The Physics of Musical InstrumentsSpringer Science & Business Media, 23 Μαΐ 2008 - 756 σελίδες When we wrote the first edition of this book, we directed our presenta tion to the reader with a compelling interest in musical instruments who has "a reasonable grasp of physics and who is not frightened by a little mathematics." We are delighted to find how many such people there are. The opportunity afforded by the preparation of this second edition has allowed us to bring our discussion up to date by including those new insights that have arisen from the work of many dedicated researchers over the past decade. We have also taken the opportunity to revise our presentation of some aspects of the subject to make it more general and, we hope, more immediately accessible. We have, of course, corrected any errors that have come to our attention, and we express our thanks to those friends who pointed out such defects in the early printings of the first edition. We hope that this book will continue to serve as a guide, both to those undertaking research in the field and to those who simply have a deep interest in the subject. June 1991 N.H.F and T.D.R. |
Περιεχόμενα
Free and Forced Vibrations of Simple Systems | 3 |
11 Simple Harmonic Motion in One Dimension | 4 |
12 Complex Amplitudes | 6 |
13 Superposition of Two Harmonic Motions in One Dimension | 7 |
14 Energy | 10 |
15 Damped Oscillations | 11 |
16 Other Simple Vibrating Systems | 13 |
17 Forced Oscillations | 18 |
112 The Harp | 336 |
113 The Harpsichord | 340 |
114 Harpsichord Design Considerations | 343 |
115 Harpsichord Characteristics | 346 |
116 The Clavichord | 347 |
References | 350 |
The Piano | 352 |
121 General Design of Pianos | 353 |
18 Transient Response of an Oscillator | 21 |
19 TwoDimensional Harmonic Oscillator | 23 |
Lissajous Figures | 25 |
111 Normal Modes of TwoMass Systems | 26 |
112 Nonlinearity | 28 |
Appendix | 29 |
References | 32 |
Continuous Systems in One Dimension Strings and Bars | 34 |
22 Transverse Wave Equation for a String | 36 |
Traveling Waves | 37 |
24 Reflection at Fixed and Free Ends | 38 |
25 Simple Harmonic Solutions to the Wave Equation | 39 |
27 Energy of a Vibrating String | 40 |
29 Struck String | 44 |
210 Bowed String | 46 |
Impedance | 50 |
212 Motion of the End Supports | 52 |
213 Damping | 53 |
214 Longitudinal Vibrations of a String or Thin Bar | 56 |
215 Bending Waves in a Bar | 58 |
216 Bars with Fixed and Free Ends | 60 |
Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation | 63 |
218 Vibrations of a Stiff String | 64 |
Cutoff Frequency | 65 |
220 Torsional Vibrations of a Bar | 66 |
References | 68 |
TwoDimensional Systems Membranes Plates and Shells | 70 |
Degeneracy | 72 |
33 Circular Membranes | 73 |
Stiffness and Air Loading | 75 |
35 Waves in a Thin Plate | 76 |
36 Circular Plates | 78 |
37 Elliptical Plates | 80 |
39 Square Plates | 83 |
310 Square and Rectangular Plates with Clamped Edges | 85 |
311 Rectangular Wood Plates | 88 |
312 Bending Stiffness in a Membrane | 91 |
313 Vibration of Shells | 92 |
314 Driving Point Impedance | 96 |
References | 99 |
Coupled Vibrating Systems | 102 |
42 Normal Modes | 103 |
43 Weak and Strong Coupling | 105 |
44 Forced Vibrations | 107 |
45 Coupled Electrical Circuits | 111 |
46 Forced Vibration of a TwoMass System | 115 |
47 Systems with Many Masses | 116 |
48 Graphical Representation of Frequency Response Functions | 117 |
49 Vibrating String Coupled to a Soundboard | 119 |
410 Two Strings Coupled by a Bridge | 120 |
APPENDIX | 125 |
References | 131 |
Nonlinear Systems | 133 |
51 A General Method of Solution | 134 |
52 The Nonlinear Oscillator | 136 |
53 The SelfExcited Oscillator | 139 |
54 Multimode Systems | 140 |
55 Mode Locking in SelfExcited Systems | 143 |
56 Nonlinear Effects in Strings | 144 |
57 Nonlinear Effects in Plates and Shells | 148 |
References | 150 |
Sound Waves | 153 |
Sound Waves in Air | 155 |
61 Plane Waves | 156 |
62 Spherical Waves | 160 |
63 Sound Pressure Level and Intensity | 161 |
64 Reflection Diffraction and Absorption | 163 |
65 Normal Modes in Cavities | 167 |
References | 169 |
Sound Radiation | 171 |
72 Pairs of Point Sources | 174 |
73 Arrays of Point Sources | 176 |
74 Radiation from a Spherical Source | 179 |
75 Line Sources | 181 |
77 Unbaffled Radiators | 185 |
78 Radiation from Large Plates | 186 |
References | 189 |
Pipes Horns and Cavities | 190 |
82 Wall Losses | 193 |
83 Finite Cylindrical Pipes | 196 |
84 Radiation from a Pipe | 201 |
85 Impedance Curves | 202 |
86 Horns | 205 |
87 Finite Conical Horns | 210 |
88 Bessel Horns | 213 |
89 Compound Horns | 216 |
810 Perturbations | 218 |
811 Numerical Calculations | 220 |
813 Measurement of Acoustic Impedance | 222 |
814 The Time Domain | 223 |
815 Network Analogs | 227 |
References | 232 |
String Instruments | 237 |
Guitars and Lutes | 239 |
92 The Guitar as a System of Coupled Vibrators | 240 |
93 Force Exerted by the String | 241 |
94 Modes of Vibration of Component Parts | 245 |
TwoOscillator Model | 248 |
ThreeOscillator Model | 250 |
97 Resonances of a Guitar Body | 251 |
98 Response to String Forces | 253 |
99 Sound Radiation | 256 |
910 Resonances Radiated Sound and Quality | 258 |
911 A Family of Scaled Guitars | 260 |
912 Use of Synthetic Materials | 261 |
913 Electric Guitars | 262 |
914 Frets and Compensation | 263 |
915 Lutes | 264 |
916 Other Plucked String Instruments | 265 |
917 OneSided Bridge Constraints | 268 |
References | 269 |
Bowed String Instruments | 272 |
102 Research on Violin Acoustics | 273 |
103 Construction of the Violin | 274 |
104 Motion of Bowed Strings | 275 |
105 Violin Body Vibrations | 285 |
106 Transient Wave Response of the Violin Body | 294 |
107 Soundpost and Bass Bar | 295 |
108 The Bridge | 297 |
109 Sound Radiation | 301 |
1010 The Bow | 310 |
1011 Wolf Notes and Payability | 312 |
1012 Tonal Quality of Violins | 313 |
1013 Viola Cello and Double Bass | 318 |
1014 Viols | 319 |
1015 A New Violin Family | 322 |
References | 326 |
Harps Harpsichords Clavichords and Dulcimers | 331 |
122 Piano Action | 354 |
123 Piano Strings | 362 |
124 Piano Hammers | 366 |
125 The Soundboard | 374 |
Interaction of Strings Bridge and Soundboard | 383 |
127 Scaling and Tuning | 387 |
128 Tuning and Inharmonicity | 388 |
129 Timbre | 390 |
1210 Electric Pianos | 396 |
Wind Instruments | 399 |
Sound Generation by Reed and Lip Vibrations | 401 |
132 QuasiStatic Model | 403 |
133 Generator Behavior at Playing Frequency | 406 |
134 Free Reeds | 413 |
135 Generators Coupled to Horns | 415 |
136 LargeAmplitude Behavior | 418 |
137 Nonlinear Analysis | 422 |
138 Numerical Simulation | 424 |
References | 426 |
LipDriven Brass Instruments | 429 |
142 Horn Profiles | 431 |
143 Mouthpieces | 433 |
144 Radiation | 437 |
145 Slides and Valves | 440 |
146 SmallAmplitude Nonlinearity | 442 |
147 LargeAmplitude Nonlinearity | 445 |
148 Input Impedance Curves | 449 |
149 Transients | 450 |
1410 Acoustic Spectra | 453 |
1412 Performance Technique | 455 |
References | 459 |
Woodwind Reed Instruments | 461 |
152 Finger Holes | 464 |
153 Impedance Curves | 470 |
154 Reed and Air Column Interaction | 477 |
155 Directionality | 480 |
156 Performance Technique | 481 |
157 Acoustic Efficiency | 484 |
159 The Clarinet | 486 |
1510 The Oboe | 491 |
1511 The Bassoon | 494 |
1512 The Saxophone | 496 |
1513 Capped Reed Instruments | 497 |
References | 500 |
Flutes and Flue Organ Pipes | 503 |
162 Disturbance of an Air Jet | 509 |
163 JetResonator Interaction | 511 |
164 The Regenerative Excitation Mechanism | 516 |
165 Rigorous FluidDynamics Approaches | 521 |
166 Nonlinearity and Harmonic Generation | 522 |
167 Transients and Mode Transitions | 525 |
168 Aerodynamic Noise | 528 |
169 Simple FluteType Instruments | 529 |
1610 The Recorder | 531 |
1611 The Flute | 537 |
References | 548 |
Pipe Organs | 552 |
171 General Design Principles | 553 |
172 Organ Pipe Ranks | 557 |
173 Flue Pipe Ranks | 559 |
174 Characteristic Flue Pipes | 563 |
175 Mixtures and Mutations | 564 |
176 Tuning and Temperament | 566 |
177 Sound Radiation from Flue Pipes | 568 |
178 Transients in Flue Pipes | 569 |
179 Flue Pipe Voicing | 570 |
1710 Effect of Pipe Material | 571 |
1711 Reed Pipe Ranks | 573 |
1712 Analysis of Timbre | 575 |
1713 Tonal Architecture | 577 |
References | 578 |
Percussion Instruments | 581 |
Drums | 583 |
181 Kettledrums | 584 |
182 Bass Drums | 599 |
183 Snare Drums | 602 |
184 TomToms | 606 |
185 Indian Drums | 609 |
186 Japanese Drums | 615 |
187 Indonesian Drums | 618 |
189 Tambourines | 620 |
621 | |
Mallet Percussion Instruments | 623 |
192 The Marimba | 624 |
193 Tuning the Bars | 627 |
194 Resonators | 633 |
195 The Xylophone | 636 |
196 Vibes | 638 |
197 Mallets | 639 |
198 Chimes | 641 |
199 Triangles and Pentangles | 642 |
1910 Gamelan Instruments | 645 |
647 | |
Cymbals Gongs Plates and Steel Drums | 649 |
202 TamTams | 656 |
203 Gongs | 660 |
204 Crotales | 663 |
205 Bell Plates | 665 |
207 Steel Pans | 667 |
673 | |
Bells | 675 |
211 Modes of Vibration of Church Bells | 676 |
212 Tuning and Temperament | 681 |
213 The Strike Note | 682 |
214 MajorThird Bells | 685 |
215 Sound Decay and Warble | 686 |
216 Scaling of Bells | 688 |
217 Modes of Vibration of Handbells | 691 |
218 Timbre and Tuning of Handbells | 694 |
219 Sound Decay and Warble in Handbells | 695 |
2110 Scaling of Handbells | 696 |
2111 Sound Radiation | 697 |
2112 Bass Handbells | 699 |
2114 Ancient Chinese TwoTone Bells | 700 |
2115 Temple Bells of China Korea and Japan | 701 |
705 | |
Materials | 709 |
Materials for Musical Instruments | 711 |
221 Mechanical Properties of Materials | 712 |
222 Materials for Wind Instruments | 717 |
223 Wood | 719 |
224 Plastics and Composite Materials | 726 |
225 Metals | 728 |
226 Conclusion | 732 |
References | 733 |
735 | |
743 | |
Άλλες εκδόσεις - Προβολή όλων
The Physics of Musical Instruments Neville H. Fletcher,Thomas D. Rossing Περιορισμένη προεπισκόπηση - 2013 |
The Physics of Musical Instruments Neville Fletcher,Thomas Rossing Δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμη προεπισκόπηση - 2010 |
The Physics of Musical Instruments Neville H. Fletcher,Thomas Rossing Δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμη προεπισκόπηση - 2013 |
Συχνά εμφανιζόμενοι όροι και φράσεις
Acustica admittance amplitude antiresonance approximation back plate bass bassoon behavior bell Benade blowing pressure brass instruments bridge calculated Catgut cavity clarinet conical coupling curve cylindrical damping dB/octave decay diameter displacement drum effect end correction energy equation excited FIGURE finger holes Fletcher flow flute force Frequency Hz function fundamental guitar hammer handbell harmonic harpsichord Helmholtz Helmholtz resonator horn increases inharmonicity input impedance Jansson length longitudinal marimba mass measured mechanical membrane metal modal mode frequencies modes of vibration motion mouth mouthpiece musical instruments nodal nodal lines nonlinear normal modes octave oscillation parameter partials phase piano pitch plane player playing propagation range ratio reed resonance frequency Rossing semitone shape shown in Fig simple soundboard spectrum stiffness string string instruments tension timpani tone top plate transverse tube tuned typical valve velocity vibrational modes violin wave woodwind woodwind instruments Young's modulus
Δημοφιλή αποσπάσματα
Σελίδα 673 - England in the 18th century. One early use of handbells was to provide tower bellringers with a convenient means to practice change ringing. In more recent years, handbell choirs have become popular in schools and churches-some 2000 choirs are reported in the United States.
Σελίδα 673 - Western musical instruments in the seventeenth century when bell founders discovered how to tune their partials harmonically. The founders in the Low Countries, especially the Hemony brothers (Francois and Pieter ) and Jacob van Eyck, took the lead in tuning bells, and many of their fine bells are found in carillons today. The carillon also developed in the Low Countries. Chiming bells by pulling ropes attached to the clappers had been practiced for some time before the idea of attaching...