CHAP. VI.

Of Compound Words, and particularly of Nouns.

ESIDES what has been hinted with respect to compounds in the second chapter, when treating of prepositions, it is proper to remark here, that there are compounds of four or five particles together? as inwontorer, howsoever it be; xabangavi, to the end that, as.

Sometimes we find two nouns joined to a particle; as wavagios, of little duration, unseasonable; dusagigorózia, a fine child, but with difficulty brought into the world, or a woman who is delivered of a fine child, but has had a very hard labour.

But we seldom meet with three nouns together, in pure authors, though we find such in Lycophron, Behaviτnsos, built by a strayed cow; pihavbóμayos, a relation, or one of the same blood; which sounds a little too harsh.

The comic writers indeed divert themselves with composing monstrous long ones, as may be seen in Aristophanes, where, among others, we find out one at the end of his 'Exxλ. composed of eight and twenty words; which shews the great fertility of this language in the formation of its compounds.

But most worthy of our notice, are the nouns composed of two words, wherein we are to remark particularly the final of the first word, which may be either a noun, or a verb.

1. Compounds of Two Nouns.

There are some, though very few, compounded of two nominatives; as Neawoλis, Naples, from via; new, and widis, a city; xauaxia, umbratilis pugna, fencing; 'Heaxhins, Hercules, Junonis gloria, from "Hea, Juno, and xxios, glory.

Those compounded with the nominative 9ès, sometimes retain es; as Ocósdoros, a Dea datus, given by God, Arist. Deosexgia, katred towards God, Aristoph. and sometimes they lose ; as Jeswicos, gre it, divine, admirable; Sissos, like unto God, admirable; Θέσφατον, an oracle.

Nouns in aos and in es reject the s of the nominative: Beyλwoov, lingua bubula, the herb bugloss, from Bes, bos; Beyλwooos, buglossus, a sole, a flat fish; vedeoiz, admonishment, correction, from věs, mens; vavμxxia, a sea-fight, from vas, navis.

There are some few formed from the genitive, and then the genitive continues entire; from vas, navis, vads, Att. YES, VEÇOIS, a harbour, or a dock for building ships; from xúar, canis; xvròs, xvisega, Cynosura, ursa minor, a constellation, signifying a dog's tail: from Zeus, Aids, Jupiter, Aiósnego, Castor and Pollux, Jupiter's children.

But there are several formed from this case, by dropping the final letters, so that there remains an 。; as apsis, ans, a robber; angolóvos, one that has slain a robber, or pirate: thus from us, ous, like, cometh oμóriuos, equal in honour: from oïxu, domus, oiandóuos, a house-builder: from ayŵros, certaminis, ảywrobitns, one that rewards the combatants.

Even those that have not an o in the genitive, conform sometimes to this same rule; as ǹuigz, day, μegónoiros, one that sleeps by day. The same analogy is observed in derivatives: asnę, égos, a star, segiris, sparkling; nữμa, atos, a wave, nuμatbeis, agitated, tossed by waves.

Theo of the genitive is sometimes by the poets changed into ': giov, &, a member, or foot; yvózis, yunus, from whence comes áμpiyuneis, Evtos, lame of both sides; Onróxos, Deipara, the mother of God, for Θεοτόκος; λαμπαδοφόρος, a link boy; ςεφανηφόρος, one that wears a crown. And this is particularly practised, when there is à series of short syllables.

The Dorics change sometimes o into ε: ἀνδροφόνος, ανδροφόνος, ο murtherer: 'Αργοφοντης, Αργεφόντης, and inserting 1, Αργειφόντης, the slayer of Argus.

Some have & inserted after this: @wycoípadños, villosus: Пgwτεσίλαος, Protesilaus : for Πηχόμαλλος, Πρωτόλαος, &c.

Some have also an inserted after o: odwórgos, a traveller, ågosTinos, a plowman.

Some even assume at: cambios, half grey; angai@ins, pure, sincere, glittering, for ångo@avns, unless we should derive it from ἀκεξαιοφανής.

The Attics retain & in their nouns: ewigos, a public road; veQJogos, ædituus, a sexton. In like manner in the fifth of contracts; ngias, aros, ws; ngovouía, visceratio, distribution, and division of flesh.

The compounds of yaix, the earth, change oftentimes a into in the first syllable, and a into w in the second youérens, a geometrician; ytwegyòs, yewgyòs, a tiller of the earth; yewhopos, a hill, Nevertheless we read yzodórns, a bestower, or distributer of land. And those which put the other word before, are generally termi-nated in BLOG: μehavéyeios, black soil; iniyuos, terrestrial, or creeping on the ground.

Sometimes the first word is contracted: Foxudidns, Dexvdions, Thucydides; Θεοδόσιος, Θεδόσιος, Theodosius; νεομηνία, νεμενία, neomenia, the new moon.

When the second word begins with an , the Attics contract it into e: Λυκάεργος, Λυκέργος, Lycurgus; ευνόεχος, συνεχος, cumuch, one that takes care of the bed. And others admit of other contractions, which agree with the general analogy.

Those from us, simul, are not contracted: uobins, of the same nation, or family, and not ouers. We likewise say autosTns, of the same year, one year old.

The compounds of xáλλos, and aggòs, change o into: Kadaipaxos, Callimachus; agitinTwv, architect.

Some are formed from the dative, xugíoopas, a man full of gesture, a dancer; ögɛíxvλos, a mountaineer; ôçíxaλxos, brass, copper. When two consonants follow, the of the diphthong is cast away: ogirgopos, nourished in the mountains; iyxíxlumos, one that makes a noise with his pike.

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Others are formed from the dative plural: gecirgofos, an highlander; vavaimogos, navigable.

Some from the accusative: vesexns, prudent, compos mentis; ἀνδράποδον, a slave.

Several are formed from the nominative, or accusative neuter : μeyadvμos, generous, courageous; inns, sweet-tongued, one that talks agreeably; dvopánλutos, famous; pwspógos, Lucifer, the morning star.

We find one from the accusative plural of ärn, loss, or damage, viz. äras, whence is formed árásdados, unjust, wicked.

11. Words compounded with a Verb and a Noun. Nouns compounded with verbs, are derived either from the present, or from the aorist, or from the future.

When they come from the present, generally speaking, the first part of the compound ends in pigw, fero, to carry; Qgivinos, victorious; ivw, maneo, to remain, to wait; Mevéλaos, the sup

porter of the people.

Some take regno, to delight, to please; regñixigavvos, who takes delight in darting thunderbolts; xa, laxo, to slack, or loose;, xaxi@gwv, a dissolute und loose person, a fool.

Some others: Xπw, linquo, to leave: dimoraxtn, a deserter, one that deserts from the army; xuño↓uxía, animi deliquium, swooning, or fainting away.

Sometimes they are syncopated: uzivo, to spoil, to waste; piaipovos, bloody, cruel.

Some have a inserted, to prevent the concourse of several short syllables: egisßios, fruitful, that affords wherewithal to live. Some form a diphthong: Taλaw, to dare, to undertake, to endure; ταλαίπωρος, miserable.

Those of the second aorist follow the same analogy, taking sometimes danov, I have bit; Sanidvuos, biting, satyrical: and sometimes λalov, I have been hid; habiboyyos, what hinders the recollecting of a word. In like manner from ì, serò, late, comes ans, one that begins late to study.

Those that come from the future, assume commonly an : Seidw, delow, to fear; denoidaiμwv, fearful, one that has a religious, or superstitious conscience: oriw, to shake; orlow osioixlwv, earth shaking, an epithet of Neptune: igów, ow, to draw, to deliver, to preserve; igvoimodis, protectoress, or patroness of a town.

Those that are formed from a circumflex, assume sometimes a short syllable instead of a long one: ghow, I shall find; sigsoremès, one that invents new words, eloquent.

Verbs that have an in the penultima of the future, assume an o in the compounds: uitw, I will mingle; óng, half-savage, half a beast; Bgiow, I will make heavy, Beidouxxos, terrible, war

like.

We find also some compounds that take their second part from a future in, or ; as from rgi↓w, I will rub; dxórę, verna, a bond slave, a servant that is born in a family; rižw, I shall be brought to bed; xadλíriž, one that has fine children; initsž, neur her time.

When the second word begins with a vowel, the vowel of the first word is cut off: pridou, to abstain, to spare; Qridintos, one that saves his horses: pw, I will throw; piaomis, one that runs away, after having cast off his buckler.

Пivre, quinque, five, sometimes retains the final: wriσupiyos, that has five pipes, or holes; wevréxλivov, which hath five beds.

Sometimes it is changed into a : πιντάκλινον, πενταέτης, five years old, that lasts five years, and that happeneth every fifth year.

'E, sex, six, admits also of an a: axλivor, that hath six beds; itairns, and itirns, that has six years.

From ὀκτώ, octo, eight, we form ὀκτώπες, and oftener οκτάπες, of eight feet. We say εἰκοσιςάδιον, and εἰκοσαςάδιον, of twenty fur longs.

From 'Exarov, a hundred, comes ixatóvтagxos, a centurion, a captain of a hundred men; Exarová xeig, one that has a hundred hands, Aol. ixaroyxeip. We read also upiórτapxos, Æschil. one that commands a thousand soldiers, a colonel.

Tpianovra, and others of the like sort, joined to eros, a year, are contracted in s, Att. τριακονταέτης, κοντύτης, thirty years old ; τετραHovTrns, forty years old, &c. See the second Book, Chap. xi. of Numerals.

This is all I could find worthy of notice, concerning compounds. Use will point out several other little particular changes, which may be easier learnt by reading, than by any grammatical discourse; though whoever is desirous, may see them at length in Caninius and Scotus.

Hitherto we have treated of what relates to Etymology, viz. to words separately considered. We must now proceed to what regards their construction and arrangement in a sentence.

The End of the SIXTH BOOK.

BOOK VII.

Of the GREEK SYNTA X.

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I. Introduction to Syntax.

HOUGH it be the opinion of Quintilian, that boys ought to be instructed in the Greek tongue, before the Latin, and in reality it be very proper (as we have observed in the Preface) to let them make some progress in this language, before they are led into the beauties of the Roman eloquence: yet as the Latin rudiments are somewhat easier than the Greek, they are of course more proper for youth to be first made acquainted with; consequently the general rules and principles, wherein the two languages agree, are fittest to be treated of in the Latin Grammar. I shall therefore comprize in this book no more precisely than what the Greek varies in from the Latin, judging it quite unnecessary to repeat, how an adjective agrees with its substantive, or a verb with its nomina tive, and such other rules, that are exactly uniform in both languages, and have been already sufficiently explained in the New method of learning the Latin tongue.*

But it will not be amiss to repeat here the property of each case, whereby we have shewn, that

The nominative agrees always with the verb, to form a fentence, viz. to make sense: ¿y Q, ego amo, I do love. So that as a sentence cannot fubfift without a noun and a verb, there is no nominative that does not refer to fome verb expreffed, or underftood; and no verb, that hath not its nominative either expreffed or understood.

The vocative alfo agreeth fometimes with the verb in the fecond perfon, and is never used but to point out the person to whom the difcourfe is adreffed; as Φύλαξόν με, Κύριε, ὅτι ἐπὶ σοὶ ἤλπισα, Plalm xv. preferve me, O Lord, for in thee have I put my trust.

*A new edition, carefully revised and corrected, has been lately published by F. Wingrave, in the Strand.

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