RULE II.

Of the Relative.

Thus the relative agrees with the antecedent in cafe: τοῖς χρῶμαι οἷς ἔχω, inhead of ἃ ἔχω.

EXAMPLES.

It is by virtue of this attraction that the Greek relative agrees frequently in cafe with its antecedent (which feldom happens in Latin) as in the example given in the Rule, iis utor quibus habeo, inftead of quæ habeo, I make use of what I have.

In like manner, τὸ σῶμα ὑμῶν ναὸς τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν Αγία, Πνεύματός ἐςιν, ὅ ἔχετε ἀπὸ Θε8, 1 Cor. vi. for ὃ ἔχετε, your body is the temple of the Holy Ghoft, which is in you, which ye have of God. Ἐπίςευσε τῷ λόγῳ ᾧ εἶπεν T Ἰησᾶς, John iv. for ἂν εἶπεν, he believed the word that Jefus bad fpoken unto him. Ἐν τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ αὐτῷ ἡ ἐποί yoɛ Shoɛrai, Ezek. xviii. in his righteoufnefs that he hath done be hall live. ̓Αποθάνῃ ἐν τῷ παραπλώματι ᾧ ἐτοίησεν, Ibid. be ball die in the fin that he hath committed. Kal ἀπέςρεψεν ἐκ πασῶν ἀτεβειῶν αὐτῇ ὧν ἐποίησε, Ibid. and bas turned from all his fins that he hath committed.

Sometimes the relative goes before its antecedent: ̓Απολαύω ὧν ἔχω ἀγαθῶν, for ἀγαθῶν ἃ ἔχω, I enjoy what goods I have. Thus in Terence, restitue in quem me accepifti locum, in Andr. leave me where you found

me.

ANNOTATION.

Sometimes the antecedent is understood, and yet it shall attract the relative to that case, in which it ought to be itself; as xewμαι ois xi, utor quibus habeo, subaud. rebus, instead of saying, utor rebus, quas habeo. Μεμνημένος ὧν ἔπραξεν, memor quorum fecit, for eorum quæ fecit, mindful of what he had done. 'Origo Evuuaχίας δεόμενοι, οἷς ἐπικαλῶνται ἀσφάλειαν καὶ κόσμον ἐχ ἧσσον διδόντες, ἢ ληψόμενοι παραγίνονται, Thucyd. as much as to say, διδόντες ἐκείνοις ὃς ἐπικαλῦνται ἐχ ἧσσον ἢ ληψόμενοι, &c. we find but very few, who applying to others for assistance, endeavour afterwards to make a suitable return.

Sometimes the antecedent is attracted to the government of the relative, but then the sentence seems to be double; as oux surτινα πώποτ' ἐκ ἧςξεν ἀρχὴν, Æschines, as much as to say, οὐκ ἔσιν ἥτις ἀρχὴ, ἥντινα ἀρχὴν ἐκ ἦρξεν, there is no public employment but what he has gone through. It is in this manner Terence saith, si id te mordet sumptum filii quem faciunt, in Adelphi, which is as if he had

Tt

had said si id negotium te mordet, nempe, sumptus, quem sumptum faciunt filii tui; according to the principle explained by us in the New method of learning the Latin tongue, Rule II. which is to consider always the relative as between two cases of the same noun substantive.

RULE II.

Of the Infinitive.

1. Thus the infinitive, which requires before it a

nominative.

2. Or an accufative;

3. By virtue of this attraction may be joined to every other cafe, that bears relation to a noun governed by a preceding word:

4. But the infinitive oftentimes acteth the part of a noun, in Greek, as well as in French.

EXAMPLES.

1. The infinitive in Latin generally agrees with the accufative only. But in Greek it is allowed to have before it either a nominative, or an accufative. A nominative : as διὰ τὸ ἄσμενοι ἐξελθεῖν, for having gone out voluntarily. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῷ δὅλοι, ἀλλ ̓ ἐπὶ τῷ ὅμοιοι τοῖς λειπομένοις εἶναι, ἐκπέμπονται, Thucyd. fpeaking of the colonies, for they are not fent to be made flaves, but to be upon a level with thofe that stay behind. 'A^^' eywyé σε ἤδη ἔμβαλον ἐς τὸν μύλωνα, πείσω εἶναι δεσπότης, Lucian; but I shall foon fet you to work at the mill, and there I will make you know, I am your mafler. 'Anà κακείνην σῶσαι δεήσει, χαρισάμενος τῷ Διονύσῳ, Lucian ; but she must be preferved to pleafe Bacchus: where the nymphs addrefs themselves to Neptune to preferve Ino, who was going to fling herfelf into the fea. Now to underftand this rightly, we must consider the fentence as abfolute, S.à rò, for this reafon, viz. äouevos

eDeiv, for having gone out voluntarily. Aence, fubaud. τέτο, this mut be done, viz. σὺ σῶσαι ἐκείνην χαρισάμενος Tÿ Alovúry, you must fave her to gratify Bacchus. Where we see the nominative before the infinitive, merely by concord, and without attraction.

Which the Latins bave fometimes attempted in imitation of the Greeks: as Catullus,

Phaselus hic ait navium fuifle celerrimus.

2. In this fimple conftruction it is much more usual to put an accusative before the infinitive; as dio nai Φιλοτιμέμεθα, εἴτε ἐνδημῶντες, εἴτε ἐκδημῶντες, εὐάρεςοι αὐτῷ Eival, 2 Cor. v. 9. wherefore we labour, that whether prefent, or absent, we may be accepted of him. Kai Taîs ἑτέραις πόλεσιν εὐαγγελίσασθαί με δεῖ τὴν βασιλεία τῷ Θεῷ· ŐTI Eis TÕTO άTÉçaλua, Luke iv. 43. I must preach the kingdom of God to other cities alfo; for therefore am I fent. Κλαίειν ἡμᾶς εἰκός ἐς ̓ ἦν μηδίκαια δρῶμεν, Aristoph. it is but juft we should weep, if we have tranfgreffed. Θὐκ ἔσιν εὖ ἄρχειν μὴ ἀρχθέντα, nobody is fit to govern, but be that has obeyed. Οὐκ ἔςιν εἰπεῖν· ζῶντα, τῦτο ἐ πείσομαι, Menander; there is no fuch thing as faying, During my life fuch a difafter fhall not befall me. Βασιλικόν ἐςιν εὖ Wolvтa nanws ange, Alexander apud Plut. to do good, and to be ill Spoken of, is kingly. To ev nai Thy sorunu ἀρχάς τισι δοκεῖ εἶναι, Aristot. Jome fuppofe that an unit and point are principles.

3. But, by virtue of attraction, the infinitive, efpecially of fubftantive verbs, may be often joined to any other case, which refers to fome noun governed by a preceding word; whether the nominative, as Пeginйs ἔφησε μέχρι το βωμέ Φίλος εἶναι, Plut. Pericles faid, That bis friendship went no farther than the altar: where Φίλος is attracted by the nominative of the verb ἔφησε which is Περικλῆς. Τὰ λοιπὰ φήσας αὐτὸς κατορθώσεσθαι, Herod. Saying he would fecure the performance of the reft: where αὐτὸς is attracted to the nominative by φήσας.

Whereto we may refer the following phrases, when in Demosthenes, and others, δίκαιος is put for δίκαιόν ἐςι, it is jufl; thus τέτε τὴν αἰτίαν ὗτός ἐςι δίκαιος ἔχειν; where dinaos is attracted by rós, as if it were, hujus culpam hic est juftus habere, instead of, æquum eft in iftum hujus rei culpam omnem conferre, he justly deferves to bear the whole blame of this affair.

Or the genitive : ἠσθόμην αὐτῶν διὰ τὴν ποίησιν οἰομένων καὶ τἆλλα σοφωτάτων είναι, Plato, I perceived they valued themselves fo much for their skill in poetry, as to fancy they were equally knowing in every thing else. Ilegi Te pénλovTOS GEGOα vys, Aristot. of what shall be healed.

Or the dative: τέτῳ μὴ ἐξεῖναι πορθμεῖ γενέσθαι, Hel rodot. he was not allowed to be a ferry-man. 'Aλyßéoτατον τὸ τοῖς ὑφέροις αἴτιον τῷ ἀλήθεσιν εἶναι, Arist. nothing can be truer than that, from which we infer the truth of the conclufion. Καὶ αὐτῷ συμβαίνειν, ςρέφοντι μὲν εἴσῳ τὴν σφενδόνην, ἀδήλῳ γενέσθαι, ἔξω δὲ δήλῳ, Plat. and it happened, that turning the flone of his ring inwards, he became invifible, and turning it outwards, he was visible : where we find, cgéþovti, ádýλw, and dλ, in the dative, by reason of ar that precedes. In like manner, προςῆκον ἡμῖν βελτίςοις ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εἶναι, Isocr. if behoves us to be the best of men. Εἰ πάντων αὐτῷ διδῶσιν ¿vlgúπwv nugía yevéolai, Plut. in Alexand. if they would but grant him to be lord of all mankind.

Tothis participle we must refer the following Latin phrafes;

Rettulit Ajax-Effe Jovis pronepos, Ovid. for fe effe pronepotem. Licuit Themiftocli effe otiofo, Cic. with feveral others of the fame fort. Concerning which see the Latin Syntax, Rule V.

4. The infinitive is very often taken for a noun in Greek, as in French. And it may be generally faid, according to Appollon, Book I. Chap. viii. that all infinitives are nouns. Hence it is joined to the article in all cafes, and oftentimes has even the force of the article, when it happens not to be expreffed.

In the nominative: τὸ λαλεῖν, talking. Οὐ τὸ μα θεῖν ἔγκλημα, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀγνοεῖν, κατηγορία, it is not a fault to learn, but it is a crime to be ignorant. To rois wodλοῖς ἀρέσκειν, τοῖς σοφοῖς ἀπαρέσκειν ἐςί, Plut. to pleafe the vulgar, is displeafing the wise. Tots BasineÑov ÝTTOV ἔξεςιν ἀδικεῖν, ἢ τοῖς ἰδιώταις, Isocr. injuftice is lefs ex cufable in princes, than in private people. "Aveu aperis & βάδιον φέρειν ἐμμελῶς τὰ εὐτυχήματα, Aristot. it is a difi cult matter to behave well in profperity without the fiftance of virtue. Πηγὴ καὶ ῥίζα καλοκαγαθίας, τὸ νο μíμe Tuxeïv wxideíus, Plut. to have a good education, is the fource and foundation of all virtue. Piheiv analgus ἰσόν ἐςι τῷ μισεῖν, amare non in tempore, eft odiffe par, unfeafonable love is equivalent to batred.

In the genitive: ἐκ τῆ ὁρᾶν γίγνεται τὸ ἐρᾶν, the eye is the fource of love. Τὸ λίαν Φιλεῖν, τὸ μὴ Φιλεῖν αἴτιον, Plut. excess of love deftroyeth love. Kai eishte To LeivaĽ εἰςῆλθε τὸ μεῖναι tuv avtois, Luke xxiv. 29. and he went in to tarry with them: where we muft understand even, just as Lucian fays, οὐδὲν ἄπιςον πρακτέον τῷ νικῶν ἕνεκα, we are not allowed to commit treachery for the fake of a victòry. In the dative: πῷ δὲ χαίρειν εὐθὺς ἕπεται τὸ θαυμάζειν, Plut. admiration follows joy.

In the accufative: narà rò dúvaσbai nai eidéval, according to their knowledge and ability.

Οἱ θάνον, ἐ τὸ ζῆν θέμενοι καλὸν, ἐδὲ τὸ θνήσκειν, ̓Αλλὰ τὸ ταῦτα καλῶς ἀμφότερ ̓ ἐκτελέσαι. Plut. Nec pulchrum duxere mori, nec vivere pulchrum, Sed pulchrum pulchrè fi quis utrumque facit: The deceafed did not think that honour confifted merely in either living or dying, but in living or dying honourably.

In the ablative: τὸ πλατεῖν ἐςιν ἐν τῷ χρῆσθαι μᾶλλον, ❖ Év Tÿ MENTño✪KI, Aristot. riches confifl rather in the ufe than in the poffeffion. Ev T CREÍρEW AUTÒv, Matth. xiii. and whilst be sowed. Εγένετο ἐν τῷ τὸν ὄχλον ἐπικεῖσθαι αὐτῷ ἀκέειν τὸν λόγον τῷ Θεῷ, Luke v. factum eft tur bam imminere illi, ad audiendum verbum Dei ; that is, dum immineret; and it came to pass that as the people preffed upon him, to bear the word of God.

ΑΝΝΟΤΑΤΙΟΝ.

The manner of supplying the Gerund in Greek.

From hence it comes that the infinitive in Greek supplieth easily the use of the Latin gerunds and supines: because these are nothing more than real nouns, as well as the infinitive, according to what we have observed in the Latin method. When the article happens to be made use of, then its genitive is put for the gerund in di; as r woσai, faciendi; or rather factionis gratiâ, of doing: the dative or ablative T is put for the gerund in do: and the neuter Tò for the gerund in dum. Though it is often expressed without the article: gisos artile, jaculandi peritus, an excellent archer. Düne igen, ferendum dedit, he gave it to CATTY.

Infinitive