from 4 to 6 feet in diameter. The lumber from it is of a deep red color, takes a beautiful polish, and is much valued for decorative purposes.

Reef

in 1860 and studied law. He was a member of the Maine legislature 1868-70 and attorney-general of the state 1870-72. In 1876 he was elected to Congress, and was Speaker of the House for three terms. As such he proved an able parliamentarian, and became widely known for his energy and arbitrary decision in 1890 of counting a quorum of members present despite their declining to vote. This decision as to actual presence and constructive absence made him bitter enemies, but was sustained by the Supreme Court. He resigned in 1899 and engaged in legal business in New York, where he died Dec. 6, 1902. Reed Bird. See Rice Bunting.

genus Typha, natural order Typhaceae. Two species are common, T. latifolia, or greater reed-mace, and T. angustifolia, the lesser. These plants are also known by the name of cat-tail, and grow in ditches and marshy places, and on the borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers. They are tall, stout, erect plants, sometimes 6 or 8 feet high, with creeping root-stocks, long flag-like leaves, and long dense cylindrical brown spikes of minute flowers. They are sometimes erroneously called bulrush. Reef (ref), a certain portion of a sail

Ree, LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, formed by the Shannon, between the counties of Longford, Westmeath, and Roscommon, 17 miles long and 1 mile to 6 miles broad, studded with islands. Reebok (ra'bok; that is roebuck), a species of South African antelope, the Antilope capreolus. The horns are smooth, long, straight, and slender. The reebok is 21 feet high at the Reed-mace (red-mas), a plant of the shoulder, of a slighter and more graceful form than the generality of other antelopes, and extremely swift. Reed (red), a name usually applied indiscriminately to all tall, broad. leaved grasses which grow along the banks of streams, pools, and lakes, and even to other plants with similar leaves, growing in such situations, as the bamboo. Strictly speaking, however, it is the name given to plants of the genera Arundo, Psamma, and Phragmites, and especially to Phragmites communis (the common reed). This, the largest of all the grasses of northern climates, is used for roofing cottages, etc. It is exceeded in size by the Arundo donax of Southern Europe, which sometimes grows to the height of 12 feet. The sea-reed or matgrass (Ammophila (or Psamma) arenaria) is often an important agent in binding together the masses of loose sand on sea-shores. The bur-reed (reedgrass) is of the genus Sparganium of the reed-mace order. See Reed-mace. in music, a vibrating slip or tongue in the mouthpiece through which a hautboy, bassoon, or clarinet is blown, originally made of reed; or one of the thin plates of metal whose vibrations produce the notes of an accordion, concertina, or harmonium, or a similar contrivance in an organpipe.

Reed, in

between the top or bottom and a row of eyelet-holes running across the sail, one or more reefs being folded or rolled up to contract the sail in proportion to the increase of the wind. There are sets of cords called reef-points attached to the sail for tying up the reefs,

Wherry with fore-sail reefed, the main-sail showing reef-bands and reef-points.

and the sail is also strengthened by reefbands across it. There are several reefs parallel to each other in the superior sails, and there are always three or four reefs parallel to the foot or bottom of