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CHAP. VIII.

Of the First Future, and First Aorist.
RULE XXIII.

Formation of the First Future.
1. The first Future is generally in
2. But Bw, ww, Ow, wiw, make

3. yw, nw, xlw, make

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ow:

- 40:

Ew:

4. Sw, σow, Ilw, sometimes follow the latter.

EXAMPLES.

σω;

1.THE first future ought to terminate in ou; it is formed naturally from the present, by putting a before w: Tíw, honoro; Tío, bonorabo. But verbs in dw, Tw, 9w, cast off their characteristic to make room for σε άδω, cano, ἔσω: ἀνύτω, perficio, ἀνύσω: whow, impleo, how: this is done in order to soften the sound, which would be too harsh were we to say πλήθσω άσσω, &c.

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2. Verbs in B, xw, w, or ww (for here goes for nothing) form the future in, which is almost the same as if they made them in Bow, wow, Dow; according to the relation which bears to these mutes ß, T Φ. 4. But because the letter is seldom written after Bor, these two were changed into their smooth correspondent ; ; and a new character, ↓, was invented posely for us.

B λείβως

Thus,

λείψω,

to anoint.

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τύπτω,

3.

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yeaw, to write.

T'w, to beat.

Verbs in yw, xw, xw, xw, form the first future in

, which is equivalent to you, now, x5w, according to the relation which bears to these three, y, x, x; as may be seen in the following examples:

γ λέγω,

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κτ τίκτω,

4. Verbs in Sw and sow,or Att. 7, sometimes form the future like the last mentioned; as w, pungo, sí¿w: ¿gússw, fodio, guw: or else they follow the general rule, making ow; as galw, dico, Pędow: whaoow, fin80, πλάσω, &c,

RULE

RULE XXIV.

Exception for Verbs that have a Liquid before w. 1. Verbs ending in λw, uw, vw, sw, form the first future like the present, save only that they make the penultima short, and circumflex the last syllable.

2. But the Eolics, even in the above verbs, and especially those in go, use the oiypa. σίγμα.

1. Verbs in A∞, μw, vw, gw, form their first future also in λ, μw, vw, gw, the same as their present; only they require a circumflex on the last syllable, and always shorten the penultima, either by casting off the subjunctive, if there be a diphthong, or the second consonant, if there be two: thus repw, semino, makes OTεgŴ, seminabo: and aλλw, cano, makes Paλw, canam.

2. But the termination ow was heretofore general for these verbs, as well as for the rest: wherefore the Eolics still use the o, especially in verbs in ew, rejecting neveribeless, the subjunctive vowel, if there be a diphthong; as σπείρω, fut. σπέρσω, seminabo: ὄξω, ὄρσω,

This future is conjugated like the present; but it admits of some different dialects, as we shall shew presently.

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FIRST FUTURE.

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τύψομεν, τύψετε, τύψεσι

Dor. -Έμες et εὔμες,] εἴτε,] ὄντι et εὔντι.

Observations on the Dialects.

The Dorics always circumflex the first future, in the same manner as the verbs in aw, μã, vã, çŵ, are circumflexed in the common tongue. They also terminate the third person plural in ovri, as in the present; TUOTI, verberabunt; besides the two above mentioned, viz, evri, and

εῦντι.

σω

They likewise change ou into circumflex; veidi, overdiža, expro brabo, for ὀνειδίσω : likewise κλάξω, from κλάσω, claudam, for κλείσω, coming from xλɛiw, claudo: where there is moreover an α for an ɛ. The poets often reduplicate e in the future purposely to lengthen the syllable, and not only here, but also in the middle verb; as qgάoow, and ároopa, dicam, from galw, dico. And all those dialects are equally received in the first aorist, which depends upon this tense,

σ

RULE

RULE XXV.

Of Verbs in pure, that cast off r.

Some verbs in a pure neglect to take as in their future.
EXAMPLES.

Some verbs in a pure are without a a in their future,
especially among the poets; as xeuw, fundo; xevow, and
Xɛów, fundam: new, cubare facio, fut. new, from whence
comes naτunɛiεTE, cubitum ibitis, Od. y. newv, cubiturus,
ibid. Aratus has made use of new in the present, which
we never see in Homer: xλew, laudo ; nλɛíw, laudabo.
Ἐγὼ δ ̓ ἄν σε κλείω κατ ̓ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν. Od.

Ego te laudabo per immensam terram.
Likewise εξανύω, perficiam : ἐρύεσι for ἐρύσεσι, distrahent :
Séw, invenio, in Alcæus, fut. d, inveniam, in Hom.
from whence comes dyes, invenies; dúouev, inveniemus;
dere, invenietis, in the same author. But Sew, opus
babeo, always makes denow.

RULE XXVI.

Of Polysyllables in igw, which also reject . 1. Polysyllables in igw, reject a in their future, and circumflex the last syllable :

2. The same happens sometimes to verbs, whose future is in έow or άow.

EXAMPLES.

σ

1. Verbs of many syllables in gw, cast off from their future, and circumflex the last syllable; as voμigw, puto; fut. vouíow, and voμi, putabo; govτi¿w, curam gero, Φροντίσω, and φροντιῶ. These futures are very common, and, by reason of the circumflex accent, are conjugated like the second future; whereof presently.

In like manner for the middle; ßudigw, vado; ßašíσομαι and βαδιέμαι, vadam: ἀγωνίζομαι, certo, pugno; àywvisques and ȧywivapai, pugnabo. Which is also to be observed in regard to the other moods; as DETEGET, Dion. Cass. for aeregisɛodai, suum facere, to appropriate, the future infinitive of DETERicoμas.

2. The same happens sometimes to futures in ow: προσαμφιέω, insuper induo, fut. προσαμφιέσω and προστ audiw, -εTS, -εT: xew, fundo, fut. xew, fundo, Joel ii. ἐκχρῶ ἀπὸ τῶ Πνεύματός, με, efundam de Spiritu meo.

R

As

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As also to those in áow, coming from a polysyllable in άζω, or in άω: ἐξελάω, οἱ ἐξελαύνω, expello, fut. ἐξε λάσω and ἐξελῶ, Aristoph. πριάω, emo, πριάτω and gia: diabibazw, transmitto, diabibáow and B, Plato. And these are conjugated like the circumflex verbs, according to the rule of contraction: thus, ex, nas, ina, agitabo, -is, -it, &c. oтe igyas Tùy yv, Gen iv. quando operaberis terram; and others of the same sort.

ANNOTATION.

Hereto we may also add the verbs in έω, fut. όσω, oι ώσω, for which we have the authority of Thucydides, as in the speech of the Platæans, lib. iii. Πρὸς δὲ, καὶ γῆν, ἐν ᾗ ἐλευθερώθησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες, δια λώσετε; ἱερά τε Θεῶν, οἷς ἐυξάμενοι Μήδαν ἐκράτησαν, ἐξημᾶτε; καὶ θυσίας τὰς πατρίες τῶν ἑσσαμένων καὶ κτισάντων ἀφαιρήσεσθε, &c. Besides, can you enslave that very land where the Greeks first exerted their liberty? will you see laid waste those temples, where the vows they offered up to the gods, rendered them victorious over the Medes? can you abolish the rites of your ancestors, and of those who laid the foundation of this edifice? Here we say igers instead of ignuσETE, as he said before δηλώσετε; and afterwards ἀφαιρήσεσθε, in the future.

RULE XXVII.

Future in εύσω, οι αύσω.

1. The following verbs, πλέω, ρέω, χέω, πνέω, θέω, νέα make the future in εύσω.

2. But κλαίω, and καίω, take αύτω.

EXAMPLES.

I. Dissyllables in ew take a v in the future, after the Eolic form; wλéw, navigo; péw, fluo ; xéw, fundo : πνέω, spiro ; in the future πλεύσω, ρεύσω, &c. resolution of verbs, Rule xxxii.

See the

Θεω, curro, makes θεύσω, middle θεύσομαι, and in Thucyd. Sevoμas; véw, for nato, to swim, makes vɛúow and view, according to Eustath, and for neo, to spin, it only makes νήσω.

2. After the same Æolic form, xλaíw, fleo, makes κλαύσω ; and κάω, or καίω, uro, καύσω.

RULE XXVIII.

Of Futures that receive an Aspirate.

Give an aspirate to these four futures, &w, Spé↓w,

Jú↓w, and Igékw..

EXAMPLES.

The fourfutures mentioned in the rule requirea rough breathing, though their present tense be without it. "Exw, habeo, Lév. Triệu, nutrio, giao

Τύφω,

accendo, dia. Τρέχω, curro, θρίξω.

ANNOTATION.

Some grammarians pretend, that iw takes an aspirate to distinguish it from Ew, extra, which has a smooth breathing: dú↓w, accendam, to distinguish it from rú↓w, verberabo; and Igé↓w, nutriam, to distinguish it from rgive, vertam: these differences are proper to be taken notice of though they do not hold in Ięížw, which has no other opposite word.

The true reason therefore of this change is this: the present of these verbs hath a smooth breathing, or a lenis, only because of the other as pirate that followeth; which being left out in the future, they resume the rough breathing which was natural to them. This is still plainer in the perfect, where, for example, the active has rirgipa, and the middle rirgopa, with a r in the penultima, by reason of the that follows: whereas the passive has réðgaμyan, with a 0, because it is not followed by another aspirate.

There are several barytons which borrow the future of circumflex verbs; θέλω, volo, θελήσω, and if it eame from θελέω; βάλομαι, τοιο, βαλήσομαι, as if it came from βυλέομαι, and the like; of which we shall treat elsewhere. For it is common with the Attics to change the barytonous verbs into circumflex.

Some have both futures; as βάλλω, jucio, βαλώ, and βαλήσω: χαίρω, gaudeo, χαρῶ, and χαρήσω.

And frequently they form a new verb from a regular future; as iw, fero; dio, ferum; otow, fero; whence ori, ferte, II. x. and the like; of which we shall give further examples, Book v. Chap. i. RULE XXIX.

Formation of the First Aorist.

The first aorist is formed from the first future, by changing w into a, and taking the augment of the imperfect. EXAMPLES.

The first aorist is formed from the first future, changing w into a, and taking the augment of the imperfect; as,

τίω,

honoro, ἔτιον,

τίσω,

ἔτισα.

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ἤλπισα.

τύπλως verbero, ἔτυπον, τύψω,
ἐλπίζω, spero, ἤλπιζον, ἐλπίσω,

So that the characteristic, and the penultima of this tense, are generally the same as those of the future; and it is conjugated thus:

FIRST AORIST.

Sing. {

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Æol. τύψασκον,

Dual

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ἐτύψατον, στυψάτην, -istis, erunt, duo.

ἐτύψαμεν, ἐτύψατο, irvar, imus, -istis, -erunt. Dor. τύψαμος, Poet, τύασκον.]

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