φάγομαι ; second person φάγεσαι, πίεσαι, and not φαγῇ, πιῇ, &c. infinit. ἔδεσθαι, πίεσθαι, φάγεσθαι, and not ἐδεῖσθαι, &c. which come from ἔδω, edo, to eat ; πίω, to drink; φήγω, οι φάγω, to eat See the resolution of verbs, Rule xxv. To those we may adjoin the following poetics : βίομαι, βιέμας, οι βιώσομαι, vivam : νέομαι, for νεῦμαι, vadam, The tenses of the other moods are formed from those of the indicative, making a proper change of each termination, after the manner of the active and passive; as may be seen in the foregoing table. RULE LXVI. Formation of the Two Aorists. 1. The two aorifts middle are formed each from the active: the firft by joining un to a; and the second by changing ov into όμην. 2. But o pure, inftead of ησαμην, by dropping no, often makes αμην. EXAMPLES. 1. The middle aorists are formed from the active, by adding μην to a in the first aorist; ἔτισα, ἐτισάμην: ἔτυψα, ἐτυψάμην : and changing ov into όμην, in the second aorist ; ἔτιον, ἐτιόμην: ἔτυπον, -όμην. 2. But aorists, coming from verbs in ω pure, frequently happen to be syncopated, by casting away s in all the moods; as εὑρίσκω, invenio, εὑράμην, for εύω φησάμην ; from whence comes εὑράμενος : in like manner, ὠνάμην for ὠνησάμην, adjutus fui, and the like. These tenses are conjugated thus: Obfervations on the Dialects. We find δοάσσατο, in Hom. Od. o. visum est, putavit, from διά ζω, delibero, δοιάζω, ἐδοίασα, and reduplicating r, then dropping t, and afterwards cutting of the augment, δέασσα, διασσάμην, ω, ατό; or else it comes from dokálw, ow, opinor, sentio, which in the first aorist middle should make ἐδοξασάμην, ἐδοξάσω, ἐδοξάσατο ; from whence casting away the augment, then dropping &, and reduplicating o, they came to form dodooaTo. See the etymologist, and Caninius. But as the augment is frequently rejected, so it is often reduplicated, especially in the second aorist. See Rule xxi. RULE LXVII. Formation of the Perfect Middle. The perfect middle is formed from the perfect active: but takes its characteristic from the second future. EXAMPLES. The perfect middle is formed from the perfect active, taking the characteristic of the second future, instead of that of the preterite: TÚTTW, TÉTUQα, middle τέτυπα, because the second future is τυπώ. In like manner, Φράζω, dico, πέφρακα, middle πέφραδα, bes cause of the second future gadā; aλýoow, percutio, πέπληχα, middle πέπληγα, by reason of the second future πληγώ: βλάπτω, noceo, βέβλαψα, middle βέβλα Ca, because of the second future ßhab, &c. This tense is conjugated after the manner of the active thus, Sing. τέτυπα, Dual Perfect. τέτυπε τετύπατο. Plur. τετύπαμεν, τετύπατε, τετύπασι. Dor. τετύπαντι. ANNOTATION. Verbs in pure should follow the same analogy; as ríw, honoro, second future active r, perfect middle riria: Auw, solvo, future Ava, perfect middle aiva. piw, nascor, future vw, perfect middle iqua: thus anew, audio, should make regularly in the second future axo, shortening the penultima, whence the perfect middle. should be xo, unusual: and from thence the Attics have formed by reduplication axxoa, which alone is received. But there are several of these verbs in wpure, that want this tense, especially those which have for their characteristic one of these three diphthongs, av, tv, 8; as Vauw, tango, contrecto: wadiva, instituo: xgów, pulso: λew, lavo, &c. And polysyllables in vw; as ágriw, struo, adorno: loxów, valen, &c. Polysyllables in (w, or oow, are also without this tense; as fvλácow, custodio: Badia, eo, vado, and several others. Nevertheless igiσows fodio, makes guya and dewguya. RULE RULE LXVIII. Of the Penultima of the Perfect Middle. 1. The active and middle perfect have generally the Same penultima: 2. Excepting that a is fometimes changed into n; 3. And ar into the improper diphthong n 4. And that the E of a future diffyllable becomes an o; 5. Finally, that & is changed into os. EXAMPLES. 1. The penultima of this perfect is commonly the same as that of the perfect active; as τέτικα, τέτια: τέτυφα, τέτυπα: nevertheless there is sometimes a change, but only in regard to verbs that have an ɑ or an, either alone, or in a diphthong, in the penultima of the present. The a generally remains, especially when otherwise this preterite would be confounded with the first aorist active ; as ψάλλω, ἔψαλκα, ἔψαλα, and not ἔψηλα, which is the first aorist. 2. Sometimes it is changed into y; as sánh, florec, vireo, τέθηκα: κλάζω, clango, κέκληγα: but we scarce meet more than these two. 3. A becomes subscribed; as Qaive, weyva, oflendo: μιαινω, μέμηνα, infanio: καίω, κέκα, uro: δαίω, δέδια, dic vido, epulum præbeo, comburo: xaíve, bio, bifco, néxyva. Which some,asSylburgius and others,write even without a diphthong, with a simple 4, wé¶nvæ, dédyva, &c. 4. In verbs of two syllables, of whatsoever termination, the penultima of the first future active is changed into in the perfect middle; as τgéTW, τgé↓w, τέτροπα, verio 3 λέγω, γέξω, λέλογα, dico: νέμω, νεμώ, νένομα, diftribuo: τέμνω, τεμῶ, τέτομα, feco : πείρω, περῶ, πέπορα, tranfadigo: ἀνατέλλω, ἀνατελῶ, ἀνατέτολα, exει orior, compounded of réλw. But if they be hyperdissyllables, they retain their ε; as ὀφείλω, ὀφελῶ, ὠφελα, debeo: ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγελα, nuncio. 5. By the same analogy, those that have & change it into or ; as ἀλείφω, ἀλείψω, ἤλοιφα, ungo: παίθω, πείσω, πέποιθα, perfuadeo: εἴκω, εἴξω, ἔοικα, fimilis fum. ANNO ANNOTATION. It seems, that the a is sometimes changed into : as λayxdvw, sortior, λέλογχα: πανθάνω, patior, πέπονθα: διαβάλλω, calumnior, διαβίβολα. These two, τέτελα, fnivi, and έμελα, οι μέμηλα, curavi, are formed by syncope from τετέλεκα, μεμέλεκα, taken from τελέω, τιμῶ, and μsdów, μedã: or else they proceed from hence, that the Attics changing these circumflex verbs into barytons, Tix, finio, perficio; μέλω, curo, we say in the second future τελῶ, μεμῶ : from whence are formed the second aorists, rλov, quλov, and the perfects middle, τέτελα and μέμελα. Debyw, fugio, makes wipuya and wipɛvya, fugi: öęływ, porrigo, goy, from whence we find goyvia for goyvia in the participle; and thence cometh gyu, a fathom, or six foot measure. We likewise find quoted from Sophocles, the perfect xixova for extova, from xTivw, occido: bew, moveo, concito, makes aga, Att. goga, and Poet. goga, concitatus sum, motus sum: dew, apto, congruo, makes ga, Att. äenga, Poet. gaga and gaga; from whence agagus, -óros, congruens, compactus, conveniens. RULE LXIX. Of the Perfect of some particular Verbs. 1. Ἔθω makes εἶθα, εξωθα; 2. ὀρύσσω, ὀρώζυγα; 3. ῥήσσω, ἔῤῥωγα; 4. And μίμνω takes μέμονα, from μένω. ει EXAMPLES. 1. The verb ew, as we have observed when treating of the active voice, page 107,makes its augment in & sa: but inserting w, the perfect middle comes to be ella, I have been used, or accustomed, from whence are formed the other moods; and this perfect is used very frequently. 2. dúsaw, to dig, makes guy, and Att. ógúçuya. 3. poow, to break, makes paya, from whence comes pay, a rent. But pézw, to do, or 10 facrifice, hath eppoya, and by metathesis ogy, in Hom. Il. y. from whence also cometh ógyee,.in Herodotus, for copyɛ: this same perfect, according to the etymologist, comes likewise from Eigyw, -Ew, to do, or to enclofe, perfect middle eigɣa, ἔργα, and ἔργα. 4. Μίμνω, to remain, takes μέμονα, from μένω; whence it is formed, by adding an . Where it is observable, that several of these derivative verbs change e into i; as πέτω, πίπτω, cado : τέκω, τίκτω, pario : ρέπω, ρίπτω, projicio: ἔπω, ἴπω, dico, ANNO ANNOTATION. The formation of the perfect middle, and the change of the penul sima, should be carefully attended to, by reason of the great multitude of nouns derived from thence. There are three of them that retain the augment of their perfect; ὄπτομαι, video, ώπα, and by reduplication ὄπωπα, from whence comes ὄπωπὴ, conspectus, oculus: πείθω, persuadeo, πέποιθα, whence πεποίθησις, persuasio, fiducia: ἀντιπάσχω, adversor, or rependo, ἀντιπέπονθα, and from thence ἀντιπεπόνθησις, jus talionis. The Plu-perfect. It is formed from the perfect, by changing a into ειν, after the manner of the active, and prefixing an e, when the perfect begins with a consonant, as here, ἐτέτυπειν ; otherwise it has the same beginning : thus οἶδα, πουί, οἴδειν: ἔσπορα, feminavi, ἐσπόρειν. The explication of the dialects marked in this tense may be seen in the active voice, as likewise most of the following dialects. CHAP. ΧΧΙ. of the other Moods, and the Participles. |