CHAP. XXIII.

Observations on the two tenses capable of contraction in circumflex verbs.

That several change their characteristic, and therefore vary in their contraction.

THERE are verbs that have sometimes, and sometimes for their characteristic, terminating in aw, or in éw, in the same signification; as new and γηράω, misereor : λωφέω and λωφάω, cesso : ξυρέω and ξυράω, rado : συλέω and συλάω, spolio: αἰονέω and αἰονάω, perfundo.

Others have sometimes ε, and sometimes o; as dyλéw and δηλόω, manifesto: ςαθμέω and ςαθμόω, pondero : που Xépow, belligero.

Others have sometimes a, and sometimes o; as Blaw and Biów, vive. And sometimes even, «, or o; as κνυζέω, κνυζάω, and κνυζάω, gamnio.

There are some likewise which are both barytons and circumflex; as,

et αἰδέομαι, αἰδῶμαι, revereor.

αἴδομαι,

βόσκω,

et βοσκέω, pasco.

et ynbéw, gaudeo.

γράφω,

et yeaDéw, scribo.

διδάσκω,

et διδασκέω, doceo.

ρίπτω,

et ῥιπλέω, jacio.

τρύχω, et τguxów, attero, absumo.

That dissyllables in iw are not contracted throughout.

Dissyllables in a are seldom contracted in the first person singu lar of the present, or imperfect; no more than in the first and third plural. Wherefore we say, whiw, narigo; whiquev, naviga. mus ; πλέκσι, navigant; and not πλῶ, πλύμων, πλᾶσι; though we read in Hesych, dãơi for dévoi, ligant.

Neither

Neither are they often contracted in the subjunctive, optative, or participle; though we find why in verse for whéwv, navigans. Σὺν τῷ Θεῷ πλῶν, κἂν ἐπὶ ῥιπὸς πλέοις.

Cum deo navigans, etiam in crate naviges. And in Aristophanes avadav for avadśwv, religans, coronans,

But they are contracted in the imperative and infinitive, though we sometimes find them uncontracted; diappini, diffluere: Siam, pernavigare, transmittere.

RULE LXXIII.

The contraction a changed into .
A contracted from ae is sometimes changed into n
EXAMPLES.

με

The contraction of as into a, whether with subscribed or not, is by the Dorics formed also in »; it being customary with them, as the etymologist observes, to change as into . For as from rà uá, they sav τημά, mea; so from γελάεις they form γελής, rides ; from dá, dis, sitis; even without subscribing the , because they reject it before the contraction. In this they are sometimes imitated by the Attics, who say @aivūs, esuris; Sūs, vivis; Să, vivit; LTE, vivitis; and in the imperfect ě¿uv, us, n, vivebam, as, at, from Láw, vivo: and the same in the infinitive. But of this hereafter.

Observations on the imperfect indicative.

The imperfect of all circumflex verbs has ever an accent on the penultima; an acute, if the last be long; a circumflex, if it be short.

Among those that come from áo, some are monosyllables; as, Seaw, dew, facio: xλáw, nλw, frango: but verbs of two syllables, which according to the Attics have rejected the are not coutracted. Hence we read in Lucian τί κλάεις ; quid ploras ? for κλαίεις : thus from xaw for nás, uro, comes xáus, and not xặs, &C.

On the contraction of the subjunctive.

We have remarked that in verbs in w, the contracts into or, when it is followed by any subscribed; whereas it contracts into when there followeth a simple ». Examples of the first are seen in the singular; and of the other in the dual and plural.

Therefore the second and third person singular assumes here in all sorts of verbs a diphthong in the penultima, either proper or improper. But in the dual and plural there is always a long vowel, as may be seen above.

On

those that form verbs in pa, change a into in the future; Ως πλάω, πλῆμι, tolero, πλήσω; κράω, χρῆμι, commodo, do utendum; báo, u, prævenio.

3. Or o in verbs not derived from a noun; as ágów, aro, ἀρόσω; ὀνόω, vitupero, ὀνύσω. But those derived from a noun, change o into w; ως χρυσόω, χρυσώσω, inauro, from xgvoós, aurum: xɛigów, xeigwow, manuum vi supero, in potestatem redigo, from eig, manus, &e.

4. And generally all those, from whence are formed verbs in onw, or in viw, and vu, retain their short characteristic; as,

ἀρέω, or ἀρέσκω, placeo, fut. ἀρέσω: ἀμφιέω, οι άμε QEVVÚ, circuminduo, fut. εow. In like manner γηράω, whence γηράτνω, seneo or senesco, γηράσω: κεράῳ, whence κεραννύω, mnisceo: πετάω, whence πελαν vów, pando,

βίω, whence βέσκω, pasco,βέσω: ὀμέω, whence ὀμνύω, juro. Several of these verbs have even a double future, that is, with a long or a short vowel: and then the verbs in iw oftener make tow, than haw; as inaniw, laudo, approbo, iπawiw, víxz, Sc. always retaining short. RULE LXXVI.

Of the second future, second aorist, and perfect middle of circumflex verbs.

1. Circumflex verbs are either without the second fu ture and aorist, and perfect middle:

2. Or else they form them from the present, after the contraction is made, without making any change in the penultima.

EXAMPLES.

1. Circumflex verbs coming from ów, are generally without the second future and aorist, and perfect middle, which is always formed from the two for

mer tenses.

Those that come from éw, or do, have these tenses but very seldom, and only when the verb, after being contracted, does not terminate in a pure; as pinew, Qina, amo.

2. And then these tenses are formed naturally from the present, after the contraction is made, retaining its characteristic and penultima, and assuming always

their proper augment and termination, without minding the other rules of the penultima of the second aorist, or the second future of barytons.

The present and second future are then alike; as Dinéw, Dine, amo et amabo: and thence comes the second aorist, ἔφιλον; perfect middle, πέφιλα, amavi. In like manner, Teλew, Teh, perficio et perficiam, and not Taλ; second aorist, erahov, and not eraAov; perfect middle, TÉTEλe, and not Térona, perfeci : δεπέω, δεπῶ, sono et sonabo: ἔδωπον, and not ἔδοπον: δέ dere, and not dédoña, sonavi: sügéw, invenio, Evgov, Luci. and not gov, inveni. Likewise punda, puxa, mugio et mugiam: Euvnov, pépvna, mugivi, &c.

But sometimes the poets change the short penultima into a long one, in these preterites: thus from λanéw, λaA, loquor, obstrepo, comes λéλaña, in Eurip. and λéληλα in the etymologist. From μελέω, curo, comes μέμηλα: Tócou péμnλe, Hom, curæ sunt.

Monosyllables are always deprived of these same tenses, except the three following, oxéw, ox, habeo et habebo, from whence cometb xalacxeis, inhibebis: ergov, habui : στέω, extinguo, στῶ, ἔσβον: σπάω, σπῶ, evello, traho, sorbeo, Tov, &c.

Of the other Tenses and Moods.

The other tenses are easy. From the future panow, for instance, comes the first aorist pianoa, amavi: from the perfect piane, is formed the plu-perfect impian. And so in the other moods.

In the subjunctive, first aorist pianoa, ol. inox, as, perfect no: and in the same manner the rest: which agreeing entirely with the analogy of barytonous verbs, does not want any further explanation; we proceed therefore to the passive and middle, and thence to the peculiar dialects of these verbs.

CHAP. XXV.

Of the passive and middle circumflex. THE passive of circumflex verbs is formed from the active, following the same rules of contraction, and the same remarks as we have made above. Wherefore it will suffice to exhibit here a table of its conjugation.