EXAMPLES.

The Ionics conjugate this tense with a instead of E in the first person singular, and with e instead of in the third. The Attics change the Ionic ε and ε into, as we have shewn above.

Thus they say, ÉTETú‡y ¿yw, verberabam ego: ¿TETÚ¶N énetvos, verberaverat alle. In like-manner, videram, for de, from low, video.

The third person plural is in erav; deaav, viderant: εἰςήκεσαν, sclerant, coming from ἐςήκω, sto: ετετύφεσαν, or only with the augment of the perfect, according to the twenty-first rule, TETUDE Tav, verberarant.

This analogy is extended also to the perfect middle, as we shall observe in its proper place.

CHAP. XI.

Of the Formation of the other Moods.

And first, of the Subjunctive and Optative.

I. SUBJUNCTIVE.

HE subjunctive takes its terminations from the present of the indicative; but changes the short vowels into their long correspondents, subscribing, and rejecting : hence the second and third persons singular are in subscribed, as coming from in the indicative; whereas the dual and plural have only a simple, because they come from a simple e in the indicative. This analogy extends to the other tenses of this mood, and is preserved in circumflex verbs, as also in verbs in. The conjugation is as follows;

Present and Imperfect.

τύπολης, Tún, verberem os perberarem. τύπλησθα, το πλησι

τύπλητον,

τύπητον.

Perfect and Plu-perfect

τετύφω, τετύφης, τετύφη, verberaverim, or 186cm,

τετύφησι.

τετύφητον, τετύφητον.

τετύφωμεν, τετύφητε, τετύφωσιο

Dor. τετύφωμες,

τετύφωντι.

ANNOTATION.

In conjugating the subjunctive, it is customary to add iar, si: thus, ia rúmla, si verberem. It is not true as ́some pretend, that the subjunctive has no future, beccause the aorists frequently signify the time to come in this mood, as several before us have observed, Voss. et alii. Wherefore Ramus, Sylburgius, and others, after their example, call these tenses FUTURES PERFECT, that is, composed of the past and of the future.

The Greeks use here a kind of future by circumlocution, taking the preterite of he participle, and the present subjunctive of the verb substantive; thus,

Sing. ἐὰν τετυφώς,
Dual ἐὰν τετυφότε, ἦτον,

Plur. ἐὰν, τετυφότες, ὦμεν, ἦτε,

They also make use of the future of the verb substantive in this circumlocution; yeycaps sous, scripsero.

They form likewise the circumlocution of the preterite by the optative of the substantive verb inv, ins, in; as

scripsissem; ng yeyexqus, scripsisses, &c.

Observations on the Dialects.

The second person singular in Ja, is not only for this mood, but gene rally for all persons in ns, h ́0x, eras, and even for those in us, as we shall see in the resolution of verbs.

The third person singular in ơi, is not only for the active, but also for the passive aorists, ruply; for the verbs in ui, viñoi; and for the circumflex verbs, woo. Hence comes vexelor, in Hom. for vɛixely, increparet, from verɛiw, poet. for veinśw.

The poets frequently put an o instead of a in the first person plural, τύπτομεν.

II. Of the OPTATIVE.

The penultima of the optative is a diphthong in all sorts of verbs. The barytons take o in all tenses, except the first aorist, which assumes a, both in the active and middle verb, because it comes from the a of the indicative, τύψαιμι, from ἔτυψα.

The

The passive aorists, and the Eolic aorist, take a. The second future has a circumflex; in other respects it is the same with the aorist.

This mood is thus conjugated:

Sing.
Dual

Present and Imperfect.

τέπτοιμι,

τύπτοις,

τύπτοι,

verberarem.

Dor. τύπτοιμες.

First Future.

verberem,-es, tia

τίψοιτον,

τυφοίτηνο

τύψοιτε,

τύψουν.

First Aorist.

τύψεις,

τύψαι,

verberaverim.

τύψαιτον,

τυψαίτην.

τέψαντες τύψαιεν,

Sing.
Dual

τυποίμι,

τυποῖς,

τυποῖ,

verberem.

τυποῖτον,

τυποίτην.

sing. {1

Plur. Dor τυπούμης.

Sing. Ion. τετύποιμα

τυπούμενο

τυποῖτε, τυποΐεν

Second Aorist.

τύποιμι,

verberaverim.

Dual

τύποιεν.

Perfect and Plu-perfect.

τετύφοι,
τετυφοίτην.

verberavissen.

τετύφοιμεν, τετύφοιτε,

τετύφοιες.

ANNOTATION,

Plur. {Dor.
I Dor. τετύφοιμες.

As the Latins frequently make use of utinam in the optative mood, for a mark of desire; so the Greeks use aἴθε or είθε ; as εἴθε But as these adverbs do not determine τύπτοιμι, utinam verberem.

the person, we moreover make use of the word ὤφελον : of which notice shall be taken in the remarks, Book viii.

RULE XLIII.

Of the First Aorist Eolic.

The Eolie aorist of the optative comes from the indicative aorist, by inserting ει before a.

EXAM

EXAMPLES.

The Æolic aorist of the optative is formed from the aorist of the indicative, by dropping the augment, and putting & before a. It is conjugated thus:

ει

Eolic Aorift.

Sing. Tua, τύψειας, τύψεις.

Dual

τυψείατον,

τυψειάτην.

Plur. τυψείαμεν, τυψείχτε, τύψειαν.

The Attics frequently use this aorist; but then it is only in the second and third peron singular, and the third plural.

*Where it is plain that this tense partakes pretty much of the future.

RULE XLIV.

Of the Third Person Attic.

The third perfon plural Attic in the three tenfes of the imperative, is in vTwv, and formed from the genitive of the participle.

EXAMPLES.

The Attics terminate the third person plural of the

T

present,

present, and of the aorists, in Twv, forming it from the genitive plural of the participle of the same tenses. Examples may be seen above in the conjugation of the imperative. The like happens to circumflex verbs, ποιόντων, Luci. faciant, for ποιείτωσαν: μετρόντων, id. metiantur, for μeтpeíTwTav.

ANNOTATION.

The imperative hath no particular future, by reason it is a sort of a future itself, according to Ramus and Sanctius, partaking of the future in all its tenses.

Observations on the Dialects.

The Baotians and Syracusians sometimes terminate the second aorist in ov, like the first; us τύπον, άτω, for τύπε: λάβον for λάβε, ceperis: sin, ára, for sini, dixeris. And they add the augment of the perfect, εἰπὶν, άτω, TÉTupe, as we have observed, Chap. v. Rule xxi.

II. The INFINITIVE.

The infinitive in each termination may express every difference of time: we shall however divide it as we have done the other moods, not only to comply with the general practice of grammarians, but moreover, because indeed it commonly expresses that kind of time, which is attributed to each termination.

Of the principal Dialects of the Infinitive. Τύπτειν makes τύπτην, τύπτεν, τυπτέμεναι, and τυπτέμενο

EXAMPLES.

The Dorics drop in the termination av of the infinitive ; τύπτειν, τύπτεν; λαβεῖν, λάβεν, capere; γεραίρειν, Vegaígev, venerari; without any necessity for putting a circumflex, though the last syllable becomes short.

The same Dorics, as also the Æolics, insert any bеforev, either simple, if they take it from the termination Ev; or subscribed, if they consider it as coming from